低频混响信号中的简正波衰减系数提取方法

提出一种从低频混响信号中提取简正波衰减系数的方法。利用简正波过滤技术对垂直阵混响信号进行分析,获得单阶简正波混响声场。假设海底反向散射矩阵可分离,从单阶简正波平均混响强度中提取出有效海底反向散射矩阵元素,最后利用不同距离上的有效海底反向散射矩阵元素计算出简正波的衰减系数。利用该方法从混响信号中提取出的简正波衰减系数预报的声传播损失和相同海域实测声传播损失一致。该简正波衰减系数提取方法有效避免了海底散射衰减和简正波传播衰减耦合的问题,同时对海底参数反演和水声环境的快速评估也具有重要的意义。     

Extraction of mode attenuation coefficient from low frequency reverberation signal

A method of extracting normal mode attenuation coefficient from low frequency reverberation signal has been proposed.Pseudo-inverse normal mode filtering method is implemented to get single mode reverberation field firstly.Based on the assumption of separability of modal back-scattering matrix,effective back-scattering matrix element can be calculated using single mode average reverberation intensity.Finally,mode attenuation coefficient is extracted by comparing effective back-scattering matrix elements at different ranges.The extracted mode attenuation coefficients are used to predict sound transmission loss at the same experiment area. Results show that the predicted transmission loss agrees well with the measured data.This method avoids the difficult of treating the coupling between bottom scattering attenuation and normal mode propagation attenuation.Research on extraction of mode attenuation coefficient from low frequency reverberation signal is useful for both geoacoustic inversion and rapid underwater environment assessment.     

Method of coupled mode for long-range bottom reverberation

The theory of coupled mode is used for modeling the long-range bottom reverberation in shallow water caused by bottom roughness. The distant bottom reverberation level and spatial coherence of impulsive source are both derived. The results agree with those from the classical reverberation model, and are compared with the experimental data. The influence of source bandwidth and the distance between sources and receivers on the intensity of bottom reverberation are particularly discussed. The method is shown to be available for both the monoand the bi-static cases.     

Neutron excess in analytical expressions for fusion barrier parameters

The neutron excess dependence of heavy-ion fusion barriers is investigated, guided by predictions of different ion-ion potentials. We develop phenomenological expressions for the fusion barrier radii and heights, involving both the entrance channel mass asymmetry and neutron excess of the projectile and target. Compared to commonly used formulas, the developed expressions reproduce theoretical barrier parameters with a higher accuracy. Furthermore, they provide a means to assess the importance of the neutron excess degree of freedom implied by each potential.Received: 1 April 2003, Revised: 31 January 2004, Published online: 10 August 2004PACS: 24.10.-i Nuclear reaction models and methods - 25.70.-z Low and intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions - 25.70.Jj Fusion and fusion-fission reactions - 25.60.Pj Fusion reactions     

A unified model for reverberation and submerged object scattering in a stratified ocean waveguide

A unified model for reverberation and submerged target scattering in a stratified medium is developed from wave theory. The advantage of the unified approach is that it enables quantitative predictions to be made of the target-echo-to-reverberation ratio in an ocean waveguide. Analytic expressions are derived for both deterministic and stochastic scattering from the seafloor and subseafloor. Asymptotic techniques are used to derive expressions for the scattering of broadband waveforms from distant objects or surfaces. Expressions are then obtained for the scattered field after beamforming with a horizontal line array. The model is applied to problems of active detection in shallow water. Sample calculations for narrow-band signals indicate that the detection of submerged target echoes above diffuse seafloor reverberation is highly dependent upon water column and sediment stratification as well as array aperture, source, receiver, and target locations, in addition to the scattering properties of the target and seafloor. The model is also applied to determine the conditions necessary for echo returns from discrete geomorphologic features of the seafloor and subseafloor to stand prominently above diffuse seafloor reverberation. This has great relevance to the geologic clutter problem encountered by active sonar systems operating in shallow water, as well as to the remote sensing of underwater geomorphology.     

On the possibility of using acoustic reverberation for remote sensing of ocean dynamics

The two-point correlation function of diffuse noise fields produced by distributed random sound sources carries useful information on the medium of sound propagation. Such information can be used for performing passive acoustic tomography of the ocean. In a number of cases that are important for practice, the noise field in the ocean is predominated by contributions of individual point sources. Here, a theoretical study is presented on the possibility of determining the sound speed and current velocity in the water column by the correlation processing of reverberation signals measured by two vertical receiving arrays. In other words, we study the possibility of replacing the diffuse noise produced by a great number of delta-correlated sources by waves generated by a localized source and scattered at the rough surface and bottom of the ocean for sensing the medium. The correlation function of scattered waves is calculated by using the method of small perturbations. It is shown that the correlation processing of the scattered waves offers an opportunity of measuring the acoustic nonreciprocity and reconstructing the field of sound speed in the fluid, without using any acoustiLc transceivers.     

