辐射模型和弥散效应对多孔介质内燃烧影响的数值模拟

本文根据气固两相局部非热平衡假设,建立了甲烷/空气预混气在惰性多孔介质内的一维层流燃烧数学模型。分别采用附加导热、Rossland模型和二通量法模型求解固体能量方程中的辐射源项,研究了热辐射模型和弥散效应对多孔介质内燃烧火焰结构的影响。结果表明,多孔固体表面辐射的影响不可忽略,辐射模型对火焰温度的预测影响显著,而弥散效应对气体温度的分布及反应热影响则较小。     

多孔介质中液体喷雾燃烧的实验研究

本文通过自行研制的多孔介质燃烧实验系统,研究了液体燃料在热多孔介质中的燃烧可行性及其燃烧特性.燃烧系统包括燃烧室、供气系统、供油系统和测量系统等,该系统分别以气体和液体作为燃料,先通过多孔介质内的预混合燃烧对多孔介质固相进行预热,然后喷入液体燃料,实现燃烧,实验证实了液体燃料在热多孔介质内汽化及自维持燃烧的可行性,并讨论了空气量和喷油量等对燃烧室温度的影响.     

超低热值多孔介质燃烧器功率范围试验

本文对积木式结构多孔介质燃烧器稳定燃烧超低热值燃气的功率范围进行了试验研究。用甲烷和氮气配制了试验燃气的热值为1.4~3.0 MJ/m~3,在理论当量比条件下组织了预混燃烧。通过改变甲烷的流量,测试了不同燃烧强度工况下燃烧室壁面的温度分布,进而判定了各工况条件下燃烧室内是否能保持稳定燃烧。结果表明,本文所设计的燃烧器对于超低热值气体有着良好的适应性,对于热值高于1.4 MJ/m~3的气体都有一个稳定燃烧的功率区间,且稳定燃烧的功率范围随着气体热值的增大而增大。在预热温度为1200 K的前提下,燃气热值为1.4 MJ/m~3时,稳定燃烧的燃烧强度范围为30.57~107.01 kW/m~2,而当气体热值为3.0 MJ/m~3时,燃烧极限的近似范围是107.01~229.30 kW/m~2。     

透过多孔介质板的热湿传递的实验研究

本文以透过燃料电池增湿系统中多孔介质板的热湿传递过程为研究对象,建立了实验系统,测量并比较了高温高湿气体(增湿气体)透过多孔介质板对低温低湿气体(被增湿气体)进行加热加湿时,气体的相对流向、温度与相对湿度等对多孔介质板热湿传递特性的影响。结果表明,在使用相同的多孔介质板的前提下,使用逆流流向、提高增湿气体进口温度和相对湿度对多孔介质板两侧的换热和水分传递量的提高更加有利;同时,使用逆流流向、提高增湿气体进口温度以及降低其相对湿度有助于水分回收率的提高。     

应用于热光伏系统中的多孔介质燃烧器

为提供热光伏系统均匀的高温辐射源,利用SiC多孔介质作为燃烧媒介,组织丙烷燃烧,并结合回热、预热等手段以提高燃烧温度.结果发现,燃烧功率为4.3 kW时,多孔介质表面温度最高可达1000℃以上.低当量比燃烧可使表面温度梯度更低,当量比0.5时为1.07℃/mm.回热显著提高了多孔介质表面温度.     

双层多孔介质内甲烷富燃制氢过程的研究

采用一维双温度体积平均模型和详细的甲烷化学反应机理GRI 3.0,对双层泡沫陶瓷多孔介质内甲烷富燃燃烧过程进行数值模拟,研究在双层多孔介质交界面附近稳定燃烧时的火焰稳定传播范围、火焰温度和组分分布及氢气的产量和能量转换效率.结果表明,双层多孔介质燃烧器能有效拓宽甲烷在空气中的富燃极限;在当量比大于1.6时,燃烧产物中氢气含量较多,氢气产生分为甲烷部分氧化和水煤气反应两个阶段;当量比在1.6～1,8之间时,能量转换效率较大,最大值约为46%.     

