Instantaneous concentration field measurement technique from flow visualization photographs

A method of measuring the instantaneous concentration field in a planar section of a dyed turbulent flow is described. Negatives of photographed laser-sheet induced fluorescence are digitized and then computer processed to give the concentration distribution of the dye. A simple calibration procedure to account for the film characteristics is presented. This calibration also compensates for non-uniformities in the illumination of the flow field, irregularities in the illumination of the photographic negative and differences between characteristics of the individual digitizing light sensors of the digitizer. The method is illustrated with a cross-section containing the jet axis of the instantaneous concentration field of the entrained fluid from a small source outside of a circular turbulent jet.     

Laser-sheet flow visualization of the confined wake behind a ring

The flow over a ring model situated axisymmetrically in a circular pipe has been studied by the laser-sheet flow visualization technique. Over 25 rings of different sizes are investigated. The flow characteristics are observed and summarized into six regimes, in terms of the two geometrical parameters G/W and . Here, W is the width of the ring, is the mean diameter of the ring, and G is the gap width between the pipe wall and the outer edge of the ring. It is interesting to point out that vortex-shedding structures produced by a ring model can persist over a considerable distance downstream in three of the six regimes which correspond to different physical processes of shedding.     

Streamline flow through a curved annulus

Summary Theoretical calculations are carried out for the steady laminar incompressible flow of an ordinary viscous fluid in a curved annulus. At first the flow parameters are evaluated for the general case and then a particular example is solved numerically. The graphical representations of the flowline in the plane of symmetry and the projection of the stream-lines on a normal section are given. Only the case of large radius of curvature of the annulus is considered; more precisely this means that the ratio of the radius of the outer curved pipe to that of the circle in which the common axis of the two curved pipes is coiled is sufficiently small.     

Phase-resolved PIV measurements in a transitional plane wall jet: a numerical comparison

The transitional process of a forced plane wall jet is studied both experimentally and numerically. Experimentally, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and laser-sheet/smoke flow-visualization techniques are implemented to provide an overall understanding of the flow features. Numerically, time-accurate computational results are obtained by solving the two-dimensional, unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. Comparison of PIV data and two-dimensional computed results shows excellent agreement in the early stages of transition, demonstrating that the numerical study can be used to complement the experimental one. The results show that, under the influence of external excitation, linear-instability growth is bypassed and a discrete shear-layer vortex is formed in the immediate vicinity of the nozzle exit. This vortex interacts with the boundary-layer vorticity, leading to the formation of another vortex in the inner layer. These two vortices form a vortex couple that for high forcing convects downstream in a stable manner. By adoption of either a no-slip or a slip boundary condition in the numerical computation, it is determined that the flow development is relatively insensitive to the imposed wall-boundary condition. This seems to suggest that the physical mechanism leading to the formation of the boundary-layer vortex is an inviscid rotational one. Received: 14 February 1998/Accepted: 11 August 1998     

Dynamics of the blood flow in the curved artery with the rolling massage

Arterial wall shear stress and flow velocity are important factors in the development of some arterial diseases. Here, we aim to investigate the dynamic effect of the rolling massage on the property of the blood flow in the curved artery. The distributions of flow velocity and shear stress for the blood flow are computed by the lattice Boltzmann method, and the dynamic factors under different rolling techniques are studied numerically. The study is helpful to understand the mechanism of the massage and develop the massage techniques.     

Solution of the Chaplygin equation in plane-parallel transonic flow with a normal shock

In [1], for the case in which the exact Chaplygin equation of motion is replaced by the Tricomi equation, Frankl constructed an example of plane-parallel transonic flow with a normal shock terminating within the flow (later this example was extended by Biibosunov to obtain a curved shock [2]). This flow is an analog of the point vortex flow and has concentric circles as streamlines, and a unique dependence of the velocity vector on the Cartesian coordinates is provided everywhere. In the present paper this example is extended to the case of the Chaplygin equation, and the shock is considered to be normal.The author wishes to thank S. V. Fal'kovich for discussion of the study results and helpful advice.     