Invariant imbedding and radiation fields in finite isotropically scattering slabs bounded by a Lambert's law reflector

In several earlier papers, the basic integral equation for the source function in a conservative, isotropically scattering medium illuminated by parallel rays has been reduced to a Cauchy system well-suited for numerical solution. In those papers the basic equations were obtained using physical reasoning. The purpose of this paper is to derive the Cauchy system mathematically from the basic integral equation. Along the way, several new equations are obtained.     

Qualitative difference between the signal and the surface reverberation in the active location with a coherent cumulation

It is shown that outwardly similar (in shapes and levels) pulses reflected from a moving discrete target (the signal) and produced by sound scattering from the waved water surface (the surface reverberation) have a qualitative difference, which manifests itself in a coherent cumulation of signals. The signal and the surface reverberation differently increase as the interval of their coherent summation grows. Quantitatively, this difference consists in the fact that the signal has a much smaller variance of deviations from the linear law of its increase. The effect is observed both in in-field experiments and in numerical simulations.     

混响室的概率统计分析方法及其蒙特卡罗模拟

提出了一种研究混响室问题的理论分析方法,从理想混响室的离散概率模型出发,采用蒙特卡罗模拟来获得室内电磁场量及其相关物理量的概率统计特性。运用该方法获得了混响室内若干场量（均为归一化值）的概率密度函数、室内一段均匀无耗单导体传输线的负载平均耦合截面及负载电流响应模值的概率分布,所得结果与已有文献给出的结果（包括由解析公式计算或测量所得的结果）吻合良好。由于蒙特卡罗方法的普适性,采用该方法可以获得任意待分析参量的全部概率统计特性（只要样本数足够大）。同时该方法无需针对具体混响室进行,只要在其测试区域能较好地与理想混响室的基本概率模型相吻合,就能给出较精确的计算结果,且其计算量远远小于基于全波分析的蒙特卡罗方法。     

混响室的概率统计分析方法及其蒙特卡罗模拟

 提出了一种研究混响室问题的理论分析方法,从理想混响室的离散概率模型出发,采用蒙特卡罗模拟来获得室内电磁场量及其相关物理量的概率统计特性。运用该方法获得了混响室内若干场量（均为归一化值）的概率密度函数、室内一段均匀无耗单导体传输线的负载平均耦合截面及负载电流响应模值的概率分布,所得结果与已有文献给出的结果（包括由解析公式计算或测量所得的结果）吻合良好。由于蒙特卡罗方法的普适性,采用该方法可以获得任意待分析参量的全部概率统计特性（只要样本数足够大）。同时该方法无需针对具体混响室进行,只要在其测试区域能较好地与理想混响室的基本概率模型相吻合,就能给出较精确的计算结果,且其计算量远远小于基于全波分析的蒙特卡罗方法。     

Characteristics of the reverberation signal at a vertical array with tonal insonification of a shallow-water basin

The angular and spectral characteristics of reverberation signals on a fixed path are studied by using vertical receiving arrays with a tonal insonification of the basin. The choice of the frequency range F ～ 200–300 Hz is caused, first, by the low propagation loss and the availability of high-power acoustic transducers for this range and, second, by the possibility to study the phenomena of sound scattering by the sea surface for comparable wavelengths of surface and acoustic waves. The data of experiments on two paths are considered: the first path is in the Barents Sea with propagation conditions corresponding to a uniform waveguide with sea depths H ～ 110–120 m, whereas the second path is in the White Sea with propagation conditions corresponding to a nonuniform waveguide where the sea depth varies from 30 to 250 m.     

AR model whitening and signal detection based on GLD algorithm in the non-Gaussian reverberation

The paper analyzes the characteristics of shallow sea reverberation such as divergent variance and heavy tails in probability density distribution and matches it to symmetric alpha stable (SαS) distribution. After analyzing the AR model whitening method based on Gaussian distribution and Levinson–Durbin algorithm, the paper proposes and derives the generalized Levinson–Durbin (GLD) algorithm based on covariation theory of alpha stable distribution. The GLD algorithm can estimate the order and parameters of AR SαS model by iterations which are fast and effective in calculating, and then the performance tests by simulations are given. The AR model whitening method using GLD algorithm has a faster speed and a better detection performance than AR Gaussian whitening method in impulsive reverberation. At last the Monte Carlo simulating tests are used to validate the validity of the new method.     

