First-Principles Calculations for Structures and Melting Temperature of Si6 Clusters

We investigate the structures and the melting temperature of the Si6 cluster by using the first-principles pseudopotential method in real space and Langevin molecular dynamics. It is shown that the ground structure of the Si6 cluster is a square bipyramid, and the corresponding melting temperature is about 1923 K. In the heating procedure, the structures of the Si6 cluster change from high symmetry structures containing 5-8 bonds, via prolate structures containing 3-4 bonds, to oblate structures containing 1-2 bonds.     

铟团簇结构和电子性质的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函方法研究了Inn(n=2-7)团簇的稳定结构和电子性质。结果表明：自旋多重度对结构的影响不大;对于基态结构,n≤5时为平面结构,n≥6时为立体结构,n=6为结构转变点;平均结合能曲线随团簇尺寸增大逐渐平缓;能隙、结合能的二阶差分和电离势随团簇尺寸的变化趋势完全一致,均反映出In4团簇的基态结构较为稳定,具有较强的非金属性。     

铟团簇结构和电子性质的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函方法研究了In_n(n=2～7)团簇的稳定结构和电子性质.结果表明:自旋多重度对结构的影响不大;对于基态结构,n≤5时为平面结构,n≥6时为立体结构,n=6为结构转变点;平均结合能曲线随团簇尺寸增大逐渐平缓;能隙、结合能的二阶差分和电离势随团簇尺寸的变化趋势完全一致,均反映出In_4团簇的基态结构较为稳定,具有较强的非金属性.     

Ptn(n=1-9)团簇结构及磁性的第一性原理计算

采用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似泛函BPW91和三参数杂化密度泛函B3LYP研究Ptn团簇的结构,稳定性和磁性.两种方法得到了相同的稳定结构,基态结构也相同,只是次稳定结构的稳定顺序稍有不同.两种方法得到的平均配位数和平均键长有相似的变化规律,总体上随团簇尺寸的增大而增大,n=2-3时增幅较大,n=4-9时增幅较小,且有一定的振荡.两种方法得到团簇能量的二阶差分、分裂能、HOMO-LUMO能隙随团簇尺寸的演化都没有表现出明显的奇偶振荡行为,但在n=2、5、8时均有较大的值,说明相对应的团簇具有较高的稳定性.两种方法得到团簇的平均每原子磁矩随团簇尺寸的增大有逐渐减小的趋势,个别团簇有振荡.结果表明两种泛函都可以描述团簇结构、稳定性和磁性.     

Pdn(n=1-9)团簇的结构及磁性的第一性原理计算

采用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似泛函BPW91和三参数杂化密度泛函B3LYP对Pdn(n=1-9)团簇的结构、稳定性和磁性进行了详细的计算. 两种泛函得到了相同的稳定结构, 除n=3、4外, 两种方法得到的基态结构是完全一致的, 但在n=3、4时用三参数杂化密度泛函B3LYP得到的基态结构与文献[8,9,23]的相同. 两种方法得到的平均配位数和平均键长有相似的变化规律, 总体上随团簇尺寸的增大而增大, n=2-5时, 增幅较大, n=5-9时, 增幅较小. 两种方法得到团簇能量的二阶差分、分裂能在n=4时均有较大的值, 说明相对应的团簇具有较高的稳定性、较低的化学活性. 两种方法得到团簇的平均每原子磁矩随团簇尺寸的增大有逐渐减小的趋势, 个别团簇有振荡. 结果表明两种泛函都可以描述团簇结构、稳定性和磁性的演变规律, 但B3LYP泛函可以更加精确地描述Pdn团簇的结构演化.     

Pdn(n=1~9)团簇的结构及磁性的第一性原理计算简

采用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似泛函BPW91和三参数杂化密度泛函B3LYP对Pdn(n=1~9)团簇的结构、稳定性和磁性进行了详细的计算.两种泛函得到了相同的稳定结构,除n=3、4外,两种方法得到的基态结构是完全一致的,但在n=3、4时用三参数杂化密度泛函B3LYP得到的基态结构与文献[8,9,23]的相同.两种方法得到的平均配位数和平均键长有相似的变化规律,总体上随团簇尺寸的增大而增大,n=2~5时,增幅较大,n=5~9时,增幅较小.两种方法得到团簇能量的二阶差分、分裂能在n=4时均有较大的值,说明相对应的团簇具有较高的稳定性、较低的化学活性.两种方法得到团簇的平均每原子磁矩随团簇尺寸的增大有逐渐减小的趋势,个别团簇有振荡.结果表明两种泛函都可以描述团簇结构、稳定性和磁性的演变规律,但B3LYP泛函可以更加精确地描述Pdn团簇的结构演化.     

