钙对Mg-Gd-Nd-Zr-xCa合金组织和力学性能的影响

镁合金的轻量化优势使其有广阔的应用前景,然而普通镁合金低强度限制了它的应用。镁稀土合金拥有良好的力学性能,在Mg-GdNd-Zr合金的基础上,添加不同量的Ca元素,通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和拉伸性能测试等方法,对Mg-9Gd-2Nd-x Ca-0.5Zr (x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5(%,质量分数))合金热处理前后的组织和性能的变化进行了探究。结果表明：合金组织由α-Mg,Mg₅Gd相和Mg₄₁Nd₅相组织,添加Ca元素后,组织中形成了Mg₂Ca相。铸态合金经过热处理后,晶界上的第二相大部分溶入基体,时效态组织中析出了大量细小的板条状析出相,使合金的力学性能得到提高。时效态Mg-9Gd-2Nd-1Ca-0.5Zr合金有最高的抗拉强度,达到了256 MPa。     

热处理对Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金组织、性能和腐蚀行为的影响EI北大核心CSCD

以铸态、固溶态和时效态Mg-11Gd-2Y-0.5Zr合金为研究对象,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)、带能谱的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及电子拉伸试验机分析了热处理对Mg-11Gd-2Y-0.5Zr合金的微观组织、微区成分、物相组成以及力学性能的影响,并通过静态失重实验和电化学测试研究了不同热处理状态合金的耐蚀性能。结果表明:铸态Mg-11Gd-2Y-0.5Zr合金组织主要由α-Mg基体、Mg_(5)Gd和少量的Mg_(24)Y_(5)相组成,固溶处理后组织均匀,部分未熔相(富Y相)以颗粒状形式存在,时效态合金析出相尺寸较小且弥散均匀分布。固溶和时效态合金的抗拉强度有不同幅度提升,分别为191.33和265.73 MPa,均表现为准解理断裂特征,在本研究范围内,Mg-11Gd-2Y-0.5Zr合金耐蚀性主要与热处理工艺、析出相的形貌和尺寸有关,不同状态下的合金在腐蚀过程中化学反应类型相似。     

含微量镧的2091 Al-Li合金时效行为和时效组织的研究

通过时效曲线测定和电镜观察研究了时效工艺对含镧的2091 Al-Li合金时效硬化和时效组织的影响。结果表明,时效制度对δ'相的析出形貌无明显影响,但镧的加入抑制δ'相的长大。双级时效时,S'相倾向于在位错环上形核长大,添加镧减少了位错环密度;T8处理时,S’相在晶内广泛析出;T6处理时,只有少量S’相沿晶界析出。时效硬化行为与GPB、δ'和S’等沉淀相的析出顺序有关。     

热处理对Mg-11Gd-2Y-5Sm-0.5Zr合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和万能力学试验机等研究了Mg-11Gd-2Y-5Sm-0.5Zr合金在不同热处理工艺下显微组织和力学性能的变化规律。结果表明:合金的最佳固溶时效热处理工艺为525℃×8 h+225℃×12 h;Mg-11Gd-2Y-5Sm-0.5Zr合金铸态组织主要由α-Mg基体和沿晶界网状分布的Mg_5Gd,Mg_(41)Sm_5相组成,经固溶时效热处理后析出相主要为均匀分布于晶内和晶界的点状或粒状的Mg_5Gd,Mg_(24)Y_5以及Mg_(41)Sm_5相;经该工艺处理后,合金在室温下的硬度和抗拉强度分别为145.6HV和261.4 MPa;固溶时效态合金的主要强化机制为固溶强化和析出相弥散强化。     

微量元素铈对Cu0.9%Cr合金组织与性能的影响

采用石墨型铸造Cu0. 9%Cr,Cu0. 9%Cr0. 05Ce两种合金,并对合金固溶后在450℃进行不同时间的时效,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、导电率测量仪、电子拉伸试验机以及往复摩擦磨损试验机,研究微量Ce对Cu0. 9%Cr合金微观组织、强度、导电率和摩擦磨损的影响。结果表明:在时效前期,微量Ce的加入使Cu0. 9%Cr合金组织细化、Cr析出相增且更均匀分布,经450℃时效+4 h可达到抗拉强度峰值590 MPa,导电率达到83%IACS,且具有优异的耐磨性能;在时效后期,微量Ce的添加主要起到抑制过时效的作用,抗拉强度值下降缓慢、导电率平稳变化。     