应用经验模态分解的拖船噪声信号重构及抵消方法

针对拖船干扰的时空特点,提出了将EMD(Empirical Mode Decomposition)应用于拖船噪声信号重构及抵消的方法。为了解决以往需要人工干预挑选EMD输出的多路IMF分量的缺点,提出了将多路IMF(Intrinsic Mode Function)分量与基元域信号按照线谱与连续谱分别做功率谱相关并以谱相关系数最大为准则的挑选算法。基于逆波束形成的理论,利用挑选后的IMF分量重构基元域信号,并与原始基元域信号谱减后再进行方位估计。拖曳声呐模拟器数据与实际海试数据验证结果表明,本文算法能够提高弱目标空间增益,尤其是对于靠近干扰盲区的弱目标空间增益提高明显,并且对拖船多途角扩展干扰也具有较好的抵消能力。     

Closed-form CRLB and LPI power allocation strategies for MIMO radars with unneglectable clutter

This paper studies clutter’s effect on MIMO radar performance through obtaining closed-form Cramer Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) for the range and velocity parameters versus the powers assigned to the transmit antennas which resulted in more calculation’ complexity. To verify extracted CRLBs, the maximum likelihood estimation’s error variance (MLEEV) of range and velocity were derived in attendance of clutter. Based on obtained closed-form CRLBs, four optimized power allocation (PA) strategies are proposed which consider measurement error statistics as the objective function or constraints to improve radar performance. So, the calculated closed-form CRLBs are simplified to the closed-forms versus assigned powers to the transmitters. Simulation results verify the proposed CRLBs’ accuracy, and improvements have been made by proposed power allocations.     

On the relationship between signal bandwidth and frequency correlation for ocean surface forward scattered signals

The relationship between the bandwidth of a signal and the correlation of that signal with its ocean surface reflected arrival, a quantity we term frequency correlation, has been investigated experimentally and compared with two theories. Decorrelation of wideband surface scattered signals is a direct consequence of time spread. The acoustic measurement utilized a very short pure tone signal, from which time spread has been estimated, and four broadband signals with different bandwidths, for which correlation with the transmitted signal has been measured. An environment-driven model developed by Dahl was used to predict time spread, which agreed favorably with our time spread measurements. The model was also employed in two theories that predict frequency correlation. The first, a theory published by Reeves in 1974, is based upon the ratio of signal temporal resolution to total time spread. This theory compared well with our measurements for 1 kHz bandwidth signals, but is not applicable for signal bandwidths greater than about 2 kHz. The second, a theory developed by Ziomek, models ocean acoustic propagation as transmission through a linear system. This theory agreed well with our frequency correlation measurements for signal bandwidths of 1-22 kHz.     

A comparative visualization tool for ocean data analysis based on mode water regions

Journal of Visualization - Ocean data have been improved with the enhancement of observed values and the evolution of computational technologies. It has also been verified based on the...     

Closed-form MSE and achievable rate for indirect learning DPD

The digital pre-distortion (DPD) signal processing is an effective way to mitigate the power amplifier (PA) nonlinearity effect. For communication systems containing DPD and PA, it is difficult to acquire performance metrics closed-forms for any DPD architecture since there was no mathematical expression for each DPD coefficient. Usually, researchers look for more efficient DPD algorithms for DPD coefficients (compared to the existing ones) in terms of computational complexity, delay, power consumption, etc. Consequently, the performance is evaluated through intensive simulation. In this paper, we show how one can exploit the results of our recent work to mathematically model the indirect learning architecture (ILA) DPD and efficiently derive important measures in communication systems, e.g. normalized mean square error (NMSE), achievable rate, and signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR). The author would like to clarify that this work might be the first one to provide closed-form analysis for DPD systems. We think the provided framework/analysis will open the door to other researchers/engineers to plug their own assumptions and derive the performance metrics. The derived expressions of the performance metrics (NMSE, SNDR, and achievable rate) are validated through Monte Carlo simulations. We also derive a closed-form expression for the achievable rate bound for the transmit chain. Moreover, we analytically study the effect of the thermal noise and the quantization noise, in the analog-digital conversion (ADC) process, on the NMSE and achievable rate. The analytical expressions are validated through numerical simulations.