多孔介质中甲烷预混气火焰传播特性实验研究

本文对甲烷预混气在多孔介质中的火焰传播特性进行了实验研究,在开口竖直管中充填多孔介质,通过改变预混气氧含量使火焰在不同多孔介质中传播并测量火焰传播速度。预混气中氧含量最高达到29％。实验结果表明:多孔介质中甲烷可燃预混气火焰传播速度大于其层流火焰传播速度,可达到5倍以上(当量比的甲烷-空气预混气);多孔介质当量孔直径越大,或预混气层流火焰速度越高,则预混气火焰传播速度越高;多孔介质中可燃混气的火焰传播界限变小,当量孔直径大的多孔介质其界限值较大。实验结果与Babkin提出的多孔介质中的火焰传播机理相符。     

富燃料丙烷/空气预混火焰特性的微重力实验研究

地面常重力(1g)条件下,丙烷/空气预混火焰向上传播的富燃极限为9.2%C_3H_8,而向下传播时的富燃极限仅为6.3%C_3H_8,二者之间存在明显差距。利用微重力条件下的实验,对燃料浓度从6.5%到8.6%(微重力实验中测定的可燃极限)范围内的丙烷/空气预混火焰特性进行了研究。实验发现,重力对近极限丙烷/空气火焰的传播有显著影响,影响程度随着当量比的增加而增大。微重力下丙烷/空气的富燃极限为8.6%C_3H_8(φ=2.24),明显高于1g条件下向下传播火焰的可燃极限,略低于向上传播火焰的可燃极限。随着当量比的增大,根据压力变化曲线计算的火焰层流燃烧速度从8.5cm/s逐渐减小到2.7 cm/s,可燃极限处的层流燃烧速度与前人实验数据一致。     

基于多孔介质燃烧的小型推进器实验研究

多孔介质具有良好的蓄热、传热性能,多孔介质燃烧可以有效地降低系统的热损失,提高尺度燃烧的稳定性.本文在一个内径2 am、长2 cm的圆柱形腔体里组织多孔介质燃烧,测量了点火和稳定燃烧的当量比范围,腔体和出口温度等参数;将燃烧室与小喷管结构相结合,获得了稳定的微推力.     

渐变型多孔介质中燃气燃烧特性试验研究

试验研究预混燃气在渐变型多孔介质(GVPM)中的燃烧特性,包括在渐变型多孔介质中的温度场、火焰移动、CO和NOx生成、燃烧稳定性及多孔介质孔径结构对燃烧特性的影响规律。研究结果与几种均匀型多孔介质(HPM)中的燃烧特性进行比较,发现渐变型多孔介质中的燃烧有如下优点:均匀的温度分布、较低污染物排放、高燃烧速率、高稳定性、宽燃烧极限和较大的负荷调节范围。     

堆积床内甲烷/空气预混燃烧的理论分析

在多孔介质内组织预混燃烧,燃气与多孔介质有强烈的换热作用,燃烧过程伴随着化学反应和热输运的强烈耦合。本文以惰性氧化铝球堆积床内的甲烷/空气预混燃烧为例,提出解析模型,对燃烧过程进行理论分析,给出温度分布的解析解,发现了超绝热火焰温度燃烧现象。     

超声速预混可燃气流的点火与燃烧

在激波风洞一激波管组合设备上开展了碳氢燃料超声速预混可燃气流的点火与燃烧实验研究。实验结果表明:利用激波对燃料进行预热,并以高温燃气作为引导火焰,可以有效缩短汽油空气超声速可燃混气的点火延迟时间,使之缩短到 0.2 ms以下。利用纹影照片对超声速燃烧流场结构作出了分析;研究了超声速预混可燃气流的温度以及当量比对超声速燃烧流场结构、点火与火焰传播特性的影响。     

Numerical model of two-dimensional heterogeneous combustion in porous media under natural convection or forced filtration

A novel mathematical model and original numerical method for investigating the two-dimensional waves of heterogeneous combustion in porous media are proposed and described in detail. The mathematical model is constructed within the framework of the model of interacting interpenetrating continua and includes equations of state, continuity, momentum conservation and energy for solid and gas phases. Combustion, considered in the paper, is due to the exothermic reaction between fuel in the porous solid medium and oxidiser contained in the gas flowing through the porous object. The original numerical method is based on a combination of explicit and implicit finite-difference schemes. A distinctive feature of the proposed model is that the gas velocity at the open boundaries (inlet and outlet) of the porous object is unknown and has to be found from the solution of the problem, i.e. the flow rate of the gas regulates itself. This approach allows processes to be modelled not only under forced filtration, but also under free convection, when there is no forced gas input in porous objects, which is typical for many natural or anthropogenic disasters (burning of peatlands, coal dumps, landfills, grain elevators). Some two-dimensional time-dependent problems of heterogeneous combustion in porous objects have been solved using the proposed numerical method. It is shown that two-dimensional waves of heterogeneous combustion in porous media can propagate in two modes with different characteristics, as in the case of one-dimensional combustion, but the combustion front can move in a complex manner, and gas dynamics within the porous objects can be complicated. When natural convection takes place, self-sustaining combustion waves can go through the all parts of the object regardless of where an ignition zone was located, so the all combustible material in each part of the object is burned out, in contrast to forced filtration.     

