ICP-OES法研究黄芩中常见营养元素的配置规律

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)分析技术测定黄芩不同物候期(休眠期、展叶期、花期、果实期和枯黄期)不同器官(根、茎、叶、花果)中四种常见营养元素(Ca,Mg,P,K)的含量,以探索随物候期的变化,营养元素在不同器官中的配置规律.结果发现,Ca,Mg,K元素在黄芩叶片的营养生长期的投资相对量较大,主要用于促进叶片的光合作用,合成大量的碳水化合物；P和K元素在生殖生长期生殖器官的投资比例明显高于营养器官,有利于下一代的繁衍；根中Ca,Mg,K元素的配置比例在枯黄期略有回升,以增强黄芩耐寒过冬的能力.本研究结果为黄芩种植的合理施肥提供实验数据.     

ICP-OES测定两种松树中的矿质元素

采用HNO3-HF-HClO4湿法消解木材样品,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）测定思茅松、云南松茎干中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg、P、Mn、Zn等矿质元素。结果表明,思茅松、云南松中的矿质元素表现为不同的含量顺序,思茅松中矿质元素含量为Ca〉K〉Zn〉Mg〉P〉Fe〉Mn,而云南松中矿质元素含量为Ca〉Fe〉K〉Mg〉P〉Mn〉Zn。该方法具有良好的准确度及精密度,加标回收率在95.63%—108%范围内,相对标准偏差（RSD）在0.3%—2.4%范围内,结果可靠,操作方便,可用于其他树木样品中相同矿质元素的测定。     

FAAS测定地梢瓜不同部位金属元素

采用HNO3-HClO4（4∶1）混酸消解地梢瓜的根、茎和叶,火焰原子吸收光谱法对消解液中的K、Ca、Na、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe和Co9种金属元素进行了同时测定。获得了仪器测定的最佳工作条件、方法的准确性和精密度,结果显示：各元素平均加标回收率（n=6）为95.45%—102.26%,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=6）为0.18%—2.26%。地梢瓜不同部位各金属元素含量有一定差异,茎中Ca〉K〉Na〉Mg〉Fe〉Zn〉Co〉Mn〉Cu;叶中Ca〉K〉Na〉Mg〉Fe〉Co〉Zn〉Mn〉Cu;根中Ca〉K〉Fe〉Mg〉Na〉Zn〉Co〉Mn〉Cu。各部位均含有丰富的Ca、Mg、K、Na和Fe元素。测定方法快速、简单,准确度和精密度均较好,能达到分析要求。     

原子吸收光谱测定刺五加中金属元素的含量

用原子吸收光谱法测定了刺五加根、茎、叶中Ca、Cu、Mg、Fe、Zn、K、Mn、Na等8种矿物质元素的含量,并对其结果进行了分析比较,以此研究了这8种金属元素在刺五加体内的分布。结果显示：各元素在实验范围内,线性关系良好,加标回收率在99%—109.6%之间,相对标准偏差为0.2%—1.8%。刺五加中不同部位的这8种元素间存在显著差异,根中Ca〉Mg〉K〉Fe〉Na〉Mn〉Zn〉Cu,其叶中的含量以K为高,而且各部位均有较高的Ca、Cu、Mg、Fe、Zn、K、Mn、Na。从微量元素的角度分析,刺五加的根、茎、叶均有一定的应用价值。     

ICP-AES技术分析野菊花不同器官矿质元素

应用ICP-AES技术,测定并分析了野菊花不同器官矿质元素含量、累积量和比例。结果显示:(1)野菊花常量矿质元素中K含量最高,根、茎、叶、花K含量分别达到15.84,17.74,31.52,37.55mg.g-1,微量元素中Fe含量最高,根、茎、叶、花Fe含量分别为3 219.90,433.36,1 519.46,1 426.63μg.g-1。(2)野菊花茎K,P,Ca,Mg,Mn,Zn,Mo累积量最大,分别达240.61,19.67,74.87,18.31mg.株-1,893.00,1 039.08,2.85μg.株-1,野菊花根Na,Fe,Cu累积量最高,分别为11.51mg.株-1,11 725.27,235.24μg.株-1。(3)野菊花各器官K∶P,Ca∶Mg,Fe∶Mn,Zn∶Cu差异较大。结果明确了野菊花不同器官矿质元素差异并为野菊花的合理施肥提供了新的科学依据。     

