Velocity plateaus and jumps in carbon nanotube sliding

The friction between concentric carbon nanotubes sliding one inside the other has been widely studied and simulated, but not so far using external force as the driving variable. Our molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that as the pulling force grows, the sliding velocity increases by jumps and plateaus rather than continuously as expected. Dramatic friction peaks [similar to that recently noted by P. Tangney, M.L. Cohen, S.G. Louie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 195901] which develop around some preferential sliding velocities, are at the origin of this phenomenon. The (stable) rising edge of the peak produces a velocity plateau; the (unstable) dropping edge produces a jump to the nearest stable branch. The outcome is reminiscent of conduction in ionized gases, the plateau corresponding to a current stabilization against voltage variations, the jump corresponding to a discharge or breakdown.     

Velocity profiles in shear-banding wormlike micelles

Using dynamic light scattering in heterodyne mode, we measure velocity profiles in a much studied system of wormlike micelles (CPCl/NaSal) known to exhibit both shear-banding and stress plateau behavior. Our data provide evidence for the simplest shear-banding scenario, according to which the effective viscosity drop in the system is due to the nucleation and growth of a highly sheared band in the gap, whose thickness linearly increases with the imposed shear rate. We discuss various details of the velocity profiles in all the regions of the flow curve and emphasize the complex, non-Newtonian nature of the flow in the highly sheared band.     

Nanovoid generation due to intergrain sliding in nanocrystalline materials

A theoretical model is suggested which describes the generation of nanoscale voids (nanovoids) at grain boundaries (GBs) in deformed nanocrystalline and nanocomposite materials. In the framework of the model, nanovoids are generated in the stress fields of the dislocations characterized by large Burgers vectors and formed at GB steps and triple junctions due to intense intergrain sliding. The model accounts for experimental observations of nanovoids at GBs in deformed nanomaterials, reported in the literature.     

Microstructural evolution of AZ31 magnesium alloy subjected to sliding friction treatment

Microstructural evolution and grain refinement mechanism in AZ31 magnesium alloy subjected to sliding friction treatment were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. The process of grain refinement was found to involve the following stages: (I) coarse grains were divided into fine twin plates through mechanical twinning; then the twin plates were transformed to lamellae with the accumulation of residual dislocations at the twin boundaries; (II) the lamellae were separated into subgrains with increasing grain boundary misorientation and evolution of high angle boundaries into random boundaries by continuous dynamic recrystallisation (cDRX); (III) the formation of nanograins. The mechanisms for the final stage, the formation of nanograins, can be classified into three types: (i) cDRX; (ii) discontinuous dynamic recrystallisation (dDRX); (iii) a combined mechanism of prior shear-band and subsequent dDRX. Stored strain energy plays an important role in determining deformation mechanisms during plastic deformation.     

Velocity profiles in repulsive athermal systems under shear

We conduct molecular dynamics simulations of athermal systems undergoing boundary-driven planar shear flow in two and three spatial dimensions. We find that these systems possess nonlinear mean velocity profiles when the velocity u of the shearing wall exceeds a critical value u(c). Above u(c), we also show that the packing fraction and mean-square velocity profiles become spatially dependent with dilation and enhanced velocity fluctuations near the moving boundary. In systems with overdamped dynamics, u(c) is only weakly dependent on packing fraction phi. However, in systems with underdamped dynamics, u(c) is set by the speed of shear waves in the material and tends to zero as phi approaches phi(c), which is near random close packing at small damping. For underdamped systems with phi相似文献   

Cooperative grain boundary sliding in nanocrystalline materials

Superplastic behaviour of microcrystalline materials is now believed to be controlled by cooperative grain boundary sliding (CGBS). An increasing role of grain boundary mediated plasticity with decreasing grain size down to the nanoscale was predicted leading to the prospect of enhanced superplasticity in nanocrystalline materials. Nevertheless, materials with nanosized grains have revealed a significant decrease in plasticity contrary to theoretical prediction. Direct evidence of CGBS in nanocrystalline Ni₃Al alloy from SEM surface analysis and in-situ TEM tensile testing was detected, confirming one similarity in the rheology of deformation processes between micro- and nanomaterials. Thus, differences in deformation behaviour of materials at these two length scales are related to the probability of sliding surface formation, sliding distance and related accommodation mechanisms.     

Optical strength of polymer materials subjected to laser ablation-induced destruction

Laser ablation-induced destruction of polymethyl methacrylate, epoxy compound, and styrosyl is studied experimentally. The values of the threshold energy density of this destruction are measured for each sample at the laboratory laser ablation station. Methods for estimating and predicting the optical strength of polymer materials are developed on the basis of a statistical model of laser ablation-induced destruction.     

Damage characteristics and surface description of near-wall materials subjected to ultrasonic cavitation

For the analysis of ultrasonic cavitation erosion on the surface of materials, the ultrasonic cavitation erosion experiments for AlCu4Mg1 and Ti6Al4V were carried out, and the changes of surface topography, surface roughness, and Vickers hardness were explored. Cavitation pits gradually expand and deepen with the increase of experiment time, and Ti6Al4V is more difficult to erode by cavitation than AlCu4Mg1. After experiments, the cavitation damage characteristics such as the single pit, the rainbow ring area, the fisheye pit, and some small pits were observed, which can be considered to be induced by a single micro-jet impact, ablation effect caused by the high temperature, micro-jet impingement with a sharp angle, and multibeam micro-jets coupling impact or negative pressure in the local area produced by micro-jet impact, respectively. The surface roughness and Vickers hardness of the material increase slowly after rapid growth at different points in time as the experiment time increases. With the increase of the ultrasonic amplitude, both of them first increase and then decrease after the ultrasonic amplitude is greater than 10.8 μm. The increases in surface roughness and Vickers hardness tend to decrease as the viscosity coefficient increases. Ultrasonic cavitation can cause submicron surface roughness and increase surface hardness by 20.36%, so it can be used as a surface treatment method.     

