Evolutionary behavior of induced discontinuities behind one dimensional shock waves in non-linear elastic materials

The governing differential equation of induced discontinuities behind one dimensinal shock waves in non-linear elastic materials has been derived. This equation depends, in particular, on the shock amplitude itself. Therefore, its solution depends on the solution of the governing equation of the shock amplitudes which, in turn, depend on the induced discontinuities. It is shown in the special case pertaining to a first-order approximation that there exists a critical shock amplitude S _c such that the evolutionary behavior of the induced discontinuities depends on the relative magnitudes of the shock amplitudes and S _c. However, in the special case pertaining to a second-order approximation the evolutionary behavior of the induced discontinuities is monotone.     

The viscoelastic behavior of linear elastic materials with voids

It is shown that the constitutive equations for a linear elastic material with voids imply a viscoelastic stress-strain relation known as the standard linear solid in the case of quasi-static, homogeneous deformations in the absence of self-equilibrated body forces. It is noted that, even for deformations that are dynamic and/or inhomogeneous the viscoelastic behavior is still qualitatively similar to that predicted by the standard linear solid model.     

On induced discontinuities in a class of linear materials with internal state parameters

Summary The governing differential equations of induced discontinuities behind longitudinal and transverse shock waves are derived for a class of linear materials with internal state parameters. These equations indicate that the behavior of the induced discontinuities depends, in particular, on the behavior of the shock amplitudes and non-linearly on the wave surface geometries. Solutions for the case of plane waves with initially flat profiles are obtained, and they indicate that the global behavior of the induced discontinuities need not be monotone depending on the interpretation of the material responses.

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Sommario Le equazioni di evoluzione per discontinuità indotte da onde d'urto longitudinali e trasversali sono ricavate per una classe di materiali lineari con parametri di stato interni. Tali equazioni indicano che il comportamento delle discontinuitá indotte dipende, in particolare, dall'ampiezza dell'onda d'urto e, non linearmente, dalla seconda forma fondamentale della superficie. Le soluzioni, ottenute in corrispondenza di onde piane con profilo iniziale piatto, mostrano che il comportamento delle discontinuità indotte non è monotono ed é legato ai parametri che caratterizzano il materiale.

     

Universal deformations in incompressible isotropic elastic materials

One is concerned with the problem of determining the static deformations which can be produced in every isotropic, homogeneous, incompressible elastic body by the action of surface tractions alone. It is shown that any new solution cannot have more than one of the proper vectors of the deformation tensorc determining a vector field of constant non-zero abnormality.     

Conewise linear elastic materials

Conewise linear elastic (CLE) materials are proposed as the proper generalization to two and three dimensions of one-dimensionalbimodular models. The basic elements of classical smooth elasticity are extended tononsmooth (or piecewise smooth) elasticity. Firstly, a necessary and sufficient condition for a stress-strain law to becontinous across the interface of the tension and compression subdomains is established. Secondly, a sufficient condition for the strain energy function to be strictlyconvex is derived. Thirdly, the representations of the energy function, stress-strain law and elasticity tensor are obtained fororthotropic, transverse isotropic andisotropic CLE materials. Finally, the previous results are specialized to apiecewise linear stress-strain law and it is found out that the pieces must be polyhedral convex cones, thus the CLE name.     

Equilibrium shocks in plane deformations of incompressible elastic materials

This paper is concerned with piecewise smooth plane deformations in an isotropic, incompressible elastic material. An explicit necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of piecewise homogeneous equilibrium states is established, and the set of all such states is precisely characterized. A particularly simple expression is derived for the driving traction on a surface of discontinuity in the deformation gradient.     

Moderate deformations in extension-torsion of incompressible isotropic elastic materials

It has been previously shown by anand (1979) that the classical strain energy function of infinitesimal isotropic elasticity is in good agreement with experiment for a wide class of materials for moderately large deformations, provided the infinitesimal strain measure occurring in the strain energy function is replaced by the Hencky or logarithmic measure of finite strain. The basis in Anand's paper for relating Hencky's strain energy function to experiment was data from experiments on metals and rubbers in uniaxial strain, simple tension and compression, and pure shear. Here, to test further the validity of this strain energy function for moderate deformations, its predictions for the twisting moment and the axial force in simple torsion and combined extension-torsion of solid cylinders of incompressible materials are calculated and shown to be in good agreement with data from the classical experiments of Rivlin and Saunders (1951) on vulcanized natural rubber. Indeed, the predictions from Hencky's strain energy function are in better accord with experiment than the predictions from the widely used Mooney (or Mooney-Rivlin) strain energy function.     