高钆耐热镁合金在高温蠕变过程中的显微组织演变

以时效态Mg-12Gd-3Y-1Sm-0.5Zr (%,质量分数)合金为研究对象,利用蠕变持久试验机在250℃/50 MPa下对合金的蠕变性能进行了测试,并采用TEM研究了合金在250℃/50 MPa下蠕变10, 30 min, 100 h过程中的显微组织和相的演变。结果表明:时效态Mg-12Gd-3Y-1Sm-0.5Zr合金相由α-Mg基体和β′相组成,β′相为纳米析出相,在高温蠕变过程中,晶内析出相明显长大,形貌由黑色椭圆形颗粒向菱形和长条状转变,经对应的选区电子衍射谱标定,相结构未发生变化;晶界上析出相粗化,转化为平衡相β相。本研究为开发高温高强抗蠕变耐热镁合金提供理论基础。     

微量钪添加对Al-Cu合金时效析出及电化学腐蚀行为的影响

采用透射电子显微镜及三维原子探针观察及统计分析研究了0.3%(质量分数)Sc添加对Al-2.5%Cu合金时效析出行为的影响,采用电化学分析方法对比了Sc添加前后合金的电化学腐蚀行为,藉此建立了时效析出第二相与电化学腐蚀性能之间的关联并阐明了Sc的微合金化作用。研究结果表明:Sc的加入显著影响了Al-Cu合金中θ’-Al2Cu的析出,使得析出相密度增加尺寸减小,同时由于Sc原子在析出相/基体界面的偏聚降低了界面能,从而影响了合金的电化学腐蚀行为,使得含Sc合金的耐蚀性明显优于纯Al-Cu合金。结果可以为耐腐蚀、高性能Al-Cu合金的微合金化材料设计提供参考。     

Mg-Gd-Nd系合金组织和力学性能的研究进展

Mg-Gd-Nd系合金有着良好的发展前景,合金化元素Zn,Y,Zr以及等径角挤压工艺(ECAP)的引入可进一步改善合金组织,提高力学性能.概述了高强耐热镁合金成分设计原则和等径角挤压工艺,介绍了Mg-Gd-Nd系合金组织性能和时效析出行为研究进展,等径角挤压过程中镁合金组织结构、力学性能的演变规律,指出Mg-Gd-Nd...     

热处理对铜模铸造Mg-Yb-Zn-Zr合金结构性能研究

通过差热扫描量热分析(DSC)、光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和力学性能测试等方法,研究了热处理对铜模铸造Mg-Yb-Zn-Zr合金结构性能的影响。结果表明,铸态合金主要由α-Mg和Mg₂Yb相组成,固溶处理之后,Mg₂Yb相完全溶入到基体中且晶粒并未发生明显长大,晶内仅存有少量的Zn-Zr相。200℃峰时效合金中主要析出均匀分布于晶界附近连续链状和离散的Mg₂Yb相,同时还发现了一种在尺度和分布密度上存在差异的超细小针状析出相,基于高分辨透射电镜分析为γ’相(Mg Zn RE,六方结构,a=0.55 nm和c=0.52 nm)。峰时效合金展现了最好的力学性能,其抗拉强度、屈服强度和断后伸长率分别为258,136MPa和10.7%。峰时效合金的强化机制为沉淀析出强化,其主要的强化效果来自于弥散分布细小的Mg₂Yb相和γ’相。     

钇对2618合金组织及性能的影响

采用X射线，光学显微镜及扫描电镜等手段研究了2618合金中的组织与相结构，并研究了元素钆在2618合金中的存在形式及其对合金力学性能的影响。结果表明，微量钆元素在铝合金中是以化合物形式存在的；钆对合金中的铸态组织及Al9FeNi仃形态没有影响。由于微量钆的加入，降低了铜与镁在2618合金中的固溶量，减少了时效析出相A2CuMg数量，从而降低2618合金的室温强度帮在250℃的高温瞬时强度；但由于微量钆减少了铜与镁在2618合金中的扩散速度，延缓了时效机的粗化，并由于第二相数量的增多，因此提高了2618合金在250℃经100h高温热暴露后的高温瞬时强度。     

Y-TZP材料低温老化研究进展

对Y-TZP材料低温老化现象、影响因素及其抑制方法作了综合评述.     

