一种基于纳米级CMOS工艺的互连线串扰RLC解析模型

基于纳米级CMOS工艺,综合考虑电容耦合与电感耦合效应,提出了分布式RLC耦合互连解析模型.采用函数逼近理论与降阶技术,在斜阶跃输入信号下提出了受扰线远端的数值表达式. 基于90和65 nm CMOS工艺,对不同的互连耦合尺寸下的分布式RLC串扰解析模型和Hspice仿真结果进行了比较,误差绝对值都在4%内,能应用于纳米级片上系统(SOC)的电子设计自动化(EDA)设计和集成电路优化设计.     

一种基于纳米级CMOS工艺的互连线串扰RLC解析模型

基于纳米级CMOS工艺,综合考虑电容耦合与电感耦合效应,提出了分布式RLC耦合互连解析模型.采用函数逼近理论与降阶技术,在斜阶跃输入信号下提出了受扰线远端的数值表达式. 基于90和65 nm CMOS工艺,对不同的互连耦合尺寸下的分布式RLC串扰解析模型和Hspice仿真结果进行了比较,误差绝对值都在4%内,能应用于纳米级片上系统（SOC）的电子设计自动化（EDA）设计和集成电路优化设计. 关键词： 纳米级CMOS 互连串扰 分布式 RLC解析模型')" href="#">RLC解析模型     

一种非均匀线型的互连线能量分布模型

基于互连线信号传输微分方程,推导非均匀互连线的电压和电流分布表达式,根据实际情况,考虑非理性激励提出包括前端驱动和后端负载的二端口非均匀互连电路各部分能量分布表达式.基于65 nm CMOS工艺参数,对方法进行计算仿真验证,计算结果与Hspice仿真结果比较误差小于5%,具有很高的精度.该方法适用于高性能全局互连的前端优化设计分析.     

考虑自热效应的互连线功耗优化模型

基于互连线的分布式功耗模型,考虑自热效应的同时采用非均匀互连线结构,提出了一种基于延时、带宽、面积、最小线宽和最小线间距约束的互连动态功耗优化模型.分别在90和65 nm互补金属氧化物半导体工艺节点下验证了功耗优化模型的有效性,在工艺约束下同时不牺牲延时、带宽和面积所提模型能够降低高达35％互连线功耗.该模型适用于片上网络构架中大型互连路由结构和时钟网络优化设计.     

一种基于延时和带宽约束的纳米级互连线优化模型

基于RLC互连线延时模型,通过缓冲器插入和改变互连线宽及线间距,提出了一种基于延时和带宽约束的互连功耗-缓冲器面积的乘积优化模型.基于90 nm,65 nm和45 nm CMOS工艺验证了互连线优化模型,在牺牲1/3和1/2的带宽的前提下,平均能够节省46%和61%的互连功耗,以及65%和83%的缓冲器面积,能应用于纳米级SOC的计算机辅助设计. 关键词： 纳米互连功耗 缓冲器面积 延时 带宽     

一种基于数字图像的多目标检测方法

为使武器系统具备同时对多个目标进行精确打击的能力,在光电系统中可采用多目标视频跟踪器辅助激光照射器、伺服稳定平台实现多个潜在目标同时捕获跟踪并打击。研究了一种运行于多目标视频跟踪器的目标检测方法,针对数字图像分辨率高、数据量大及难以在嵌入式系统中实时运行的难点,基于TMS320C6455 DSP处理器,提出基于小波金字塔的全局运动光流估计算法图像配准实现运动图像的背景补偿以获取差分图像,相比传统的块匹配、灰度投影配准及基于特征点的配准算法,具有配准精度高与可嵌入式系统实时处理等优点,在差分图像中采用区域生长结合管道滤波算法提取图像中多个运动目标。经实验验证,该方法在复杂地面场景对汽车、自行车及行人目标检出率可达95%,计算时间仅为25 ms,具有良好的实时性和检测效果。     

基于近似模型的透平机械多目标优化

本文研究了采用多目标优化算法NSGA—II与前馈神经网络的耦合优化方法的收敛性问题。提出了一种改进的拥挤距离和coarse-to-fine的迭代策略,有效地解决了原耦合方法不收敛的问题。在此基础上,提出了基于数值模拟和耦合优化方法的多目标气动设计框架,并对转子37进行了三目标优化。优化结果表明,多目标优化结果的气动性能...     