Rh_nBe(n=1～7)团簇结构和磁性的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似方法研究了Rh_nBe(n=1～7)团簇的结构和磁性.结果表明:在Rh_n团簇上附加一个Be原子后,对Rh_n团簇的结构影响不大,与Be原子相配位的Rh原子间的键长发生了不同程度的增大.Rh_nBe与Rh_n团簇的稳定性变化趋势相一致,但Rh_nBe团簇更加稳定.Be原子均失去电子,磁矩相对较小.与Be原子相配位的Rh原子均是电子受体.团簇磁矩主要来自Rh原子的贡献;若Be原子呈正磁矩,则Rh_nBe团簇的总磁矩大于Rh_n团簇的磁矩,反之则小于Rh_n团簇的磁矩.     

RhnBe(n=1-7)团簇结构和磁性的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似方法研究了RhnBe(n=1~7)团簇的结构和磁性。结果表明：在Rhn团簇上附加一个Be原子后,对Rhn团簇的结构影响不大,与Be原子相配位的Rh原子间的键长发生了不同程度的增大。RhnBe 与Rhn团簇的稳定性变化趋势相一致,但RhnBe团簇更加稳定。Be原子均失去电子,磁矩相对较小。与Be原子相配位的Rh原子均是电子受体。团簇磁矩主要来自Rh原子的贡献;若Be原子呈正磁矩,则RhnBe团簇的总磁矩大于Rhn团簇的磁矩,反之则小于Rhn团簇的磁矩。     

THE EXPANDING ROLE OF NMR IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT

The role of NMR in the pharmaceutical industry has changed dramatically over the last decade. Once thought of as an analytical technique used primarily to support synthetic chemistry, NMR now has an important role in the investigation of biochemical changes involved in clinical diseases and drug toxicity. It is also used extensively to elucidate the structures of drug metabolites. Data obtained using LC NMR MS and 19F NMR will be used to illustrate the utility of hyphenated methods in identifying xenobiotic metabolites as part of a drug development program. The application of NMR to the study of potential drug toxicity will also be described using the cationic, amphiphilic drugs chloroquine and amiodarone. These drugs are known to induce phospholipidosis characterized by lysosomal lamellar bodies and drug accumulation. Using a metabonomic approach, NMR spectroscopy of urine allowed the identification of a combination of urinary biomarkers of phospholipidosis.     

Current trends in lead discovery: are we looking for the appropriate properties?

The new drug discovery paradigm is based on high-throughput technologies, both with respect to synthesis and screening. The progression HTS hits --> lead series --> candidate drug --> marketed drug appears to indicate that the probability of reaching launched status is one in a million. This has shifted the focus from good quality candidate drugs to good quality leads. We examined the current trends in lead discovery by comparing MW (molecular weight), LogP (octanol/water partition coefficient, estimated by Kowwin) and LogSw (intrinsic water solubility, estimated by Wskowwin) for the following categories: 62 leads and 75 drugs; compounds in the development phase (I, II, III and launched), as indexed in MDDR; and compounds indexed in medicinal chemistry journals, categorized according to their biological activity. Comparing the distribution of the above properties, the 62 lead structures show the lowest median with respect to MW (smaller) and LogP (less hydrophobic), and the highest median with respect to LogSw (more soluble). By contrast, over 50% of the medicinal chemistry compounds with activities above 1 nanomolar have MW > 425, LogP > 4.25 and LogSw < -4.75, indicating that the reported active compounds are larger, more hydrophobic and lesssoluble when compared to time-tested quality leads. In the MDDR set, a progressive constraint to reduce MW and LogP, and to increase LogSw, can be observed when examining trends in the developmental sequence: phase I, II, III and launched drugs. These trends indicate that other properties besides binding affinity, e.g., solubility and hydrophobicity, need to be considered when choosing the appropriate leads.     