密切曲面锥乘波体——-设计方法与性能分析

介绍了密切曲面锥(osculating curvedcone, OCC)乘波体的设计方法, 并对密切曲面锥乘波体的流场结构及气动特性进行了分析. 密切曲面锥方法采用具有直线激波和等熵压缩波系的曲面锥作为基准流场, 在定义乘波体激波型线(inlet capture curve, ICC)和前缘捕获型线(front capture tube, FCT)后, 采用密切轴对称和流线追踪技术, 设计生成密切曲面锥乘波体. 采用数值方法对设计的密切曲面锥乘波体进行了模拟, 理论设计结果和数值模拟结果一致. 对密切曲面锥乘波体和密切锥乘波体进行了比较, 密切曲面锥乘波体克服了密切锥乘波体压缩量不足及容积率偏小的缺点.      

Color-based image processing to measure local temperature distributions by wide-band liquid crystal thermography

This study presents a color-image-processing procedure for non-intrusive local temperature measurements by thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs). The image evaluation software is completely independent of the color detection and acquisition hardware. This allows to use a wide variety of hardware solutions. An easy reproducible calibration of camera and light source is presented. The dependence of the detected hue values on intensity is investigated and further the hueversus temperature relation is studied.Sprayable TLC formulations and TLC-coated polyester sheets are studied and compared with regard to their signal-to-noise ratio and the dependence of their hue values on illumination and viewing angle. Furthermore, a method to investigate the hue resolution is presented. The relation between the resolution of hue values and the illumination intensity and its influence on signal noise is discussed for the first time for TLC applications. Different techniques of signal noise reduction are implemented in the image processing system. Their effects on the signal noise level are discussed. As an example the two dimensional temperature distribution caused by wing-type vortex generators in a channel flow is given.     

Visualization and laser measurements on the flow field and sand movement on sand dunes with porous fences

The installation of windbreak sand fences around sand dunes is one of the most promising methods to suppress windblown sand movement. In the study reported in this paper, we investigated the influence and validity of a small fence mounted on a model sand dune, in order to understand the fence’s suppression mechanism on the sand movement. The flow field around the dune and the process of sand-dune erosion were measured using LDV, PIV, and laser-sheet visualization techniques. A non-porous fence was found to suppress sand movements in its upstream area, but to enhance erosion downstream of the fence. This intensive erosion was caused by separated shear flow from the leading edge of the fence. In this study, four levels of porosity rate of the fence were tested. The fence-porosity dependences of the turbulent flow field and the erosion were discussed. The shapes of eroded sand dunes were found to depend on the porosity rate. The relationship between the sand-dune erosion and the flow field around the dune was illustrated with schematic diagrams. We concluded that the most desirable fence porosity should be 30% in order to avoid dune erosion if installed at a middle height on the stoss surface of a dune. This porosity provides a mean velocity reduction with avoiding a separated flow, although the flow bleeding through the porous fence is accompanied by grid turbulence and induces serious erosion in a narrow space behind the fence. Furthermore, we confirmed that the empirical correlation of the critical friction velocity can be applied to sand movements influenced by a fence.     

Optical vortex tracking studies of a horizontal axis wind turbine in yaw using laser-sheet, flow visualisation

 Experimental studies have been conducted on a 0.9 m diameter, horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) placed in the open jet of a closed return wind tunnel. The turbine was tested in a three blade and a two blade configuration. The power coefficient of the turbine was measured and wake flow studies conducted for a range of yawed flows by tilting the rotor plane at various angles up to 30° to the incident wind direction. The motion of the shed vorticity was followed using laser-sheet flow visualisation with the overall wake deflection being measured. The results were compared with theoretical predictions and with studies conducted elsewhere. Received: 24 October 1996 / Accepted: 16 May 1997     