基于免疫遗传的多目标优化

提出了一种免疫遗传算法(MOGA)用来解决多目标优化问题。在该算法(MOGA)中,使用了高斯变异算子,提高了收敛速度;创建了记忆细胞集来保存每代所产生的Pareto最优解。此算法与NSGAⅡ算法进行模拟实验结果进行对比,通过比较发现,该算法无论是在个体的多样性还是收敛性上都要比NSGAⅡ算法好,表明免疫遗传算法在解决多目标优化问题上具有可观的研究前景。     

基于约束优化的多光谱辐射真温反演算法

多光谱辐射测温是通过测量待测物某点的多个光谱辐射强度信息,通过普朗克公式反演获得真实温度。但是,通过普朗克公式获得的多光谱辐射测温方程组,是欠定方程组,即N个方程,N+1个未知数(N个未知的光谱发射率ε_λi和1个待求真温T)。目前,多采用事先假设一组发射率模型(发射率-波长或发射率-温度模型),假设模型与实际情况如果相符,则反演结果能够满足要求,如果假设模型与实际情况不符,则反演结果误差很大。但是,发射率模型受温度、表面状态、波长等诸多因素影响,难以事先确定发射率模型。因此受未知光谱发射率的制约一直是多光谱辐射测温理论面临的主要障碍,能否在无需任何光谱发射率假设模型的情况下,实现真温和光谱发射率的直接反演一直是多光谱辐射测温理论研究的热点和难点。通过对参考温度模型的分析表明,多光谱辐射测温反演过程的实质是寻找一组光谱发射率,使得每个通道方程解得的真温都相同,如不相同则继续寻找合适的光谱发射率,直到每个通道解得的真温都相等。为此,提出将多光谱辐射测温参考温度模型的求解过程转换为约束优化问题,即在光谱发射率0≤ε_λi≤1的约束条件下,通过梯度投影算法不断寻找光谱发射率,带入多光谱辐射测温参考温度模型方程组后,计算温度反演值的方差,直到每个光谱通道方程获得的温度值应该近似相等,此时各个光谱通道的温度反演值方差最小,这样就把多光谱辐射真温和发射率的反演问题转换为约束优化问题。约束优化算法是解决这一类问题的主要方法,但为了满足Ax≥b的约束条件,将0≤ε_λi≤1分解为ε_λi≥0和-ε_λi≥-1的两个约束条件,从而满足了约束优化问题Ax≥b的约束条件。这样就可以通过约束优化算法在无需任何光谱发射率假设模型的条件下,直接求解真温和光谱发射率。实验采用六种不同光谱发射率分布模式(随波长递增、递减、凸波动、凹波动、“M”型波动、“W”型波动)的材料为研究对象,以验证新算法对不同材料光谱发射率分布反演的适应性,利用Matlab的minRosen函数,选择光谱发射率的初始值均为0.5(取中间值,提高计算效率)。针对六种不同光谱发射率模型的仿真结果表明,新算法无需任何有关发射率的先验知识,对不同发射率模型反演结果均表现较好,在真温1 800 K的情况下,绝对误差均小于20 K,相对误差均小于1.2%,新算法具有无需考虑任何光谱发射率先验知识、反演精度较高及适合于各种发射率模型等优点,进一步完善了多光谱辐射测温理论,在高温测量领域具有良好的应用前景。     

一种考虑温度的分布式互连线功耗模型

基于集总式电阻-电容树形功耗模型,考虑了非均匀温度分布对互连线电阻的影响,提出了一种新的分布式互连线动态功耗解析模型,解决了集总式模型不能表征非均匀温度变化带来的电阻变化的问题,并计算了一次非理想的激励冲激下整个互连模型消耗的总能量.基于所提出的分布式互连线功耗模型,计算了纳米级互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）工艺典型长度互连线的Elmore延时和功耗,发现非均匀温度分布对互连功耗的影响随着互连线长度的增加而增加,单位长度功耗随着CMOS工艺特征尺寸的变化而基本不变.文中所提出的功耗模型可以用来精确估算互 关键词： 互连线 温度梯度 动态功耗模型 纳米级互补金属氧化物半导体     