Specific features of infrared absorption in films materials subjected to a magnetic field

The reflection spectra and magnetorefractive effect (MRE) of metal (Co, CoFe), semiconductor (Si, GaAs), and granular and amorphous Co₃₀Ag₇₀ and Co₅₉Fe₅Ni₁₀Si₁₁B₁₅ films are studied in the IR spectral region at λ=2.5–25 μm. It is found that the IR optical properties of the ferromagnetic metal films can be described with regard to light absorption due to electron transitions in the two spin systems. The MRE is found to occur in both the ferromagnetic (Co, CoFe) and semiconductor (Si, GaAs) films. The amplitude and shape of the MRE are determined for the p and s polarizations of light. It is shown that, to a first approximation, the IR optical properties of the films with giant magnetoresistance can be described by the Drude theory, while the MRE is explained on the basis of a modified Hagen-Rubens relation. Variations in the IR reflection of semiconductor or amorphous metal films in the magnetic field are found to depend on the degree of polarization of localized electron states at the Fermi level.     

Ignition conditions and characteristics for high-porosity condensed materials subjected to local conductive heating

An experimental study of the ignition conditions (limiting heat source temperature) and characteristics (delay time) for high-porosity condensed materials under local conductive heating is reported. The study has been carried out on dry pine needles, a typical high-porosity combustible forest material. The dependence of the ignition delay for the material on the initial temperature of the heat source—a single cylindrical particle preheated to a high temperature—has been elucidated. A hypothesis concerning the mechanism of ignition of high-porosity condensed materials under local conductive heating has been formulated: the effect of high open porosity on the intensity of heat and mass transfer in the boundary layer of the material in the induction period has been substantiated.     

Velocity profiles and discontinuities propagation in a pipe flow of suspension of motile microorganisms

Suspension of motile gravitactic unicellular algae flowing down in a vertical pipe concentrates near its axis in the form of a thin thread. Such a thread is unstable relative to the travelling nodule-like structures. We study the dynamics of nodules experimentally and describe them in terms of a hydrodynamic model.     

Grain boundary sliding and lattice dislocation emission in nanocrystalline materials under plastic deformation

A theoretical model is proposed to describe the physical mechanisms of hardening and softening of nanocrystalline materials during superplastic deformation. According to this model, triple interface junctions are obstacles to glide motion of grain boundary dislocations, which are carriers of grain boundary glide deformation. Transformations of an ensemble of grain boundary dislocations that occur at triple interface junctions bring about the formation of partial dislocations and the local migration of triple junctions. The energy characteristics of these transformations are considered. Pileups of partial dislocations at triple junctions cause hardening and initiate intragrain lattice sliding. When the Burgers vectors of partial dislocations reach a critical value, lattice dislocations are emitted and glide into adjacent grains, thereby smoothing the hardening effect. The local migration of triple interface junctions (caused by grain boundary sliding) and the emission of lattice dislocations bring about softening of a nanocrystalline material. The flow stress is found as a function of the total plastic strain, and the result agrees well with experimental data.     

Velocity profiles and turbulence characteristics at the lido entrance of the Venice lagoon

Summary Current measurements in one of the tidal inlets to the Venice lagoon have provided data about vertical current profile and turbulence. An attempt is done to fit an adimensional profile to the data and the possibility of sediment transport is discussed. The analysis of current spectra furnishes evidence of the existence of 2- and 3-dimensional turbulence.

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Riassunto Una serie di misure di corrente eseguita in una bocca di porto della laguna di Venezia ha fornito dati sulla distribuzione verticale della corrente e della turbolenza. Si è tentata un'approssimazione dei risultati con profili adimensionali. Si discute la possibilità di trasporto dei sedimenti. L'analisi spettrale dei dati di corrente ha rivelato l'esistenza di turbolenza bidimensionale e tridimensionale.

     

Influence of nanosized semiconducting additives on the properties of energy-storage phase-change materials subjected to a high-intensity electron beam

The stability of paraffin with a different concentration of copper nanopowder (a particle size of 50 and 100 nm) against a high-intensity nanosecond electron beam is studied experimentally. It is shown that the size and concentration of nanoparticles have a great influence on the thermophysical properties of the paraffin-copper oxide system and govern a phase transition in it.     

Formation of concentration profiles of implanted ions in metallic materials under polyenergetic implantation

A physical and mathematical model of mass transfer in polycrystalline metallic materials under exposure to ion beams is proposed. Alongside bulk indiffusion from the irradiated surface, diffusion along the migrating extensive defects interacting with an impurity is considered. For a polyenergetic ion beam, the contribution of bulk indiffusion is presented as an integral over energy of the product of two functions; one of them describes the energy distribution of ions in a beam and the second represents the implantation profile of monoenergetic ion beam.     

Electronic contribution to sliding friction in normal and superconducting states

The electronic contribution to friction between an atomically flat metal surface and a dielectric layer absorbed on the surface is calculated. The friction force decreases abruptly at the transition of the metal to the superconducting state. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 69, No. 7, 520–523 (10 April 1999)