激光大气成丝中的非线性光频转换

超快强激光在光学介质（如空气）中传播时由于克尔自聚焦效应和等离体散焦效应动态平 衡会发生一种独特的非线性激光成丝现象。激光成丝过程会诱导一些独特的物理现象,如非线性 光频转换产生超连续光谱、等离子体诱导高压放电、锥形辐射等,在大气传感、天气控制等研究 领域具有重要的应用前景。本文针对飞秒激光大气成丝过程中与传输介质相互作用所诱导的非线 性发光过程,介绍了激光大气成丝所产生的超连续光谱（白光）激光、谐波产生和太赫兹波辐射 三种非线性光频转换现象,并着重探讨了太赫兹波辐射的物理机理、研究现状和应用前景。     

Runaway Electron Beam Instability in Slide-Away Discharges in the HT-7 Tokamak

Slide-away discharges are achieved by decreasing the plasma density or ramping down the plasma current in runaway discharges in the HT-7 tokamak. In the case of plasma current ramp down, the ratio of the electron plasma frequency to the electron cyclotron frequency is higher than in the stationary pulses when the discharge goes into a slide-away regime. The instability regime is characterized by relaxations in the electron cyclotron emission due to relativistic anomalous Doppler effect which transfers energy from parallel to perpendicular motion. The triggering of relativistic anomalous Doppler effect at higher density by ramping down of plasma current may provide a alternative runaway energy control scenario.     

Zero-Chirp Return-to-Zero Pulses Generation with Two Single-Driver z-Cut Mach-Zehnder Modulators

A novel method is proposed to suppress the frequency chirp of single-driver z-cut Mach Zehnder modulators. Theoretical analysis shows that by multiplying the output pulses of a half clock frequency driving single-driver z-cut modulator with the one delayed odd multiple bit duration, the frequency chirp can be removed entirely, and return-to-zero （RZ） pulses with duty cycles of about 25% and 56% are obtained. An experimental scheme is proposed to validate the proposed method. The pulses can be obtained by using this scheme. experimental results show that perfect 40 GHz zero-chirp RZ     

Current sheath structure of the plasma focus in the run-down phase

The current carrying plasma sheath in a 12-kJ plasma focus is studied in the axial run-down phase by means of the Schlieren technique. Subnanosecond ultraviolet light pulses from a preionized, transversely excited, atmospheric nitrogen laser provide sufficiently fine temporal and spatial resolution for such investigation where the propagation speed of the current sheath is of the order of 10 cm/μs. It is observed that the current sheath grows thicker if it is driven at speeds beyond an optimum value of about 8 cm/μs (when the neutron yield is maximum). The thickening of the sheath is seen as an effect of the ratio of the specific heats. At the speed of 11 cm/μs, the effect of the temperature gradient at the electrode surface broadens the sheath further. Slow driving speeds are observed to result in an inefficient and leaky position     

吸收光谱法测量大气压空气介质阻挡放电的臭氧浓度

臭氧作为一种强氧化剂和杀菌剂,在污染物降解,食品加工,杀菌消毒,医疗卫生等方面有着非常广泛的应用。大气压介质阻挡放电是一种极为高效的产生臭氧的方法,利用平行平板介质阻挡放电装置,采用交流高压激励,产生了大气压空气非平衡态等离子体。通过测量其电压和发光信号,发现在电压的正、负半周期均存在着许多随机的放电脉冲,并且其脉宽均在几十到几百纳秒之间,这表明其机制是流光放电。放电的光学发射谱包含氮分子的第二正带系(C 3Π-B 3Π)和第一正带系(B 3П-A 3П),氮分子离子的第一负带系(B 2Σ-X 2Σ),以及氧原子谱线(715.7和799.5 nm)。由于流光放电在紫外区域(200~300 nm)没有明显的发射谱线,但臭氧在此区域存在吸收峰,因此可以利用此区域的紫外吸收光谱测量放电产生的臭氧浓度。吸收光谱法可以有效的监测其臭氧浓度的变化情况,其优势在于操作简单,对实验环境要求低,可在放电条件下使用,并且可以连续监测臭氧浓度变化。基于此,通过Beer-Lambert定律计算了臭氧浓度随实验参数的变化,结果发现随外加电压幅值和驱动频率的增加,臭氧浓度升高。这些结果对于大气压介质阻挡放电的工业应用具有重要价值。     