Lattice hydrodynamic model for traffic flow on curved road with passing

In order to investigate the effect of passing upon traffic flow on curved road, in this paper, an extended one-dimensional lattice hydrodynamic model for traffic flow on curved road with passing is proposed. The stability condition is obtained by the use of linear stability analysis. The result of stability analysis shows that passing behavior plays an important role in influencing the stability of traffic flow as well as radian of curved road. The nonlinear wave equations including Burgers, Korteweg-de Vries and modified Korteweg-de Vries equations are derived to describe the nonlinear traffic behavior in different regions, respectively. The analytical results show that reducing the coefficient of passing may enhance the stability of traffic flow. Jamming transition occurs between uniform flow and kink jam when the coefficient of passing is less than the critical value. When the coefficient of passing is larger than the critical value, jamming transition occurs from uniform flow to irregular wave through chaotic phase with decreasing sensitivity parameter. In addition, compared with other segments of curved road, traffic flow with passing easily becomes unstable and complicated at the entrance and exit of curved road, especially at the entrance of curved road. The numerical simulations are given to illustrate and clarify the analytical results.     

Experimental investigation of the unsteady structure of a transitional plane wall jet

 A laminar wall jet undergoing transition is investigated using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The plane wall jet is issued from a rectangular channel, with the jet-exit velocity profile being parabolic. The Reynolds number, based on the exit mean velocity and the channel width, is 1450. To aid the understanding of the global flow features, laser-sheet/smoke flow visualizations are performed along streamwise, spanwise, and cross-stream directions. Surface pressure measurements are made to correlate the instantaneous vorticity distribution with the surface pressure fluctuations. The instantaneous velocity and vorticity field measurements provide the basis for understanding the formation of the inner-region vortex and the subsequent interactions between the outer-region (free-shear-layer region) and inner-region (boundary-layer region) vortical structures. Results show that under the influence of the free-shear-layer vortex, the local boundary layer becomes detached from the surface and inviscidly unstable, and a vortex is formed in the inner region. Once this vortex has formed, the free-shear-layer vortex and the inner-region vortex form a vortex couple and convect downstream. The mutual interactions between these inner- and outer-region vortical structures dominate the transition process. Farther downstream, the emergence of the three-dimensional structure in the free shear layer initiates complete breakdown of the flow. Received: 8 November 1995/Accepted: 6 November 1996     

Bifurcation of flow and mass transport in a curved blood vessel

A numerical analysis of flow and concentration fields of macromolecules in a, slightly curved blood vessel was carried out. Based on these results, the effect of the bifurcation of a flow on the mass transport in a curved blood vessel was discussed. The macromolecules turned out to be easier to deposit in the inner part of the curved blood vessel near the critical Dean number. Once the Dean number is higher than the critical number, the bifurcation of the flow appears. This bifurcation can prevent macromolecules from concentrating in the inner part of the curved blood vessel. This result is helpful for understanding the possible correlations between the blood dynamics and atherosclerosis. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10002003), JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship for Foreign Researcher and Foundation for University Teachers, the Ministry of Education     

Dean instability and secondary flow structure in curved rectangular ducts

The pressure driven, fully developed turbulent flow of incompressible viscous fluid (water) in 120° curved ducts of rectangular cross-section is investigated experimentally and numerically. Three different types of curved duct (A-CL, B-SL and C-IL) with continuously varying curvature conform to blade profile as the inner and outer curvature walls to simplify and guide the impeller design of pumps. After validating the numerical method against Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements, the flow development in the ducts is analyzed in detail by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for a wide range of Reynolds numbers (Re = 2.4 × 10⁴–1.4 × 10⁵) and aspect ratios (Ar > 1.0, =1.0 and <1.0). The results clearly depict the existence of multiple Dean vortices along the duct: while the axial velocity profile is more related to an inner Dean vortex (called split base vortex), the wall pressure is more influenced by the Dean vortex attached to the inner curvature wall (called ICW Dean vortex). The induced multiple Dean vortices and the secondary flow patterns in the duct cannot be faithfully predicted by using traditional techniques. Therefore, a new criterion based on the vortex core velocities is proposed. With this approach, the effects of Re, Cr and Ar on the Dean instabilities in curved ducts are carefully studied. Decreasing Re promotes the generation of Dean vortices closer to the duct inlet, a trend that is as opposed to laminar flow. In addition, a new pair of vortices called entrainment Dean vortex occurs near the outlet of the curved duct with Ar = 1.0, which has not been previously reported in the literature.     