Aging of quenched polypropylene

Structural changes occurring during the aging of polypropylene quenched from the melt have been investigated by measurements of gas transport parameters and mechanical properties. Major changes in diffusion and sorption behavior during the first 30 hr of aging at room temperature were found to be strongly dependent on the atomic size of the inert gas penetrants. Tensile mechanical properties increased with aging time, while resilience and mechanical damping showed more complex behavior. The interpretation of the combined results suggests that the aging process may involve molecular rearrangements generally comparable to those for secondary crystallization processes, but within domains comparable in size to that of the smaller penetrant species. The relaxation of a residual stress distribution related to nonuniform plastic flow during quenching may be superimposed on the rearrangement phenomena.     

弹道明胶老化初级阶段的模型

用流变震荡模式研究了10 wt%浓度的弹道明胶在冷却和等温下的老化行为.对明胶从sol-gel点冷却到某个目标温度的过程,通过不同冷却速率的实验,建了一个弹性模量与温度的线性关系.不同温度下明胶的等温老化实验表明,弹性模量-时间曲线具有相似的形状.依据Normand提出的二级反应动力学模型,引入一个表征明胶老化行为的速率常数,构建了一个预测弹道明胶在老化初级阶段的弹性模量演化的模型.该模型中模量-温度关系在初始和无穷大时是直线,其他模量-温度线是近似直线,并交于sol-gel点.老化速率常数和过冷度之间符合Flory-Weaver方程.对弹性模量和老化时间进行归一化处理,可将不同温度下的老化曲线叠加成一条主曲线.     

Aging of oil-in-water emulsions: the role of the oil

Controlling stability and aging of emulsions is important from commercial and scientific perspectives. Achieving such control comes through gaining an understanding of the relationship between emulsion constituents and microstructure and how these influence the kinetics and mechanism of destabilisation. We present here an investigation determining the rate of destabilisation as a function of time for a series of water/n-alkane/Triton X-100 oil-in-water emulsions. The time dependence of the emulsions was investigated using static light scattering, PFG-NMR and measurement of gross phase separation. By changing the chain length of the oil from hexane to tetradecane, an almost five orders of magnitude variation in emulsion lifetime could be achieved, while maintaining most of the other chemical and physical characteristics of the emulsions. Further, we show that while Ostwald ripening is the dominant destabilisation mechanism, two distinct regimes are evident. Initially, we observed an enhanced Ostwald ripening regime due to the presence of oil-swollen micelles in the aqueous continuum, that is a depletion flocculation mechanism is followed. The presence of oil-swollen micelles was confirmed using PFG-NMR. The micelles aid the gross oil transport between the discrete oil domains. Upon phase separation the oil-swollen micelles are predominantly removed from the emulsion along with the excess water resulting in a concomitant reduction in the ripening rate, producing the more general Ostwald ripening cubic dependence of droplet radius as a function of time for the lower molecular weight oils. The oils with higher molecular weight (decane and above), however, were observed to switch over to destabilisation via creaming. PFG-NMR was shown to be a powerful technique to fully probe emulsion microstructure as a function of time with droplet size and spacing being directly obtained from the data.     

Effect of Aging on the Nature of the Wichterle-Marek-Trekoval Catalyst

The effect of aging on the Wichterle-Marek-Trekoval (WMT) solid cationic catalyst for isobutene polymerization has been investigated. It was confirmed that this complex catalyst gives high molecular weight polyisobutenes at high rates at relatively high temperatures. Aging for various times and temperatures the Al(O-s-C₄H₉)₃/BF₃ component and the Al(O-s-C₄H₉)₃/BF₃/TiCl₄ final catalyst strongly depresses rates of polymerization but only slightly affects the molecular weights produced. Fastest rates and molecular weights are obtained with freshly prepared catalyst whose Ti/Al ratio is ～ 0.3 at about 30% conversions. Rates and polyisobutene molecular weights obtained by the present authors were higher than those reported by the Czechoslovakian workers. These results are discussed in terms of cationic polymerization mechanism, and an explanation for the reduced rates and molecular weights produced with aged WMT catalysts is proposed.     

Aging of Transformer Insulation Paper

Abstract

As a transformer ages, the chemical and physical properties of the cellulose insulation materials in the transformer change, and the paper loses its strength and becomes brittle. The average molecular weight of the cellulose chains decrease with age, and degradation products are formed, including water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and furans. The molecular weight changes in the cellulose have been studied by several methods, but the GPC method for determination of the molecular weight has been shown to offer advantages over other methods because it yields the total molecular weight distribution. The tensile strength of the cellulose insulation in transformers also changes with age as a result of the changing molecular weight of the cellulose. Work carried out in our laboratory on the aging of cellulose insulation is reviewed in this paper. Our studies have included investigations of insulation materials from retired transformers as well as accelerated aging of insulation paper in transformer oil in the temperature range of 129–166°C under vacuum. In the study the relationships between the molecular weight of the cellulose and the furan degradation products and tensile strength have been delineated, and they have been correlated with information on the kinetics of degradation of the insulation paper.     