New universal relations for nonlinear isotropic elastic materials

A nonlinear isotropic elastic block is subjected to a homogeneous deformation consisting of simple shear superposed on triaxial extension. Two new relations are established for this deformation which are valid for all nonlinear elastic isotropic materials, and hence are universal relations. The first is a relation between the stretch ratios in the plane of shear and the amount of shear when the deformation is supported only by shear tractions. The second relation is established for a thin-walled cylinder under combined extension, inflation and torsion. Each material element of the cylinder undergoes the same local homogeneous deformation of shear superposed on triaxial extension. The properties of this deformation are used to establish a relation between pressure, twisting moment, angle of twist and current dimensions when no axial force is applied to the cylinder. It is shown that these relations also apply for a mixture of a nonlinear isotropic solid and a fluid.     

Universal solutions for fiber-reinforced compressible isotropic elastic materials

Universal solutions for fiber-reinforced compressible isotropic elastic materials under large elastic deformations are obtained, by using inverse methods.The following deformations are investigated: bending, stretching and shearing of a rectangular block; straightening, stretching and shearing of a sector of a circular tube; inflation, eversion, extension, torsion, bending and shearing of a sector of a circular tube; inflation and eversion of a spherical shell.The significance of the reinforcement and the deformed configuration of the fibers is duscussed.

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Zusammenfassung Unter Benützung inverser Methoden werden universelle Lösungen für faser-vorgespanntes, Kompressibles, isotropes, elastisches Material angegeben.Die folgenden Deformationen werden untersucht: Biegung, Zug und Schub eines rechteckigen Blockes; Ausgradung, Zug und Schub eines Sektors eines Kreisrohrausschnitts; isotrope Dehnung, Umstülpung, Erweiterung, Tordierung, Biegung und Schub eines Sektors eines Kreisrohres; isotrope Dehnung und Umstülpung einer Kugelschale.Die Bedeutung der Vorspannung und der verformten Konfiguration der Fasern wird diskutiert.

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Graduate Student.     

The degeneration of image singularities from anisotropic materials to isotropic materials for an elastic half-plane

The degeneration of image singularities from an anisotropic material to an isotropic material for a half-plane is discussed in this study. The Green’s functions for anisotropic and isotropic half-planes with traction free boundary subjected to concentrated forces and dislocations have been obtained by many authors. It was commonly accepted that the solution of isotropic problem cannot be derived from anisotropic solutions. However, we believe that this possibility exists as we will demonstrate in this paper. Anisotropic materials include only image singularities of order O(1/r) (i.e., forces and dislocations) existing on image points. There are many image points for anisotropic materials and the locations of these image points depend on the material constants. However, isotropic materials have only one image point with higher order image singularities (O(1/r²), O(1/r³)). From the analysis provided in this study, it is found that the higher order image singularities for an isotropic half-plane are generated by combining the concentrated forces and dislocations when an anisotropic material degenerates to an isotropic material. The solutions of higher order image singularities for isotropic material are dependent. Therefore, these image singularities can be combined to form only three or four simpler image singularities acting on an image point of the isotropic material.     

Relations between loss angles in isotropic linear viscoelastic materials

Summary Starting from the relations between complex dynamic moduli simple diagrams are deduced connecting the locus of complex Poisson's ratiov ^* v +iv in the complexv ^* plane with differences between various loss angles. From these diagrams the sequence of magnitudes of several loss angles appearing in linear viscoelastic theory is deduced. Although theoretically this sequence depends on the values ofv andv, it is found experimentally that for polymeric materials, due to the fact that the values ofv andv are constrained to limited ranges, general rules can be given. The sequences deduced are compared with experimental data. Finally some relations are used to illustrate the phase relationships between stress and deformations in an uniaxial stress experiment. From these relations a new method for measuring the loss angle in compression is suggested.

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Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Beziehungen zwischen komplexen dynamischen Moduln wurden einfache Diagramme konstruiert, in denen der geometrische Ort des komplexen Poisson-Verhältnissesv ^* v +iv in der komplexenv ^*-Ebene mit Differenzen zwischen verschiedenen Verlustwinkeln verbunden werden. Aus diesen Diagrammen kann auf die Reihenfolge der Größe mehrerer in der linearen viskoelastischen Theorie auftretender Verlustwinkel gefolgert werden. Obwohl diese Reihenfolge theoretisch von den Werten vonv undv abhängig ist, wird experimentell gefunden, daß für polymere Substanzen allgemeine Regeln gegeben werden können. Dies findet seine Ursache in der Tatsache, daß die Werte vonv undv auf begrenzte Gebiete beschränkt sind. Zum Schluß werden für einen einachsigen Spannungsversuch die Phasenbeziehungen zwischen den Spannungen und den Verformungen illustriert. Mit Hilfe dieser Phasenbeziehungen wird eine neue Methode für die Messung des Verlustwinkels in Kompression vorgeschlagen.