复合曲梁中剪应力和径向应力的研究

文献［郾］讨论了复合曲梁在弯曲时的正应力问题，在此基础上，本文进一步导出了其剪应力和径向应力的计算公式，从而使复合曲梁的应力问题全部得到解决，作为特例，也可以从上述公式得到单层匀质曲梁的的相应公式，最后给出计算实例。     

Unsteady incompressible fluid flow past a cascade of thin curved plates

A large number of papers have been devoted to the study of unsteady flow past airfoil cascades. The majority of authors solve the problem for slightly curved profiles oscillating at low angles of attack.Among other work, we note that of Söhngen [1] on the flow past a dense cascade of plates oscillating synchronously and in phase in a potential fluid flow at a high angle of attack. Samoilovich [2] studied the flow past a cascade of plates of arbitrary shape oscillating with an arbitrary phase shift between neighboring plates. He presents the solution for the case of variable circulation in the quasisteady formulation. Stepanov [3] studied the same question with a linear approach to the flow behind the cascade. Musatov [4] examined the problem of the flow past a cascade of plates oscillating with an arbitrary phase shift between neighboring plates in a fluid flow, again at a high angle of attack, and considered the variation of the relative position of the plates durilng the oscillation process.The present paper considers the flow of a perfect incompressible fluid past a cascade of thin curved oscillating plates with account for the relative displacements of the plates during oscillation. To determine the intensity of the bound vortices per unit length, a linear integral equation is obtained. This represents a generalization of the Birnbaum equation to the case considered (see [5]). Equations are presented for calculating the unsteady aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the plates. As an example, the aerodynamic forces and moments are calculated for the quasistationary formulation of the problem.     

Plastic flow for axisymmetric-tension specimens with necking

Plastic deformation of a tension specimen bounded by a curved surface of revolution is considered. Such a configuration may occur, for example, as a result of necking. The specimen material satisfies the Tresca yield condition and the associated flow rule. Approximate solutions for the stress distribution in the neck were examined in [6]. The extension of notched bars was investigated by numerical and graphic methods in [2, 4]. Below, the problem is solved analytically for a sufficiently smooth neck; a small degree of nonuniformity of the plastic properties is taken into account.     

Electromagnetohydrodynamic flows and mass transport in curved rectangular microchannels

Curved microchannels are often encountered in lab-on-chip systems because the effective axial channel lengths of such channels are often larger than those of straight microchannels for a given per unit chip length. In this paper, the effective diffusivity of a neutral solute in an oscillating electromagnetohydrodynamic(EMHD)flow through a curved rectangular microchannel is investigated theoretically. The flow is assumed as a creeping flow due to the extremely low Reynolds number in such microflow systems. Through the theoretical analysis, we find that the effective diffusivity primarily depends on five dimensionless parameters, i.e., the curvature ratio of the curved channel, the Schmidt number, the tidal displacement, the angular Reynolds number, and the dimensionless electric field strength parameter. Based on the obtained results, we can precisely control the mass transfer characteristics of the EMHD flow in a curved rectangular microchannel by appropriately altering the corresponding parameter values.     

Measurement of Dean flow in a curved micro-tube using micro digital holographic particle tracking velocimetry

Digital micro holographic particle tracking velocimetry (HPTV) was used to measure the three-dimensional (3D) velocity field of a laminar flow in a curved micro-tube with a circular cross-section. The micro HPTV system consists of a high-speed camera and a single laser with an acoustic optical modulator (AOM) chopper. We obtained the temporal evolution of the instantaneous velocity field of water flow within curved micro-tubes with inner diameters of 100 and 300 μm. The 3D mean velocity-field distribution was obtained quantitatively by statistically averaging the instantaneous velocity fields. At low Dean numbers (De), a secondary flow was not generated in the curved tube; however, with increasing Dean number a secondary flow consisting of two large-scale counter-rotating vortices arose due to enhanced centrifugal force. To reveal the flow characteristics at high Dean numbers, the trajectories of fluid particles were evaluated experimentally from the 3D velocity-field data measured using the HPTV technique. The present experimental results, especially the 3D particle trajectories, are likely to be helpful in understanding mixing phenomena in curved sections of various 3D curved micro-tubes or micro-channels, as well as in the design of such structures.