Resonant soft X-ray reflectivity as a sensitive probe to investigate polished zinc sulphide surface

Resonant soft X-ray reflectivity measurements at and near the L₃ absorption edge of sulphur have been performed on mechanically polished zinc sulphide using Indus-1 synchrotron source. A sulphur rich surface (∼15 nm thick) consisting of two layers with gradient electron density distribution was uniquely determined. As compared to bulk ZnS, the top layer has ∼30-50% less electron density whereas, the intermediate layer has ∼10-18% less electron density. Conventional hard X-ray reflectivity measurement at Cu Kα wavelength also indicates low electron density (sulphur rich) surface of ZnS but the technique was found insensitive for unique determination of electron density distribution. Optical constants of ZnS in the soft X-ray region (100-250 eV) have been reported for the first time and were in good agreement with the theoretically reported values.     

用He-like离子特征谱线测量等离子体电子温度和电子密度

本文详细叙述了利用He-like离子的特征谱线诊断等离子体的电子密度和电子温度的方法,给出了共振线与双电子伴线的强度比随电子温度的变化曲线和共振线与互组合线的强度比随电子密度的变化曲线。并且根据实验测得的上述两组谱线的强度比,定出激光产生等离子体的电子温度和电子密度。     

Electric properties of chemically deposited lithium doped cadmium sulphide films

Electrical properties of chemically deposited CdS and lithium doped CdS films have been investigated by using techniques of Photo-thermoelectric and Photo-Hall effects. Dark electron densities are independent of temperature between 100 and 330°K because of shallow donors and quasi-intrinsic behaviour is apparent above 330°K. Electron density and mobility in these films have been measured as a function of temperature under strong photoexcitation. The electron mobility is found to be thermally activated with energies 0.2 and 0.22 eV for CdS:Li and CdS films respectively. The Hall mobility and electron density in these films have also been measured as a function of temperature under strong photoexcitation and found that both the free carrier density and mobility are reduced by the adsorption of oxygen, former by larger factor than the latter. The resulting very high electron density and very low electron mobility in the temperature region studied also indicate that most of the photoconductivity in chemically deposited films is caused by an increase in electron density due to photoexcitation.     

Application of maximum entropy method for the study of electron density distribution in SrS, BaS and PuS using powder X-ray data

A study of the electronic structure of the three sulphides, SrS, BaS and PuS has been carried out in this work, using the powder X-ray intensity data from JCPDS powder diffraction data base. The statistical approach, MEM (maximum entropy method) is used for the analysis of the data for the electron density distribution in these materials and an attempt has been made to understand the bonding between the metal atom and the sulphur atom. The mid-bond electron density is found to be maximum for PuS among these three sulphides, being 0.584 e/Å3 at 2.397 Å. SrS is found to have the lowest electron density at the mid-bond (0.003 e/ų) at 2.118 Å from the origin leaving it more ionic than the other two sulphides studied in this work. The two-dimensional electron density maps on (100) and (110) planes and the one-dimensional profiles along the bonding direction [111] are used for these analyses. The overall and individual Debye-Waller factors of atoms in these systems have also been studied and analyzed. The refinements of the observed X-ray data were carried out using standard softwares and also a routine written by the author     

Approximation of the electron density of Aluminium clusters in tensor-product format

The tensor-structured methods developed recently for the accurate calculation of the Hartree and the non-local exchange operators have been applied successfully to the ab initio numerical solution of the Hartree–Fock equation for some molecules. In the present work, we show that the rank-structured representation can be gainfully applied to the accurate approximation of the electron density of large Aluminium clusters. We consider the Tucker-type decomposition of the electron density of certain Aluminium clusters originating from finite element calculations in the framework of the orbital-free density functional theory. Numerical investigations of the Tucker approximation of the corresponding electron density reveal the exponential decay of the approximation error with respect to the Tucker rank. The resulting low-rank tensor representation reduces dramatically the storage needs and the computational complexity of the consequent tensor operations on the electron density. As main result, the rank of the Tucker approximation for the accurate representation of the electron density is small and only weakly dependent on the system size for the systems studied here. This shows good promise for resolving the electronic structure of materials using tensor-structured techniques.     

Calculation of Recombination and Ionization Coefficients in Argon

Various methods for calculating electron-ion recombination and ionization coefficients for argon (α and S) have been developed in the past. For given values of electron temperature and electron density, a large dispersion exists between the different results due to a great number of parameters. We have developed the method based on the collisional-radiative model to calculate α and S for limited conditions (atmospheric pressure; strong resonance radiation absorption) in order to obtain realistic values applicable in real cases such as arc plasmas. Influences of resonance radiation absorption and atom-atom collisions have been studied. The collisional-radiative recombination coefficient has been compared with results obtained by other calculation methods: the best agreement occurs with the “bottleneck” model for high values of electron density and temperature. Finally the comparison with available experimental results shows a good agreement between our computed values and experimental values when experimental and theoretical conditions are analogous.     