云杉针叶中营养元素季节动态和种间差异

为了解针叶生长发育和成熟时一系列生理生化特性和变化规律,采用方差分析、变异系数和相关分析等统计方法对欧洲云杉以及粗枝云杉半年生和一年生针叶中大量元素含量的季节动态变化进行了研究。研究表明,随着季节的变化,欧洲云杉和粗枝云杉针叶中大量元素含量的大小顺序大致相同,即N>Ca>K>P>Mg,而对大量元素的变异系数分析发现:N(C.V%=28.08)>Ca(C.V%=18.74)>K(C.V%=15.76)>P(C.V%=10.09)>Mg(C.V%=6.23)。欧洲云杉针叶中大量元素间的相关性为:P和K,Mg和K相关性均呈显著正相关;粗枝云杉针叶中大量元素间的相关性为:P和K呈显著正相关,而Ca和P,K均呈显著负相关。     

ICP-AES分析不同锌浓度培养下锌镉超累积植物遏蓝菜的元素计量变化

锌镉超累积植物遏蓝菜(Thlaspi caerulescens)是重要的重金属污染土壤修复植物,但环境Zn浓度是否会影响该植物对其他元素的吸收,进而影响土壤养分的平衡,此前并不清楚.研究采用可同时测量多种元素的ICP-AES技术,分析高、中、低Zn浓度(5,50和500μmolL-1)多元素营养液培养的遏蓝菜中Zn,Cd,K,P,Mg,Ca,Fe,Mn,cu等元素的计量变化特征.结果显示,随着Zn供给浓度的升高,遏蓝菜根和茎叶的Zn含量都显著增加,高Zn培养的遏蓝菜茎叶和根的Zn含量比低Zn培养条件分别增加12和19倍;但植物茎叶中其他八种元素的含量均无显著变化,即在应用遏蓝菜修复Zn污染的土壤时,不会造成K,P,Mg,Ca,Fe,Mn,Cu元素从土壤中被植物过量带走而出现养分失衡.     

ICP-AES分析河套灌区盐碱地向日葵矿质元素吸收与积累

以HNO3+HClO4消解向日葵根、茎、叶、花盘等器官,采用ICP-AES测定河套灌区盐碱胁迫下向日葵植株对十种矿质元素的吸收和积累。结果表明:(1)Fe,Mn,Zn,Ca,Na在向日葵根部含量最高,K含量在茎中最高,B和Mg在叶中含量最高,花盘中P含量高于其他部位,Cu含量在向日葵各器官间无明显差异;(2)向日葵器官间矿质元素累积量差异表现为花盘中Ca,Mg,P,Cu,B,Zn累积量最高,根Na,Fe,Mn累积量最高,茎K累积量最高;(3)向日葵全株常量矿质元素累积量比值为K∶Ca∶Mg∶P∶Na=16.71∶5.23∶3.86∶1.23∶1.00,微量矿质元素积累量比值为Zn∶Fe∶B∶Mn∶Cu=56.28∶27.75∶1.93∶1.17∶1.00;(4)盐分胁迫对向日葵矿质元素吸收的影响因部位及元素种类各异,根部矿质元素含量对土壤盐分变化最为敏感,茎、叶次之,花盘元素含量变化动态较为复杂。     

浓香型烤烟矿质元素含量的测定及分析

测定了河南省主产烟区烤烟K、Cl、Ca、Mg、S、P的含量,结果表明K的含量偏低,其他矿质元素含量正常.元素间的相关性分析结果表明多种矿质元素间存在极显著或显著的相关;对6种矿质元素含量进行因子分析得到2个因子,2个因子的累积贡献率为80.710％.     

黄芩、黄芩茶及其水溶液中矿质元素含量分析

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定了1年～3年生黄芩根、茎、叶、茶、茶水中几种矿质元素的含量,结果表明,黄芩根、茎、叶中富含K,Ca,Mg,P,Al,Fe等矿质元素,黄芩叶中Zn,Mn,Cu,Fe,Al,P,Mg,Ca,K的含量比例为1∶ 3∶ 6:15∶ 18∶ 19∶41∶ 333∶423;黄芩茎叶内Fe,Mn...     