遗传算法研究原子团簇

遗传算法作为一种结构优化方法应用于研究原子团簇的结构和性质,具有高效和全局搜索等特点。本扼要介绍遗传算法基本特征、优化程序和方法。重点讨论我们近年来在应用遗传算法研究碳６０分子聚集超团簇的幻数,金团簇有序和无序结构,双金属团簇的偏析效应以及过渡金属团簇电磁性质的结构关联等方面所取得的一些结果,说明遗传算法与传统优化方法相比确具一定优势,以及需要解决的问题。     

3d系列 (TM)4 团簇的结构和磁性

基于第一性原理，在密度泛函理论下，用局域自旋密度近似(LSDA)和广义梯度近似(GGA)对(TM)₄团簇的所有几何构型进行优化、能量、频率和磁性计算.确定出3d系列(TM)₄团簇的基态构型，对其磁性、结合能和平均原子间距作了系统的研究，得出在3d系列(TM)₄团簇中，Mn₄的局域磁矩最大，V₄的局域磁矩最小，并且除Cr₄在LSDA和GGA均为反铁磁性耦合及GGA下的V_{关键词： 4}团簇')" href="#">(TM)₄团簇 基态构型 结合能 局域磁矩 平均原子间距     

STRUCTURES OF Si AND Ge CLUSTERS UNDER MODIFIED STILLINGER-WEBER POTENTIAL

Structural behaviors of silicon and germanium clusters under the recently proposed modified Stillinger-Weber (SW) potential have been studied by molecular dynamics method along with the con-jugate-gradient optimization. Since the SW potentials have been derived from the properties of bulk materials, it gives relatively large discrepancy when the cluster number is small, e.g. n=3 and 4. When n>4, the ground-state structures under the modified SW potential are close to that from the first-principle calculation. The binding energies are also improved under the modified SW potential. These results may be attributed to the relative enhancement of the two-body term over the three-body term in the modified SW potential, which leads to structures with a preferential coordination number 4. Structural behaviors of germanium clusters are similar to those of silicon.     

通过费米能区重离子碰撞产额分布来研究16O原子核的团簇结构

近几年来,原子核核内的α团簇结构引起了人们的广泛关注.本工作的目的是讨论在费米能区下重离子碰撞的碎片产额分布是否可以作为研究轻核中α团簇结构的工具.本文基于扩展的量子分子动力学输运模型(EMQD)模拟了16O具有4种不同的初始化α构型(长链型、风筝型、四方型以及正四面体型)的16O+16O反应,通过观察碎片产额多重数分...     

从头计算对GanNm团簇的结构与稳定性的研究

用B3LYP-DFT方法对GanN2(n=1~7)和GanN(n=2~8)团簇的结构与稳定性进行了研究.在6-31G*水平上进行了结构优化和频率分析,得到了GanN2(n=1~7)和GanN(n=2~8)团簇的基态结构.在GanN(n=2~8)团簇的基态几何结构中,N原子处在分子结构的中心;在GanN2(n=1~3)团簇中,N—N键比Ga—N键强;在GanN2(n=4~7)团簇中存在Ga3N单元和Ga4N单元.在GanN2(n=1~7)和GanN(n=2~8)团簇中,Ga4N2,Ga6P2,Ga3N,Ga5N和Ga7N较其它团簇稳定.     

Electronic structure of bond-centred hydrogen and muonium in III–V compound semiconductors: Ab initio cluster calculations

The molecular orbital model for bond-centred hydrogen or muonium in the III–V compound semiconductors is developed with the help of ab initio cluster calculations. The influence of the loss of symmetry in going from the elemental (group IV) to the compound (III–V) materials on the electronic structure is studied. The equilibrium configurations, potential energy surfaces and electronic structures of hydrogen or muonium near the bond-centred site in GaAs, GaP and InP are calculated at the ab initio HF level in the clusters Ga₄As₄H₁₈ and the corresponding one for GaP and InP using a split-valence basis set and ab initio pseudopotentials for the core orbitals. First results of the calculations using a large Ga₂₂As₂₂H₄₂ cluster are discussed. Preliminary results for InP indicate that ionization of the bond-centre defect may be considerably easier than in the other III–V compounds. which would explain why μSR-signals corresponding to the neutral Mu^* state have not been detected in this material.     