Aging effects in the electrokinetics of colloidal iron oxides

We analyze in this contribution the effect of aging on the electrokinetic properties of magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) and hematite (alpha-Fe(2)O(3)). In both cases, high-purity commercial samples and monodisperse synthetic particles were studied. Commercial magnetite showed a rather erratic dependence of its electrophoretic mobility u(e) with the concentration of NaCl. Furthermore, sufficient concentrations of the latter were able to change the sign of the mobility. When KNO(3) solutions were used, although no such change was observed, no clear effect of [KNO(3)] on the mobility was found, and, in addition, an intense aging effect was detected, as the mobility became increasingly positive in suspensions that were stored over 1 day. The picture was radically different with synthetic magnetite spheres, as the expected overall decrease of u(e) with either NaCl or KNO(3) concentration was measured. However, also in this case the aging effect was clearly observed: u(e) tended in this case to more negative values upon suspension storage, and a steady value of the mobility was reached only after 5 days in NaCl (and even longer in KNO(3) solutions). Because of the crystal structure similarities between magnetite and maghemite (gamma-Fe(2)O(3)), it has been shown that the final step of magnetite oxidation is maghemite. This is confirmed in the present study, as the mobility-pH trends of magnetite progressively approach those of maghemite after about 7 days of storage. Since hematite is chemically more stable than magnetite, our study focused in this case on the comparison between commercial and synthetic particles. The former showed a negative mobility at pH 5.5 under all conditions, suggesting an isoelectric point well below the value accepted for hematite (>/=7). The effect of aging on commercial samples was again very significant, as u(e) decreased in absolute value, apparently without limit as the time since preparation was longer. In contrast, synthetic hematite showed a more predictable dependence on ionic strength, and more limited aging effects, as u(e) reached equilibrium values after around 5 days in NaCl; longer times were required in KNO(3) solutions.     

Aging correlation functions of the interrupted fractional Fokker-Planck propagator

The authors explore aging in a general semi-Markov process with arbitrary waiting time distributions and discuss the role of trapping phenomenon in glasses in determining the waiting time distributions. In certain limits, they obtain a two-time propagator for the fractional Fokker-Planck equation through coordination, but one can generalize the construction to incorporate cutoffs in the aging of the system, i.e., the interrupted aging. The construction allows the incorporation of cutoffs in the aging of the system, and the exploration of signatures of aging effects in systems that eventually achieve equilibrium. Cutoffs in aging effects are illustrated for interrupted fractional diffusion in a harmonic potential and for the on-time probability of a quantum dot system.     

Principal Regularities of the Aging Behavior of Glass-Filled Polyamides

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - The results of research on the aging of glass-filled polycaproamide materials are reviewed. The data on the influence of the type and concentration of glass...     

Lipid Biomarkers of Lens Aging

Lipids are important structural components of cell membranes and have profound effect on membrane fluidity. Lipid profiling and lipidomics have captured increased attention due to the well-recognized roles of lipids in numerous human diseases. Investigating lipid profiles not only provides insights into the specific roles of lipid molecular species in health and diseases, but can also help in identifying potential preventive or therapeutic biomarkers. Cataract, the loss of transparency of eye lens, is a disease of protein aggregation. There are several factors contributing to the stability in protein conformation. Age-related changes in lipid composition could be a contributing factor for altered protein–lipid interaction leading to protein aggregation and cataract. Keeping this in view, in the present study, fatty acid profiling from different age groups of lenses was carried out, using a freshwater catfish as the model. Total lipids were extracted from lenses of three different age groups of fishes (young, adult, and aged) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared and FAME analysis was carried out using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that three fatty acids viz. heneicosylic acid (C21), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6), nervonic acid (C24:1) which were not present in the adult lens, appeared in the aged lens. On the other hand, eicosenoic acid (C20:1) present in the adult lens was found to be absent in the aged lens. The appearance or disappearance of these fatty acids can possibly serve as biomarkers of aging lens which is the most vulnerable stage for cataract development.