大气压下多脉冲均匀介质阻挡放电的研究

基于一维流体力学模型，数值计算研究了大气压下氦气中多脉冲均匀介质阻挡放电的形成原因和性质，分析讨论了所加电压频率、幅值及介质板性质等对多脉冲均匀放电的影响. 模拟结果显示，当放电间隙较小时，由于介质表面积累电荷增加，感应电场增强，在外加电压的每半个周期内，可以形成多个放电脉冲，这些脉冲相应于等时间间隔的分立击穿. 放电间隙越窄，半个周期内形成的脉冲数目越多. 所加电压频率和幅值的变化不仅影响脉冲的幅度，同时也使放电脉冲的数目发生变化，而介质层厚度及介电常数的变化对放电脉冲数目没有明显的影响. 关键词： 大气压均匀放电 介质阻挡放电 数值模拟 等离子体     

Excitation frequency effects on atmospheric-pressure helium RF microplasmas: plasma density,electron energy and plasma impedance

The effects of the driving RF frequency on the properties of low temperature atmospheric pressure helium microplasmas are discussed in light of simulation results of a 500 μm microdischarge driven at constant input power with a 10 MHz–2.45 GHz voltage source. The electron density is found to be a non-monotonic function of the driving frequency and agrees with experimental observations made in different frequency bands with different devices. The physics underpinning this non-monotonic behaviour are investigated and the increasing penetration of the electric field as frequency increases is identified as a key factor. Additionally, the relationship between the plasma impedance and the mean plasma density is studied, and the validity and accuracy of equations commonly used to infer the plasma density from experimental impedance measurements discussed. While this method can provide quantitative estimations, the accuracy suffers when the discharge operates in the γ-mode or when the displacement current across the bulk plasma is not negligible.     

Limited-diffraction wave generation by approaching theoretical X-wave electrical driving signals with rectangular pulses

The main interest of using limited diffracting waves is motivated by their potential applications in the enlargement of the field depth in acoustic imaging systems, under collimated conditions. In this work, an approach for simplifying the experimental arrangement, needed to generate limited diffracting waves, is proposed. The main idea is to approximate the theoretical X-wave electrical excitations by means of simple driving rectangular pulses. In order to optimize these driving signals in each array annulus, the L2 curve criterion is applied. The differences between theoretical X-wave signals and approximate driving pulses, related to their excitation effects, were minimized by using the time widths and amplitudes of the rectangular pulses as fitting parameters. The good agreement of the source vibration signals and resulting field distributions, provided by the drastic simplification presented here, with those obtained from the classical X-wave excitations, can be justified by the filtering effects induced by the transducer elements in frequency domain. These results suggest the possibility of achieving limited-diffraction waves with relatively simple driving waveforms, which can be implemented with a moderate cost in analogical electronics.     

Observation of self-organized square lattice pattern formation in surface barrier discharge plasma

The experimental observation of a two-dimensional self-organized square lattice pattern in a planar surface barrier discharge is reported. The discharge was operated near atmospheric pressure in helium gas. The transition from irregular plasma spot pattern to a square lattice pattern is achieved by reducing the discharge driving frequency. On increasing the driving frequency the regular lattice pattern is destroyed and again transforms to an irregular plasma spot pattern. Dielectric degradation and powder formation is also observed after discharge process. Spatio-temporal behavior of observed plasma pattern is presented.     