An interconnect width and spacing optimization model considering scattering effect

As the feature size of the CMOS integrated circuit continues to shrink, the more and more serious scattering effect has a serious impact on interconnection performance, such as delay and bandwidth. Based on the impact of the scattering effect on latency and bandwidth, this paper first presents the quality-factor model which optimises latency and bandwidth effectively with the consideration of the scattering effect. Then we obtain the analytical model of line width and spacing with application of curve-fitting method. The proposed model has been verified and compared based on the nano-scale CMOS technology. This optimisation model algorithm is simple and can be applied to the interconnection system optimal design of nano-scale integrated circuits.     

An interconnecting bus power optimization method combining interconnect wire spacing with wire ordering

On-chip interconnect buses consume tens of percents of dynamic power in a nanometer scale integrated circuit and they will consume more power with the rapid scaling down of technology size and continuously rising clock frequency, therefore it is meaningful to lower the interconnecting bus power in design. In this paper, a simple yet accurate interconnect parasitic capacitance model is presented first and then, based on this model, a novel interconnecting bus optimization method is proposed. Wire spacing is a process for spacing wires for minimum dynamic power, while wire ordering is a process that searches for wire orders that maximally enhance it. The method, i.e., combining wire spacing with wire ordering, focuses on bus dynamic power optimization with a consideration of bus performance requirements. The optimization method is verified based on various nanometer technology parameters, showing that with 50% slack of routing space, 25.71% and 32.65% of power can be saved on average by the proposed optimization method for a global bus and an intermediate bus, respectively, under a 65-nm technology node, compared with 21.78% and 27.68% of power saved on average by uniform spacing technology. The proposed method is especially suitable for computer-aided design of nanometer scale on-chip buses.     

Through-silicon-via crosstalk model and optimization design for three-dimensional integrated circuits

Through-silicon-via （TSV） to TSV crosstalk noise is one of the key factors affecting the signal integrity of three- dimensional integrated circuits （3D ICs）. Based on the frequency dependent equivalent electrical parameters for the TSV channel, an analytical crosstalk noise model is established to capture the TSV induced crosstalk noise. The impact of various design parameters including insulation dielectric, via pitch, via height, silicon conductivity, and terminal impedance on the crosstalk noise is analyzed with the proposed model. Two approaches are proposed to alleviate the TSV noise, namely, driver sizing and via shielding, and the SPICE results show 241 rnV and 379 mV reductions in the peak noise voltage, respectively.     

混沌免疫多目标算法求解认知引擎参数优化问题

合理的认知引擎参数设置可以提高频谱的使用性能. 通过分析认知无线网络中的认知引擎参数配置, 给出了其数学模型, 并将其转化为一个多目标优化问题, 进而提出一种基于混沌免疫多目标优化的求解方法. 算法使用Logistic混沌映射初始化种群, 并在每一代将混沌特性用于最优解集的搜索; 设计了适合此问题的免疫克隆算子和抗体群更新算子, 保证了Pateto最优解集分布的多样性和均匀性. 最后, 在多载波环境下对算法进行了仿真实验. 结果表明, 算法可以根据信道条件和用户服务的动态变化, 自适应调整各个子载波的发射功率和调制方式, 可以求出更多满足偏好需求的解, 满足认知引擎参数优化要求.     

Nanopowder production by gas-embedded electrical explosion of wire

A small electrical explosion of wire (EEW) setup for nanopowder production is constructed. It consists of a low inductance capacitor bank of 2 μF-4 μF typically charged to 8 kV-30 kV, a triggered gas switch, and a production chamber housing the exploding wire load and ambient gas. With the EEW device, nanosize powders of titanium oxides, titanium nitrides, copper oxides, and zinc oxides are successfully synthesized. The average particle size of synthesized powders under different experimental conditions is in a range of 20nm-80nm. The pressure of ambient gas or wire vapor can strongly affect the average particle size. The lower the pressure, the smaller the particle size is. For wire material with relatively high resistivity, such as titanium, whose deposited energy Wd is often less than sublimation energy W s due to the flashover breakdown along the wire prematurely ending the Joule heating process, the synthesized particle size of titanium oxides or titanium nitrides increases with overheat coefficient k (k = W d /Ws ) increasing.     