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Part of this study was performed while the author was an employee of TNO, Delft.

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With 16 figures and 1 table     

Dynamic universal solutions for fiber-reinforced incompressible isotropic elastic materials

We consider the effect of a fiber-reinforcement on the dynamic universality of the following families of motions: bending and shearing of a rectangular block; straightening and shearing of a sector of a circular tube; inflation, eversion, extension, bending and shearing of a sector of a circular tube; inflation, extension, bending and azimuthal shearing of a sector of a circular tube.

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Résumé Nous avons considéré l'effet d'un renforcement par fibre sur l'universalité dynamique des familles de mouvement suivant: courbage et cisaillement d'un bloc rectangulaire; redressement et cisaillement d'un secteur de tube circulaire; gonflement, retournement, allongement, courbage et cisaillement d'un secteur de tube circulaire; gonflement, allongement, courbage et cisaillement azimuthal d'un secteur de tube circulaire.

     

Non-linear stress-strain equations for incompressible transversely isotropic elastic materials

Non-linear stress-strain equations for incompressible, transversely isotropic elastic materials are developed. In order to obtain these equations, the expressions for a strain energy function is found. The derivation of the strain energy function follows a geometrical approach and a method suggested by Mooney. These stress-strain relations are expressed in terms of three principal stretches to the sixth order.     

Hemivariational inequalities for linear and non linear elastic materials

Summary In the present paper we study hemivariational inequalities arising in linear and nonlinear elastic bodies which are subjected to boundary conditions of nonmonotone multivalued type. After the formulation of the boundary conditions and the derivation of the variational principles we study a hemivariational inequality for a plane elastic body concerning the approximation of its solution. The proposed method is illustrated by an example dealing with the adhesive contact problem of two cylinders and another one concerning an adhesively supported beam.

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Sommario Nel presente lavoro si studiano diseguaglianze semivariazionali che nascono in relazione a corpi elastici lineari e non lineari, sottoposti a condizioni al contorno di tipo a più valori non monotono. Dopo la formulazione delle condizioni al contorno e la derivazione dei principi variazionali si studia una diseguaglianza semivariazionale per un corpo elastico piano, con particolare riguardo per l'approssimazione della sua soluzione. Il metodo proposto viene illustrato con un esempio che tratta il problema del contatto con adesione di due cilindri.

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On leave from School of Technology. Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece. Fulbright Visiting Scholar.     

Plane waves in linear elastic materials with voids

The behavior of plane harmonic waves in a linear elastic material with voids is analyzed. There are two dilational waves in this theory, one is predominantly the dilational wave of classical linear elasticity and the other is predominantly a wave carrying a change in the void volume fraction. Both waves are found to attenuate in their direction of propagation, to be dispersive and dissipative. At large frequencies the predominantly elastic wave propagates with the classical elastic dilational wave speed, but at low frequencies it propagates at a speed less than the classical speed. It makes a smooth but relatively distinct transition between these wave speeds in a relatively narrow range of frequency, the same range of frequency in which the specific loss has a relatively sharp peak. Dispersion curves and graphs of specific loss are given for four particular, but hypothetical, materials, corresponding to four cases of the solution.     

On copositive matrices and strong ellipticity for isotropic elastic materials

Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis -     

Saint-Venant's principle for linear elastic porous materials

Toupin's version of the Saint-Venant's principle in linear elasticity is generalized to the case of linear elastic porous materials. That is, it is shown that, for a straight prismatic bar made of a linear elastic material with voids and loaded by a self-equilibrated system of forces at one end only, the internal energy stored in the portion of the bar which is beyond a distance s from the loaded end decreases exponentially with the distance s.     

Generalization of strain-gradient theory to finite elastic deformation for isotropic materials

This paper concerns finite deformation in the strain-gradient continuum. In order to take account of the geometric nonlinearity, the original strain-gradient theory which is based on the infinitesimal strain tensor is rewritten given the Green–Lagrange strain tensor. Following introducing the generalized isotropic Saint Venant–Kirchhoff material model for the strain-gradient elasticity, the boundary value problem is investigated in not only the material configuration but also the spatial configuration building upon the principle of virtual work for a three-dimensional solid. By presenting one example, the convergence of the strain-gradient and classical theories is studied.