大气压放电等离子体柱的光谱研究

大气压放电等离子体柱在飞行器隐身技术方面具有非常重要的应用。利用同轴介质阻挡放电水电极装置,大气压下在氩气中放电产生了长达65 cm的均匀等离子体柱。利用光学方法研究了等离子体柱的放电机理为发光子弹传播。通过测量发现该子弹的传播速度约为0.6×105 m·s-1。采用发射光谱法测量了等离子体柱的发射光谱中谱线强度比随外加电压和驱动频率的变化关系,其相对强度之比表征了电子平均能量。结果表明电子平均能量随外加电压和驱动频率的增加而增加。本工作对大气压下气体放电的工业应用具有一定的意义,在军事飞行器隐身方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

光谱方法研究大气压氩气等离子体喷枪的放电特性

利用同轴介质阻挡放电喷枪,通过氩气的流动在大气压空气中产生了均匀的等离子体羽。等离子体羽沿气流方向较为均匀,但在喷嘴处为白色且亮度较高,远离喷嘴处为蓝色,亮度较低。研究了等离子体羽长度与外加电压幅值、驱动频率和气体流速的关系,气流小于4 L·min-1时等离子羽的长度随气流的增大而增大,而当气流大于4 L·min-1时长度随气流的增大而减小。当气流保持恒定时,等离子体羽的长度随外加电压幅值或驱动频率的增大而增大。结合气体放电理论以及分析湍流和平流对放电的影响,对等离子体羽长度随实验参数的变化进行了定性解释。光学方法研究发现在外加电压正半周期等离子羽有一个发光脉冲,而负半周期没有发光信号。同轴介质阻挡放电正半周期有两个发光脉冲,负半周期有一个发光脉冲。通过对该N₂现象的分析,为等离子体羽的产生机制提供了一种可能的解释。采集了同轴介质阻挡放电和等离子体羽的发射光谱,研究发现除等离子体羽存在明显的OH和N₂的发射谱线外,其发射光谱没有明显差别。利用光学发射谱N+₂第一负带系,对等离子体羽转动温度进行了测量,发现转动温度沿远离喷嘴的方向逐渐降低,且转动温度随电压幅值的增大而增大。     

脉冲放电射流辅助射频辉光放电研究

通过实验研究了脉冲放电射流辅助下大气压氦气射频辉光放电的电学和光学特性。采用组合电极结构,在射频放电前段增加脉冲电极,脉冲放电产生的射流以等离子体子弹形式注入射频放电区域,主要研究脉冲射流辅助射频放电的电流电压曲线、最低放电维持电压、放电强度和空间结构时空分布。研究结果表明:等离子体子弹经过射频放电区域后,由于等离子体子弹引入的活性粒子,会使射频放电区域等离子体强度增强;而射频放电最低维持电压也从0.93 kV降低至0.43 kV。     

Role of the carrier-envelope phase in laser filamentation

We numerically study the influence of the initial carrier-envelope phase (CEP) on the filamentation of ultrashort laser pulses in noble gas. Emphasis is put on the CEP-induced changes of pulses that reach their clamping intensity during near-cycle self-compression. In other propagation regimes, the CEP does not significantly alter the pulse evolution. Our results indicate that third-harmonic generation, compared to plasma generation, is dominant in driving these changes. Finally, the stability of the filament CEP against shot-to-shot fluctuations is examined.     

Time-sequence imaging of relativistic laser–plasma interactions using a novel two-color probe pulse

We describe and demonstrate a novel experimental technique to record two picosecond-separated images of the evolution of a single-shot laser-produced plasma using a two-color probe beam. In this technique, the probe beam was first partially frequency doubled. The 1ω and 2ω components were then temporally separated in a dispersive medium. The pulses remained intrinsically synchronized, both having a duration of ∼150 fs, but they were separated by 4.1 ps. Using a Nomarskii-type interferometer, this novel technique was used to obtain two time-resolved snapshots of the evolution of the electron density at different time steps during the formation of a relativistic plasma channel.     