偏振-高光谱多维光信息的番茄叶片营养诊断

以Venlo型温室中无土栽培模式下自行培育的25%,50%,75%,100%,150%五个梯度水平的氮、磷、钾营养胁迫样本为研究对象,利用高光谱成像系统以及课题组自行研发的偏振反射光谱测量分析系统分别采集不同氮磷钾营养水平番茄叶片的偏振光谱和高光谱数据。通过扫描电镜分析阐明营养胁迫叶片非光滑表面的凹凸和质地发生的一系列变化与偏振反射辐射之间具有一定的联系。由斯托克斯公式将偏振光谱换算成偏振度后,提取偏振度与氮磷钾实测值之间的各4个偏振度特征;同时将高光谱数据经过主成分分析降维并确定氮磷钾各4个特征波长,再通过相关分析法提取这4个特征波长下的各8个高光谱图像纹理特征。偏振度特征与高光谱纹理特征相加累计氮磷钾各12个特征作为支持向量回归(SVR)的输入变量。对这12个特征变量进行最大—最小值归一化后,采用SVR建立番茄氮磷钾营养水平的定量诊断模型,求得氮的相关系数r=0.961 8,均方根误差RMSE=0.451;磷的相关系数r=0.916 3,均方根误差RMSE=0.620;钾的相关系数r=0.940 6,均方根误差RMSE=0.494。研究结果表明采用偏振反射光谱结合高光谱的多维光信息融合技术能够建立精度较高的番茄营养水平预测模型,具有较好的诊断作用,对于提高模型的精度和专用仪器的开发具有一定的指导意义,为番茄养分含量的快速检测提供了新的思路。     

温室番茄缺素叶片偏振反射特征分析

为提高番茄植株营养胁迫定量分析模型的精度,探究偏振检测在植物单叶尺度进行无损检测的优势,利用自行研制的偏振反射光谱系统检测不同生长期温室番茄缺素叶片偏振反射特征。对影响番茄单叶偏振反射的主要因素：方位角、入射天顶角、探测天顶角、光源偏振片起偏角度、探测器偏振片起偏角度进行了讨论,通过正交试验的极差分析获取光谱仪各测量角度参数的优水平,并通过实验进一步验证,最终分析得到偏振光谱系统检测番茄缺素叶片的角度组合及主次排序为：入射天顶角60°、光源起偏角度0°、探测器起偏角度45°、探测天顶角45°、方位角180°,在此基础上对不同生长期的缺氮、缺磷、缺钾叶片以及不同缺素程度的叶片进行分析比较,结果显示偏振反射比随番茄叶片的生长周期呈现正相关关系,缺素和营养过量均能导致偏振反射比的下降,偏振反射比在结果期和采收期的降幅较为明显。对于偏振反射光谱在植物单叶尺度营养快速检测的深入研究具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

The Influence of Ammonium on Nitrate Uptake and Assimilation in 2-Year-Old Ash and Oak Trees - A Tracer-Study with 15N

Abstract

Interactions between ammonium and nitrate as competitive N sources depend on various biotic and abiotic factors. The preference for one of these N sources and the influence of ammonium on nitrate uptake and nitrate reductase activity was investigated in a ¹⁵N labelling experiment using 2-year-old potted plants of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) under greenhouse conditions.

Seedlings of both tree species use ammonium and nitrate in equal amounts when both N forms are supplied in a 1:1 ratio (1.5 mM NH₄ ⁺ + 1.5 mM NO₃ ^?), although there is a slight tendency that ammonium is preferred. In both species total N uptake is higher if ammonium and nitrate are supplied simultaneously when compared with uptake of nitrate alone (3 mM nitrate). If nitrate is the sole N source N uptake is only half as high as if ammonium and nitrate are supplied in a ratio of 1:1.

The distribution of nitrate reductase between shoot and roots is not influenced by the N-form: nitrate reductase activity is always highest in the roots of both species under the conditions of this experiment.

