横向爆炸载荷下开孔板的动应力集中因子

基于ANSYS 5.7/LS-DYNA程序,对3 m3 m0.25 m四边固支和简支、中心具有0.3 m0.3 m方孔的开孔板和无孔板对应点在两种下三角爆炸载荷作用下的应力响应进行了分析;由开孔板和无孔板边对应点的主应力时程曲线,对提出的能量密度时间分布函数的绝对值平方进行变上限积分,按其比值确定动应力集中因子,该方法简单易行。     

SH波作用下地表软覆盖层中圆形夹杂的动应力分析

利用复变函数法和波函数展开法, 对地表软覆盖层中浅埋圆形夹杂在稳态SH波作用下的动应力集中问题进行研究并给出了解析解。根据SH波散射时的衰减特性, 采用了大圆弧假定的方法, 将半空间覆盖层直线边界问题转化为曲面边界问题。通过算例分析了SH波垂直入射时, 不同入射波波数和圆夹杂与半空间的波数比对圆形夹杂周边动应力集中因子的分布和动应力集中因子最大值变化的影响。算例表明, 圆形夹杂越“软”, 其波数越大, 夹杂周边的动应力集中因子越大; 入射波波数约0.35时, 夹杂周边的最大动应力集中因子达到最大值。     

高原环境爆炸冲击波传播特性的实验研究

在评估弹药在高原的爆炸威力时,需要考虑高海拔条件对炸药爆炸冲击波参数的影响。为研究高海拔低气压条件下的冲击波传播规律,开展了模拟海拔高度h=500, 2 500, 4 500 m等3种气压条件下的爆炸冲击波测试实验。结果表明,当环境气压每下降20%时,冲击波超压、比冲量和到达时间平均降低约9%、10%和6%。将使用Sachs因子修正后的计算结果与测试数据进行对比分析,发现该方法能较好地预测不同环境条件下的爆炸冲击波参数。进一步分析了环境温度的影响,发现初始温度升高会使到达时间提前,本文实验的温度条件对超压和比冲量的影响并不显著。该研究结果对战斗部在高海拔的爆炸威力评估具有参考意义。     

高地应力条件下隧洞开挖动态卸荷的破坏机理初探

分析了高地应力条件下静水压力场中圆形隧洞钻爆开挖时开挖边界上初始应力场动态卸荷效应及破坏机理，并计算了其破坏范围。初始应力动态卸荷时，动应力在隧洞径向表现为卸荷回弹，而在切向出现动应力集中，表现为加载。动态卸荷时间对径向应力的影响较对切向应力大，卸荷时间越短，扰动的幅度越大；初始应力动态卸荷在岩体中所造成的破坏范围较准静态卸荷情况大，卸荷时间越短，破坏范围越大。     

球面压缩波入射下深埋三维衬砌洞室的动应力集中效应

采用一种间接边界元方法求解了球面压缩波入射下深埋球形衬砌洞室的三维动力反应,并与弹性全空间球形空洞精确解及平面波入射结果对比,验证了本文方法具有较好的计算精度;进而分析了入射球面波的频率、波源与洞室距离、衬砌厚度等参数对衬砌洞室动应力集中因子(DSCF)的放大效应。结果表明:近源和较低频率波入射情况下,入射波频率对动应力集中因子和空间分布特征有显著影响。整体上看,球面波入射下衬砌内动应力集中现象更为明显,DSCF值可达到相应平面波入射情况的2倍左右;当波源距离在5倍波长之外,可近似采用平面波模拟球面波入射;衬砌内不同位置频谱幅值差别明显,且峰值频率也有较大差异,迎波面一侧应力集中更为显著;在正常参数范围内,随衬砌厚度增大,衬砌内DSCF值有所降低。     

弹粘塑性圆管中动应力集中的数值计算研究

本文采用沿次特征线积分方法,求解纵向冲击载荷作用下弹粘塑性圆管的动应力集中问题。数值计算结果表明:动应力集中的发生位置取决于圆管的壁厚与外环半径之比,圆管内各点最大拉应力中的极值依赖于冲击载荷的升载时间及圆管的材料特性。本文研究了避免发生动应力集中的条件,并同相对应的圆柱体的数值计算结果进行了比较。     