Kinetic theory of instabilities responsible for magnetic turbulence in laboratory rotating plasma

The problem of instabilities responsible for magnetic turbulence in collisionless laboratory rotating plasma is investigated. It is shown that the standard mechanism of driving the magnetorotational instability (MRI), due to negative rotation frequency gradient, disappears in such a plasma. Instead of it, a new driving mechanism due to plasma pressure gradient is predicted.     

Dependence of the driving current on the harmonic behavior of giant magneto-impedance voltage of Co-based amorphous wires

The frequency and the amplitude of the driving AC current dependence on the harmonic behavior of the giant magneto-impedance (GMI) voltage of Co-rich amorphous wire have been studied. Single-peak, two-peak and three-peak behavior in the GMI characteristics was studied with the change of amplitude and frequency of the AC current. GMI ratio was calculated from the first harmonic signals which were initially increased and then decreased monotonically with the increase of frequency (f) and the amplitude (I_AC) of the driving current. The response of the GMI voltage was found non-linear with the generation of higher harmonics at higher amplitude of the driving current. The second and third harmonic signals were also evaluated and their dependence on the driving current amplitude and frequency were presented in the paper. The experimental results were analyzed using single domain rotational model. The voltage harmonics were calculated through Fourier transform of the time derivative of the estimated circular magnetization of the sample.     

大气压介质阻挡放电的光谱研究

使用水电极介质阻挡放电装置,分别在大气压空气和氦气中实现了稳定的高气压放电。通过水电极观察两种气体的放电,发现大气压空气中放电为空间随机分布的微放电丝,等离子体是不均匀的,而在氦气中放电没有微放电丝,空间分布比较均匀。比较而言,这种均匀放电产生的等离子体具有更广泛的工业应用前景。对两种气体中放电的电流波形进行了比较,发现空气中放电的电流脉冲在时间上是随机出现的而氦气中放电的电流脉冲在时间上具有周期性,并且空气中放电脉冲宽度约为几十ns而氦气中放电的电流持续时间较长,脉冲宽度大约为1μs。文章还对两种气体中介质阻挡放电发射光谱进行了研究,结果表明大气压氦气中均匀放电的N+₂(B2Σ+_u→X2Σ+_g)谱线391.4nm很强而在大气压空气放电中此光谱线很弱。这些研究结果对高气压条件下均匀放电的实现和大气压辉光放电的工业应用具有重要意义。     

An electromagnetic wave propagation in a non-uniform plasma controlled by EIT

We investigate the conditions in which the propagation of an electromagnetic wave is changed from transparency to cutoff in a non-uniform plasma. The allowed frequency range of the driving wave is obtained for the case that the probe frequency is above the plasma frequency. The effect of the power of the driving field on the range is analyzed. Received 23 May 2001     

Frequency response characteristics of trichel pulses and the behavior of the cathode spot in a negative corona discharge

A negative corona discharge in the regime of Trichel pulses has been investigated in air at atmospheric pressure. Correlation between the behavior of the cathode spot and oscillograms of the discharge current has been revealed. The frequency response characteristics of the negative corona current have been measured as functions of voltage, tip curvature, interelectrode distance, and cathode material. It has been determined that the curvature of the tip surface in the cathode-spot localization region decisively affects the amplitude of pulses.     

流动氩气介质阻挡放电特性及振动温度研究

采用双水电极介质阻挡放电装置,在流动氩气中通过改变气隙间距、驱动电源频率和气体流量等研究放电电学特性和振动温度的变化。电学测量结果发现如果固定其他实验条件而只改变某一参数,小气隙间距放电的电流峰值和功率比大气隙间距的高。同样,增大驱动电源频率也能够使放电的电流峰值和功率增加,而增加气体流量使得放电电流峰值和功率减小。最后利用光谱学方法,通过对放电发射光谱中氮分子振动带系的分析,发现振动温度随着放电气隙间距、电源频率和气体流量的变化关系与放电的电流峰值和功率的变化关系基本一致。这些结果对流动气体中大气压介质阻挡放电的应用具有重要意义。