非对称空间光学遥感器主动热控系统多目标优化设计

针对大口径、离轴、非对称结构的空间光学遥感器主动热控功率最小分配的难题,提出一种基于多目标遗传算法的功率优化方法。首先根据空间相机结构建立有限元模型。然后,凭借设计者的经验,根据相机结构特点及大致热分布规律,初步划分热控区域,规划设计变量和目标变量。之后,将设计变量和目标变量代入多目标遗传算法求出Pareto最优解集。最后,在最优解集中选出合适的功率分配代入到仿真模型中进行计算,得到优化后的功率分配及温度场。对某离轴三反空间相机进行了功率优化和地面热平衡试验。经TMG仿真计算,优化后整机波动范围在低温工况和高温工况分别降低了4.76%和35.7%,并且总功耗降低了6.85%。经地面热平衡试验表明,整机温度场温差控制在±0.5℃以内,满足±2℃的指标要求。     

有边界条件的忆阻元件模型及其性质

对第四类基本电路元件——忆阻元件的基本特性进行了研究,分别建立了无边界条件和有边界条件的忆阻元件的积分形式的数学模型.对有边界条件的数学模型进行了仿真,分析了有边界条件下电源频率和掺杂比、初始掺杂宽度等模型参数对电流、电压电流关系、磁链电荷关系等元件特性的影响,得出了相关的结论. 关键词： 忆阻元件 边界条件 数学模型 性质     

基于蜂群算法的多目标加权优化负荷频率控制研究

为进一步提高两区域互联再热火力发电系统中工作频率和联络线功率的稳定性,提出了一种加权和多目标对负荷频率控制（LFC）的优化方法;采用人工蜂群算法（ABC）和加权和方法实现LFC的多目标优化,而后将其转化为复合目标函数;根据负荷需求变化和系统参数变化情况,利用加权和方法对复合目标函数做归一化处理,使得两区域PID控制器增益达到同步调谐,获得了频率响应的调节时间和超调量达到最佳折中条件。仿真结果表明,该方法简单有效,在不同的运行条件和系统参数变化情况下具有良好的鲁棒性。     

Automatic calibration method of voxel size for cone-beam 3D-CT scanning system

For a cone-beam three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) scanning system, voxel size is an important indicator to guarantee the accuracy of data analysis and feature measurement based on 3D-CT images. Meanwhile, the voxel size changes with the movement of the rotary stage along X-ray direction. In order to realize the automatic calibration of the voxel size, a new and easily-implemented method is proposed. According to this method, several projections of a spherical phantom are captured at different imaging positions and the corresponding voxel size values are calculated by non-linear least-square fitting. Through these interpolation values, a linear equation is obtained that reflects the relationship between the voxel size and the rotary stage translation distance from its nominal zero position. Finally, the linear equation is imported into the calibration module of the 3D-CT scanning system. When the rotary stage is moving along X-ray direction, the accurate value of the voxel size is dynamically exported. The experimental results prove that this method meets the requirements of the actual CT scanning system, and has virtues of easy implementation and high accuracy.     

Automatic calibration method of voxel size for cone-beam 3D-CT scanning system

For a cone-beam three-dimensional computed tomography （3D-CT） scanning system, voxel size is an important indicator to guarantee the accuracy of data analysis and feature measurement based on 3D-CT images. Meanwhile, the voxel size changes with the movement of the rotary stage along X-ray direction. In order to realize the automatic calibration of the voxel size, a new and easily-implemented method is proposed. According to this method, several projections of a spherical phantom are captured at different imaging positions and the corresponding voxel size values are calculated by non-linear least-square fitting. Through these interpolation values, a linear equation is obtained that reflects the relationship between the voxel size and the rotary stage translation distance from its nominal zero position. Finally, the linear equation is imported into the calibration module of the 3D-CT scanning system. When the rotary stage is moving along X-ray direction, the accurate value of the voxel size is dynamically exported. The experimental results prove that this method meets the requirements of the actual CT scanning system, and has virtues of easy implementation and high accuracy.