动支座对拱结构抗爆承载力的影响

建立了具有动支座拱的计算模型,该模型考虑了竖向的弹性支承和阻尼支承、水平向弹性支承和扭转约束等柔性支承形式。基于大变形动力微分方程并利用有限差分方法,研究了动支座拱在爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应,并分析动支座对结构承载力的影响。研究表明:动支座对拱的抗爆承载能力有较大影响,不同形式的柔性支承对拱承载力的影响截然不同,竖向弹性支承能够使爆炸荷载作用下拱的弯矩峰值减小,并且使到达峰值的时间增加,提高了拱的抗爆或承受瞬态荷载的能力。而水平弹性支承使拱的内力值和相对位移值增大,对结构的承载力不利。     

水下爆炸冲击波载荷作用下冰层破碎特性及其影响因素

水下爆炸破冰是复杂的爆破工程,为了研究冰层在水下爆炸冲击波载荷作用下的破碎特性及规律,利用几何动力分析软件LS-DYNA对水下爆炸破冰的过程进行数值模拟,并将计算结果与实验结果进行对比,误差在8%以内,验证了数值模型的有效性。根据本文中的建模方法及建立的模型,计算不同的实验工况:实验场地环境不变,调整爆距分析不同爆距下冰层破碎特性;调整药量、爆距和冰厚,通过正交设计方法设计9组实验方案,应用灰色系统理论对3种因素进行分析,建立了各个因素与破冰半径之间的灰色关联度系数及灰色关联度。分析结果表明:药量为100 g,冰厚为29 cm,水深为2.9 m,爆距范围为0.3~1.5 m破冰的半径范围为0~1.1 m,最佳爆距范围在0.3~0.45 m之间;根据以上9种工况的分析可知,药量(100、200、300 g)、爆距(0.3、0.6、0.9 m)和冰厚(24、28、32 cm)对破冰半径的影响的主次关系依次为爆距、药量、冰厚。     

P波作用下饱和土中深埋圆形复合式衬砌隧道动应力响应研究

采用波函数展开法,推导出了平面P波入射下饱和土中深埋圆形双层衬砌动应力集中问题的解析解,并将该解退化为弹性介质中双层衬砌对平面P波散射的稳态解,验证了计算结果的正确性。研究结果表明,饱和土中双层衬砌的内边界动应力集中系数值大于外边界;外侧衬砌及内侧衬砌弹性模量对衬砌的动应力集中系数影响较大,在保证外侧衬砌稳定性较好的条件下,内侧衬砌尽可能选择刚度较小的材料;增加外侧衬砌及内侧衬砌的厚度可明显地减小衬砌内的动应力集中系数。     

受冲击弹性圆板动应力集中的数值计算

1 引言在纵向冲击载荷作用下,圆柱体及圆板内产生的应力波经传播及在其自由表面上的反射,将使其某些局部产生动应力集中,进而导致脆性破坏.Kolsky 曾通过冲击实验对此问题进行了较为系统的研究.笔者曾通过数值计算分析了Kolsky 的试验中圆柱内产生的各应力成分的变化情况及动应力集中现象.求得的动应力集中的发生位置同Kolsky的试验结果基本一致.本文采用同样的数值计算方法,以立体图形表示了受冲击弹性圆板中发生动应力集中的部位,并研究了不同的冲击载荷及其作用范围,圆板的尺寸及材料特性等因素对动应力集中的发生及其发生部位的影响.     

Effect of intrinsic stress gradient on the effective mode-I fracture toughness of amorphous diamond-like carbon films for MEMS

The influence of intrinsic stress gradient on the mode-I fracture of thin films with various thicknesses fabricated for Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) was investigated. The material system employed in this study was hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous diamond-like carbon (ta-C). Uniform gauge microscale specimens with thicknesses 0.5, 1, 2.2, and 3 μm, containing mathematically sharp edge pre-cracks were tested under mode-I loading in fixed grip configuration. The effective opening mode fracture toughness, as calculated from boundary force measurements, was 4.25±0.7 MPa√m for 0.5-μm thick specimens, 4.4±0.4 MPa√m for 1-μm specimens, 3.74±0.3 MPa√m for 2.2-μm specimens, and 3.06±0.17 MPa√m for 3-μm specimens. Thus, the apparent fracture toughness decreased with increasing film thickness. Local elastic property measurements showed no substantial change as a function of film thickness, which provided evidence for the stability of the sp²/sp³ carbon binding stoichiometry in films of different thicknesses. Detailed experiments and finite element analysis pointed out that the dependence of the effective fracture toughness on specimen thickness was due to the intrinsic stress gradient developed during fabrication and post-process annealing. This stress gradient is usually unaccounted for in mode-I fracture experiments with thin films. Thicker films, fabricated from multiple thin layers, underwent annealing for extended times, which resulted in a stress gradient across their thickness. This stress gradient caused an out-of-plane curvature upon film release from its substrate and, thus, combined bending and tensile mode-I loading at the crack tip under in-plane forces. Since the bending component cannot be isolated from the applied boundary force measurements, its contribution, becoming important for thick films, remains unaccounted for in the calculation of the critical stress intensity factor, thus resulting in reduced apparent fracture toughness that varies with film thickness and curvature. It was concluded that in the presence of a stress gradient, accounting only for the average intrinsic stresses could lead in an overestimate of the fracture resistance of a brittle film. Under these considerations the material fracture toughness of ta-C, as determined from specimens with negligible curvature, is K_IC=4.4±0.4 MPa√m.     