Smart Therapeutic Strategy of pH-Responsive Gold Nanoparticles for Combating Multidrug Resistance

As several multi-target drug delivery approaches are successfully identified through preclinical screening, their clinical success is often hampered by challenges such as poor circulation stability, dissimilarities in the pharmacokinetics of different drugs, as well as targeting inefficiency. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are adopted as promising nanocarriers in the co-delivery of multiple therapeutic drugs for combination therapy. The pH-responsive AuNPs are synthesized and incorporated with multiple chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin and bleomycin. Such structures can work as drug carriers to treat cervical carcinoma by adopting a quality by design approach. The designed nanocarrier is characterized by adopting a range of physicochemical and morphological techniques. In vitro drug release and cytotoxicity of optimized nanocarriers are assessed to cervical tumor epithelial cells. The results highlight the notable advantages of colloidal AuNPs, including sustained drug release, therapeutic agent delivery with high stability, and biocompatibility for more effective treatment of cervical carcinoma. Furthermore, by improving the biodistribution and/or bioavailability profiles, it is believed that the two-in-one approach may therefore give evidence on the fate of co-loaded nanocarrier as a promising trajectory for successful clinical translation against ovarian carcinoma to achieve maximum therapeutic synergy for an individual patient.     

On the guiding principles for understanding of geometrical structures of the CaMn4O5 cluster in oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. Proposal of estimation formula of structural deformations via the Jahn–Teller effects

ABSTRACT

Atmospheric oxygenation and evolution of aerobic life on our earth are a result of water oxidation by oxygenic photosynthesis in photosystem II (PSII) of plants, algae and cyanobacteria. The water oxidation in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in PSII is expected to proceed through five oxidation states, known as the S _i (i = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) states in the Kok cycle, with the S₁ being the most stable state in the dark. The OEC in PSII involves the active catalytic site made of four Mn ions and one Ca ion, namely the CaMn₄O₅ cluster. Past decades, molecular structures of the CaMn₄O₅ cluster in OEC in PSII have been investigated by the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The magneto-structural correlations were extensively investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Recently, Kamiya and Shen groups made great breakthrough for determination of the S₁ structure of OEC of PSII by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) experiments, providing structural foundations that are crucial for theoretical investigations of the CaMn₄O₅ cluster. Large-scale quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations starting from the XRD structures elucidated geometrical, electronic and spin structures of the CaMn₄O₅ cluster, indicating an important role of the Jahn–Teller (JT) effect of Mn(III) ions. This paper presents theoretical formulas for estimation of the JT deformations of the CaMn₄O₅ cluster in OEC of PSII. Scope and applicability of the formulas are examined in relation to several different structures of the CaMn₄O₅ cluster proposed by XRD, XFEL, EXAFS and other experiments. Implications of the computational results are discussed for further refinements of geometrical parameters of the CaMn₄O₅ cluster.     

Density-functional theory study of the geometries,stabilities, and electronic properties of Au n Rb (n = 1–10) clusters: comparison with pure gold clusters

The density functional method with the relativistic effective core potential has been employed to investigate systematically the geometric structures, relative stabilities, growth-pattern behavior, and electronic properties of small bimetallic Au _n Rb (n?=?1–10) and pure gold Au _n (n?≤?11) clusters. For the geometric structures of the Au _n Rb (n?=?1–10) clusters, the dominant growth pattern is for a Rb-substituted Au _{n +1} cluster or one Au atom capped on a Au _{n –1}Rb cluster, and the turnover point from a two-dimensional to a three-dimensional structure occurs at n?=?4. Moreover, the stability of the ground-state structures of these clusters has been examined via an analysis of the average atomic binding energies, fragmentation energies, and the second-order difference of energies as a function of cluster size. The results exhibit a pronounced even–odd alternation phenomenon. The same pronounced even–odd alternations are found for the HOMO–LUMO gap, VIPs, VEAs, and the chemical hardness. In addition, about one electron charge transfers from the Au _n host to the Rb atom in each corresponding Au _n Rb cluster.     

Diffraction of trapped (CsI)(n)Cs+: the appearance of bulk structure

We report an investigation of (CsI)(n)Cs (+) cluster structures (n = 30-39) studied using the recently developed technique of trapped ion electron diffraction. Contributions to diffraction from both rock salt (NaCl) and cesium chloride lattice (CsCl) derived isomeric structures are observed at size n = 32. This size can form a closed shell rhombic dodecahedron corresponding to the CsI bulk structure. All other sizes, n not equal32, are dominated by the NaCl structure. Density functional calculations and molecular dynamic simulations identify the presence of a stable CsCl lattice derived structure isomer which is consistent with these results.