Xylem sap analyses showed that both species transport higher concentrations of amino acids than of nitrate from the roots to the shoot. The amino acid composition is independent of the type of N source. Furthermore, ash trees contain more nitrate in the xylem sap than oak trees, reflecting the higher N uptake and the higher nitrate reductase activity in the leaves of this species.     

Nitrogen stable isotope composition of leaves and roots of plants growing in a forest and a meadow

In controlled N-nutrition experiments, differences in delta15N composition of leaves and roots are regularly found. In this paper we report results from a survey of nitrogen stable isotope signatures of leaves and roots of 16 plant species growing under natural conditions in a meadow and a forest understorey, which differed in nitrate and ammonium availability. Significant differences between leaf and root were observed. The range of delta15N [leaf-root] values was -0.97 to +0.86 per thousand, small compared to published values from controlled N-nutrition experiment, but almost as large as the range of leaf delta15N values (-1.04 to +1.08 per thousand). Forbs showed the largest differences between leaves and roots and showed a significant difference with respect to habitat. Grasses and legumes did not show significant differences in delta15N [leaf-root] between the two habitats. Care must be taken when using leaf delta15N values as representative for whole-plant 15N composition in these two habitats.     

利用原子吸收光谱法分析盐胁迫对野生披碱草矿质元素吸收和积累的影响

应用原子吸收光谱法测定了两份耐盐性不同的野生披碱草种质材料在不同盐浓度胁迫条件下根组织和叶组织中的大量元素(Na,K,Ca,Mg)和微量元素(Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn)含量,并对野生披碱草种质材料矿质元素吸收和积累的选择性与耐盐性的关系进行了分析,结果表明：随着盐胁迫浓度的升高,野生披碱草种质材料叶和根组织中Na含量不断增加,耐盐材料HS叶组织中的Na含量显著低于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05);而K和Ca含量呈下降的趋势,在高浓度盐胁迫下,耐盐材料HS中两种元素的含量显著高于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05);微量元素Fe和Zn在野生披碱草材料根、叶组织中的含量升高,Cu在根组织中的含量没有变化,但是在叶组织中升高,而Mn在根、叶组织中的含量都呈下降的趋势,耐盐材料HS叶组织和根组织中Zn和Fe含量低于敏盐材料LS,Mn含量显著高于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05)。     

同步辐射XRF法分析温室油菜中微量元素的分布

蔬菜是补充人体微量元素的重要途径,但是蔬菜不同部位、特别是温室蔬菜不同部位各种元素的分配目前还没有研究清楚。利用同步辐射XRF法测定了温室油菜中各种微量元素中的分配情况。研究结果表明温室油菜中含有许多人体必需的微量元素,特别是Ca,Mn,Fe,Cu和Zn;但是不同的元素在叶片和根系的不同部位含量有所差异,总体上油菜根系中K,Ca和Mg的含量显著高于叶片,叶片中Fe,Zn,Co,Ni和Cu的含量则高于根系,其中侧根中的各种元素含量均很低。K,Ca和Co在叶片中间位置含量较高,由边缘向中部含量逐渐增加;Cu,Mn,Fe和Ni含量由叶片基部到叶尖处含量逐渐增高;Zn总体含量也比较均匀。在主根中各种元素普遍表现为根基部向根尖呈现先上升再降低的规律,根系中间部位各元素含量高,且普遍表现为根基部的含量要高于根尖处的含量。     

Distribution and utilization of 15N in cowpeas injected into the stem under influence of water deficit

Investigations were carried out on Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. to estimate the distribution and utilization of 15N in different organs after stem injection during vegetative, flowering and pod filling stage. During flowering effects of water deficit were also examined. In well watered plants, within 4 days after injection, 65% of 15N accumulated in leaves. This was drastically reduced to 42% by water deficit. 15N accumulation in stems increased under water deficit. The translocation of 15N from the stem base to roots were not altered by water deficit. During pod filling 62% of recovered 15N in the plants had accumulated in seeds, 24% in leaves and 11% in stems within 4 days, whereas the uptake of nitrogen in pod walls and roots remained low (2%). These results demonstrate that the method of injecting very small quantities (1 mg/plant) of 15N into the stem base allows an exact and detailed quantitative assessment of N translocation/distribution with regard to different organs, different growth stages and different treatments.     