Analytical study of stretched ultra-lean premixed flames within porous inert media

It has been shown both theoretically and experimentally that combustion within porous inert media can extend the flammability limits of reactant mixtures for unstretched stationary premixed flames. However little attention has been given to flames within porous media submitted to stretch conditions. This work presents a closed form approximate analytical solution for the problem of ultra-lean premixed flames within porous inert media subjected to small stretch rates in an impinging flow configuration against a constant temperature wall. The solution is obtained using the method of matched asymptotic expansions taking advantage of the large difference between the solid- and gas-phase thermal conductivities. The model allows for thermal nonequilibrium between the phases and is able to predict the flame temperature, velocity and position as function of the stretch rate. The results show that within porous media low stretch rates may increase the flame temperature, further extending the lean flammability limit of the reactant mixture when compared to planar flames. The model is restricted to low porosities, low stretch rates, low heat losses and intense interphase heat transfer.     

甲烷微尺度催化燃烧的数值模拟

本文联合使用计算流体力学软件FLUENT和可以计算表面反应的化学反应动力学软件DETCHEM对有逆流换热的微尺度燃烧器进行了数值计算。计算中忽略空间反应。燃料-空气混合物的当量比为0.4,反应器壁面采用等温边界条件。计算结果表明,采用催化燃烧可以实现微尺度下通常情况下无法实现的甲烷稳定燃烧。通过适当设置催化表面,可以实现燃料低温、高效转变。甲烷的总转变率受流动状态、反应温度和催化表面的大小等因素的影响。     

Modeling of heterogeneous combustion in porous media under free convection

A mathematical model and a numerical method, based on the combination of explicit and implicit finite difference schemes, have been developed for investigating the unsteady gas flows in porous objects with zones of heterogeneous combustion when gas pressure at object boundaries is known. Used approach enables to solve problems of filtration combustion for both forced filtration and free convection, so it can be efficiently applied for modeling the combustion zones in porous media, which may arise from natural or man-caused disasters. One-dimensional unsteady processes of heterogeneous combustion in porous object under free convection have been investigated using numerical experiment. Two regimes of combustion wave propagation have been revealed – wave movement up and down in the object – and it is shown that these regimes are significantly different in degree of burn of solid combustible material, the temperature in the combustion zone and propagation velocity of combustion wave.     

有限存贮空间内可燃多孔介质流动和传热的研究

对通风条件下可燃多孔介质库房内的流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟,得到了库房有限空间内的温度场和速度场.通过比较不同的来流温度和入口流速,得到的结果表明:可燃多孔介质(弹药)内部发生化学反应并产生热量,其温度由中心向四周逐渐降低;来流流速越大,越有利于弹药的冷却;在来流速度相同的情况下,来流温度越低,越有利于散热,对于可燃多孔介质(弹药)的贮存越安全;在左侧进风口的上下两边以及可燃多孔介质(弹药)的上方,会形成漩涡.     

Characteristic regimes of premixed gas combustion in high-porosity micro-fibrous porous media

Dynamical behaviour of the premixed flame propagating in the inert high-porosity micro-fibrous porous media has been studied numerically. Effects of mixture filtration velocity, equivalence ratio and burner transverse size on the flame structure have been investigated and the regions of existence of different combustion regimes have been determined. It was found that the influence of the hydrodynamic instability on the flame dynamics is significant in the case of the moderate and high filtration velocities and this effect is negligible at the low velocities. At the moderate filtration velocities the effect of hydrodynamic instability manifests in the flame front deformation and in particular in the flame inclination. It was found that the flame can be stabilized within the whole interval of the filtration gas velocity, whereas in the ordinary porous media the standing wave is settled only at fixed value of gas filtration velocity. This finding is in line with recent experimental results on combustion in micro-fibrous porous media (Yang et al., Combust. Sci. Tech. 181 (2009), 1–16). Possible physical interpretation of the flame anchoring effect may be given on the base of present numerical analysis. At the high filtration velocities the hydrodynamic instability manifests itself in periodical appearance of the moving wrinkles on the flame front surface which forms non stationary high temperature trailing spots behind the leading part of the flame front. Such dynamics may be associated with splitting wave structures which were revealed in previous experiments (Yang et al., Combust. Sci. Tech. 181 (2009), 1–16).     

多孔介质(PM)发动机理想循环热力学分析

本文论述了基于多孔介质燃烧技术的超绝热发动机的原理及其工作过程,建立了PM发动机的热力学模型,对 PM发动机内的PM回热循环进行热力学分析,列出了循环参数如压缩比、预胀比、预压比等对发动机效率、循环功的影响,确定了PM回热循环的两种极限状态。将PM回热循环与发动机的Otto循环、Diesel循环进行比较,结果表明: PM回热循环在保证效率的同时,可以大幅度提高循环功。