基于离散-连续耦合方法的隧道压力拱特性研究

隧道压力拱问题一直是隧道工程研究的关键问题,目前常用的连续介质数值模拟方法对于隧道压力拱特性的微观研究有所欠缺,而擅长微观力学研究的离散元数值模拟方法对计算机存储空间和计算时间的要求太高。基于现有离散-连续耦合思路,通过力的传递实现离散-连续模型的耦合;研究了耦合算法中的平均应力计算方法、平均应力计算区域面积及耦合程序遍历颗粒方法;基于自行开发优化的离散-连续耦合程序,模拟了隧道开挖后的围岩受力特性,研究了隧道压力拱形成机理及压力拱特性;计算了埋深分别为10 m,14 m,18 m,22 m,26 m,30 m和34 m情况下的隧道开挖产生的压力拱应力集中等效区域,揭示了隧道压力拱随着隧道埋深的变化规律。研究结果表明,自行开发优化的离散-连续耦合程序能在保证计算精度的前提下,充分发挥离散元方法在微观力学研究方面的优势;隧道开挖后,开挖面周边范围出现层状压力环,但在拱顶和仰拱底附近区域的围岩压力环的环间接触力降低,围岩承载能力急剧降低,形成压力拱;随着隧道埋深的增加,隧道压力拱应力集中等效区域减小,隧道周边围岩的压力拱承载能力越来越大;但当隧道埋深达到一定界限后,隧道压力拱高度趋于稳定。     

裂纹在冲击载荷作用下起裂的临界载荷面

采用有限元方法研究裂纹在I型短脉冲载荷作用下应力强度因子随时间的变化 ,用应力强度因子的初始上升时间Tr 对时间坐标无量纲化 ,对应力强度因子初始上升段进行曲线拟合 ,得到了上升段的曲线表达式。运用简单弹性梁理论和Lagrangian运动方程 ,获得载荷与时间对裂纹作用的关系式 ,结合有限元的结果 ,得到了上升时间Tr 的计算表达式 ,并进一步推出了裂纹在冲击载荷作用下起裂的临界载荷面。     

大质量高速动能弹侵彻钢筋混凝土的实验研究

设计了弹头形状和弹体结构合理的金属侵彻弹体,利用口径为320 mm的平衡炮,采用次口径加载技术,将直径为136 mm、长度为680 mm、质量为52 kg的金属侵彻体加速到1300 m/s,去侵彻尺寸为3 m3 m6 m的钢筋混凝土靶。实验结果表明:次口径弹托与弹丸完全分离,弹体飞行姿态稳定,飞行攻角小于2,弹体侵彻6 厚的钢筋混凝土后剩余速度约为260 m/s。实验后回收的金属弹体结构完整,仅弹体头部存在一定塑性变形,弹体质量损失约1.2%,长度缩短约0.7%,弹靶作用过程的侵蚀现象不明显。     

Diffraction of a Torsional Wave Coming from a Center of Rotation by a Semi-Infinite Cylindrical Crack

The problem on stress concentration near a semi-infinite cylindrical crack in an infinite elastic medium loaded by a center of rotation is solved exactly. The moment of the center of rotation varies harmonically in time. A formula for the stress intensity factor is derived based on the exact solution. The results of calculation are plotted     

The inlet effect on the drag factor of a sphere in a tube

The creeping motion Ground a sphere situated axisymmetrically near the entrance of asemi-infinite circular cylindrical tube is analyzed using infinite series solutions for thevelocity components. pressure and the stream function. Truncating the infinite series. thecorresponding coefficients in the series are determined by a collocation technique. The dragfactor and the stress distribution on the surface of the sphere are calculated for the sphere inmotion in quiescent fluid and for the flow with uniform velocity at the entrance past a rigidlyheld sphere. The results indicate that a sphere near the entrance which has a uniformentrance velocity profile will suffer larger drag than that in infinite tube.Theconvergence of the collocation technique is tested by numerical calculation. It is shown thatthe technique has good convergence properties.     