Coherent spin dynamics of different density high mobility two-dimensional electron gas in a GaAs quantum well

We have addressed the dependence of quasi-two-dimensional electron spin dephasing time on the electron gas density in a 17-nm GaAs quantum well using the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect. A superlinear increase in the electron dephasing time with decreasing electron density has been found. The degree of electron spin relaxation anisotropy has been measured and the dependence of spin-orbit splitting on electron gas density has been determined.     

Density dependence of recombination in the electron cooler of CRYRING

The electron-ion recombination rates of Ne¹⁰⁺ and D⁺ have been measured as a function of relative energy and electron density. We found a strong enhancement of e-Ne¹⁰⁺ recombination over expected radiative recombination rates below 1 meV relative energies, reaching a factor of 4 close to zero relative energy. Remarkably, the measured rate coefficients decrease as a function of electron density for both systems. Studies of recombination of D⁺ indicate that this density dependence may be due to temperature variations of the electron beam with the electron density.     

Molecular dynamics study of electron gas models for liquid water

The frozen density electron gas model proposed by Gordon and Kim for rare gas systems has been implemented in a molecular dynamics code. This code has been applied to investigate various options for extending this scheme to inter-molecular interactions in liquid water. We have compared a number of gradient corrections to the Thomas-Fermi kinetic energy. We also explored a more empirical approach based on adaptation of the frozen molecular electron density to the condensed phase environment. Consistent with experience from force field methods, enhancement of the molecular dipole moment proved to be necessary to reproduce the properties of the liquid. The best models we investigated are a gradient corrected expansion of the simple local density Hamiltonian applied in the original Gordon and Kim model. In addition, these models observed a modified molecular electron density carrying the same dipole moment of 2.95 D as has been observed by recent ab initio molecular dynamics studies based on fully self-consistent Kohn-Sham methods. Possible implications of this finding for force field models are discussed.     

A study on effect of current density on magnetic lenses

Attention has been concentrated on the effect of the current density on magnetic objective lens design. The optical properties of various objective lens types have been investigated in terms of current density σ. Arrangement of energizing coil on symmetric magnetic electron lenses also, has been examined. Favorable current density σ regions are estimated for the iron polepiece and iron free magnetic lenses.     

不同量子阱宽度的InP基In0.53GaAs/In0.52AlAs高电子迁移率晶体管材料二维电子气的性能研究

用Shubnikov-de Haas(SdH)振荡效应，研究了在1.4 K下不同量子阱宽度(10—35 nm)的InP基高电子迁移率晶体管材料的二维电子气特性.通过对纵向电阻SdH振荡的快速傅里叶变换分析，得到不同阱宽时量子阱中二维电子气各子带电子浓度和量子迁移率.研究发现，在Si掺杂浓度一定时，阱宽的改变对于量子阱中总的载流子浓度改变不大，但是随着阱宽的增加，阱中的电子从占据一个子带到占据两个子带，且第二子带上的载流子迁移率远大于第一子带迁移率.当量子阱宽度为20 nm时，处在第二子能级上的电子数与处在 关键词： 量子阱宽 二维电子气 Shubnikov-de Haas振荡 高电子迁移率晶体管     

Optical spectroscopy and electronic structure of the Er5Ge3 compound

The results of the study of the optical properties and electronic structure of the Er₅Ge₃ compound have been presented. In the wavelength range of 0.22–15 μm (0.083–5.64 eV), the optical constants have been measured, and the spectral and electronic characteristics have been determined. The spin-polarization calculations of the band spectrum have been performed in the local electron spin density approximation (LSDA) with a correction for strong correlations in the 4f shell of the rare-earth atom (LSDA + U method). The main features of the experimental dispersion dependence of the optical conductivity in the region of quantum light absorption have been interpreted based on the results of calculations of the electron density of states.     

The homogeneization quenching of platinum

In this paper the defect structure of platinum during homogeneization quenching has been studied by transmission electron microscopy on electropolished foils. Several black dots about 100 Å in diameter have been observed on the foils, corresponding to a density of the order of 10¹⁴ ?3. The dots have been interpreted as clusters of vacancies retained in the presence of impurities. The analysis of the number of quenched-in vacancies leads to the conclusion that the clusters are spherical and about 110 Å in diameter. In contrast to copper no dislocation density growth with the number of quenchings could be observed as the dislocation density is less than 10⁸ cm^?2, which could not be detected exactly enough by the electron microscope method.     