Investigation of N Deficiency in Cherry Trees Using Visible and Near-Infrared Spectra Part of the Spectrum in Field Condition

This objective of the study was to develop a model for the determination of N deficiency in cherry trees using a combination of visible near infrared methods and spectro-radiometric measurement. In our experimental design, cherry seedlings were grown under various N deficiency conditions in nutrient-controlled containers. The reflectance values of plant leaves were measured using a spectro-radiometer. Plant leaves samples were simultaneously collected. Their nutrient contents were determined in the laboratory. Afterwards, we performed a statistical comparison of the reflectance values. Sample analysis results established the significant wavelengths. Moreover, we received accurate regression models for predicting N deficiency in cherry leaves that were grown in nutrient solutions. Next, we verified the model validity by measuring the reflectance of the leaves collected from cherry orchards at various locations using a spectroradiometer. Nutrient deficiencies were calculated using the developed model, and then, the predicted and measured data were compared to evaluate model validity. From these results, we determined the wavelengths that yielded the most accurate results for N prediction, selected from the blue and green regions of the spectrum. We established that for N prediction in cherry trees, the simplest model can be created using 560 and 570 nm wavelengths. However, the evaluated model can be applicable only under certain conditions. We concluded that in order to develop a prediction method with sufficient application capacity, as well as the ability to assess nutritional and physiological characteristics, the ecology condition of the plant should be properly considered based on the model.     

银沙槐不同部位中微量元素含量的测定

利用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定银沙槐的不同部位中Cu、Zn、Ca、Fe、Mg、K、Cr、Mn的含量。对银沙槐植物中的根、茎、叶、花、果实中金属元素的含量进行了分析比较。以此研究了这几种金属元素在银沙槐体内的分布。结果显示,各元素在实验范围内,线性关系良好,加标回收率在92.00%—107.00%之间。相对标准偏差在0.02%—5.80%之间。由实验结果发现,银沙槐的不同部位中Cu、Zn、Ca、Fe、Mg、K、Cr、Mn的含量有差异。     

LED红蓝组合光谱下强光照射时长及频率对生菜生长及营养元素吸收的影响

红蓝光谱作为植物光合色素光吸收的最大波段,是植物光合作用的主要作用光谱,且红蓝LED已成为植物工厂的主流光源。因此为实现植物工厂的广泛应用,植物对红蓝光供光模式的响应及其机理亟待研究。在人工光植物工厂中,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱技术（ICP-AES）,研究红蓝LED组合光谱下强光照射时长和频率对生菜生长及营养元素吸收的影响。研究包含两个独立试验。试验一设置5个光处理：光强为500 μmol·m-2·s-1的强光分别在常规光照（150 μmol·m-2·s-1）的光期中间照射0 h（CK）,0.5 h（HL0.5）,1 h（HL1）,2 h（HL2）和4 h（HL4）。试验二设置4个交替光处理和1个常规光照处理（NL,170 μmol·m-2·s-1）,在交替光处理中,1 h的强光（500 μmol·m-2·s-1）在光期内被分别出现1次（A1）、3次（A3）、6次（A6）和12次（A12）,将光强为150 μmol·m-2·s-1的光期分成相等的时间段。两个试验中光质（4R∶1B）、光周期（16/8 h）和处理天数（20 d）相同。结果表明,试验一中生菜的地上部生物量和N,C,P,K,Ca和Mg等大中量元素累积量均表现出随强光照射时间延长先增加后降低的趋势。和CK处理相比,HL4处理下生菜的地下部干鲜重和比叶重显著提高,叶面积显著降低。HL2处理下生菜的地上部干重和N,C,P,K,Ca和Mg元素累积量均最高。在试验二中,相比常规光照,A6处理显著降低了生菜的地上部鲜重,提高了生菜的根冠比,但其他处理间生菜生物量差异不显著。强光交替照射处理显著提高了生菜碳元素含量,但是强光照射频率对生菜的干物质的量和营养元素累积量无显著影响。综上所述,在光期中间加短时间连续的强光照射能够有效提高生菜体内营养元素和生物量的累积,更适用于植物工厂内的生菜栽培。