Diffusion Driven Accelerated Stress Corrosion Cracking in an Acrylic Polymer

The dynamic evolution and mechanism of accelerated stress corrosion cracking (aSCC) in anacrylic (PMMA–poly methyl 2-methylpropenoate) polymer sample have been exploited quantitatively, in absence of external mechanical load. Unusually fast propagation of solvent induced cracks in micro-machined sections of the material has been monitored by microscopic video imaging of a test device. Crack emanation from milled micro-channels was precisely triggered by brief surface wetting with acetone solvent. The crack propagation period persists over a time span of approximately 1 min, comprises a final crack length of 0.2–0.3 mm, and an associated crack growth rate that decreases from $2 \times 10^{-5}$ to $10^{-6}$ m/s. The temporal crack evolution scales in accord with 1-dim solvent diffusion along the flaw, super imposed with the residual stress field. Optically recorded birefringence, as well as finite element structure mechanic simulation, identified residual tensile stress in the crack zone as the driving force. The residual stress intensity factor $\Delta K$ was determined to 1–2 MPa  ${\rm m}^{1/2}$ . The aSCC (accelerated stress corrosion cracking) in the material originates from a detrimental combination of residual stress, induced by surface milling; stress induced fast diffusion of the acetone solvent into the material and an associated degradation of structure-mechanic parameters.     

Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy to Assess MEMS Si/SiO2 Membranes Exhibiting Negative Spring Constant Behavior

We introduce a novel micro-mechanical structure that exhibits two regions of stable linear positive and negative stiffness. Springs, cantilevers, beams and any other geometry that display an increasing return force that is proportional to the displacement can be considered to have a “Hookean” positive spring constant, or stiffness. Less well known is the opposite characteristic of a reducing return force for a given deflection, or negative stiffness. Unfortunately many simple negative stiffness structures exhibit unstable buckling and require additional moving components during deflection to avoid deforming out of its useful shape. In Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) devices, buckling caused by stress at the interface of silicon and thermally grown SiO₂ causes tensile and compressive forces that will warp structures if the silicon layer is thin enough. The 1 mm² membrane structures presented here utilizes this effect but overcome this limitation and empirically demonstrates linearity in both regions. The Si/SiO₂ membranes presented deflect ~17 μm from their pre-released position. The load deflection curves produced exhibit positive linear stiffness with an inflection point holding nearly constant with a slight negative stiffness. Depositing a 0.05 μm titanium and 0.3 μm layer of gold on top of the Si/SiO₂ membrane reduces the initial deflection to ~13.5 μm. However, the load deflection curve produced illustrates both a linear positive and negative spring constant with a fairly sharp inflection point. These results are potentially useful to selectively tune the spring constant of mechanical structures used in MEMS. The structures presented are manufactured using typical micromachining techniques and can be fabricated in-situ with other MEMS devices.     

缺陷介质切槽爆破断裂行为的动焦散线实验

利用数字激光动态焦散线实验系统,对含缺陷介质在切槽爆破和普通炮孔爆破中爆生裂纹的断裂行为进行对比研究。结果表明,切槽爆破中沿切槽方向起裂的主裂纹比非切槽方向早10 μs,有利于能量优先沿切槽方向释放;切槽方向主裂纹的起裂韧度为0.58 MN/m3/2,其裂纹扩展的平均速度为277 m/s,分别是普通爆破时主裂纹相应值的54%和86%;当切槽方向主裂纹与缺陷介质贯通后,为爆生气体提供了足够的膨胀空间,诱导爆生气体向预制裂纹两端释放,翼裂纹起裂以Ⅰ型拉伸破坏为主,并在裂纹扩展的60~250 μs内,Ⅰ型动态应力强度因子保持在0.6~0.8 MN/m3/2,形成了明显的平台,延缓了翼裂纹扩展速度的衰减,最终较普通炮孔翼裂纹扩展时间和扩展长度分别增加了22.7%和17.8%。