Study of the electronic structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes filled with cobalt bromide

Single-walled carbon nanotubes have been filled with cobalt bromide. The microstructure, optical properties, and effect of the introduced CoBr₂ compound on the electronic structure of the nanotubes have been studied. It has been shown that the electron density in the resulting nanocomposites is transferred from the walls of the nanotubes to the nanocrystals of cobalt bromide, which is an electron acceptor.     

场向传播的内磁层哨声波对辐射带高能电子的共振扩散

基于高斯分布的哨声波谱密度分布、偶极子背景磁场模型以及建立在卫星观测数据基础上的半经验电子密度纬度分布模型,对于等离子体层顶以外区域(4≤L≤7),计算了准线性当地及弹跳平均电子共振扩散系数,并估算了与磁层哨声波回旋共振导致的辐射带电子损失及加速时间尺度.结果表明,波粒共振相互作用区域取决于电子能量、波谱分布、电子赤道抛射角以及当地电子密度及背景磁场.哨声波共振频率除了与以上5个参量有关外,还与地磁纬度有关.赤道哨声波主要影响较低能量辐射带电子的加速,中高纬度哨声波主要作用于较高能量辐射带电 关键词： 共振波粒相互作用 地球辐射带 哨声波 回旋共振加速及散射沉降     

Laser-based optical emission studies of barium plasma

We present the optical emission characteristics of the barium plasma produced at the surface of barium hydroxide Ba(OH)₂, also known as baryta, generated by the first harmonic (1,064 nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The laser beam was focused on target material by placing it in air at atmospheric pressure. The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral barium have been used to extract the electron temperature using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density has been determined from the Stark broadening. The electron temperature is calculated by varying distance from the target surface along the line of propagation of plasma plume and also by varying the laser energy. Besides, we have studied the variation of number density as a function of laser energy as well as its variation with distance from the target surface. It is observed that electron temperature and electron number density increase as laser energy increases.     

HL-2A装置的约束改善和边界净输入功率分析

在HL-2A装置孔栏位形放电的等离子体实验中,电子回旋辅助加热期间观察到了等离子体约束改善的现象,并对等离子体从低约束模式(L模)向约束改善模式转换时的等离子体线平均电子密度、等离子体储能、分界面内辐射功率、能量约束时间、H_α辐射等进行了研究。同时,分析了电子密度和等离子体辐射功率的空间分布随时间的演化。对改善约束的相关功率(辅助加热、欧姆加热功率和损失功率)进行了分析,并研究了等离子体约束改善转换时的边界净输入功率(阈值)与电子线平均密度和环向磁场的关系。     

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在HL-2A装置孔栏位形放电的等离子体实验中,电子回旋辅助加热期间观察到了等离子体约束改善的现象,并对等离子体从低约束模式(L模)向约束改善模式转换时的等离子体线平均电子密度、等离子体储能、分界面内辐射功率、能量约束时间、Hα辐射等进行了研究。同时,分析了电子密度和等离子体辐射功率的空间分布随时间的演化。对改善约束的相关功率(辅助加热、欧姆加热功率和损失功率)进行了分析,并研究了等离子体约束改善转换时的边界净输入功率(阈值)与电子线平均密度和环向磁场的关系。     

SF6电子动量谱学研究中干涉效应的观测

利用非共面对称的高效率(e,2e)电子动量谱仪测量了SF₆分子外价分子轨道的二维电子能量- 动量密度谱. 通过理论计算与实验结果的比较,发现B3LYP密度泛函理论计算结果可以较好地解释实验测量的轨道电子动量分布. 此外,对于最外层的4个来自F2p孤对电子贡献的非键分子轨道,实验上观测到非常明显的多中心干涉图样.     

High resolution electron density mapping for LiF and NaF by maximum entropy method (MEM)

High resolution maximum entropy method (MEM) electron density maps have been elucidated for LiF and NaF using reported X-ray structure factors. The ionic nature of the bonding between constituent atoms in both the systems is found to be well pronounced and clearly seen from the electron density maps. The resolution of the present MEM maps is 0.063 Å per pixel for LiF and 0.072 Å per pixel for NaF along the three crystallographic axes. The electron density at the middle of the bond along [111] is found to be 0.0673 e/ų for LiF and 0.003 e/ų for NaF showing the different ionic strengths of the bonding. The electron density along [100] and [110] has also been drawn and analyzed. The inequality in the ionicity for the individual atoms and the electron content for different ionic radii have also been analyzed and compared with already published results. The wR_MEM obtained from MEM analysis is 0.3% for LiF and 0.79% for NaF.