High pressure measurement with simple piston gauge in static condition

This paper describes the characterization of the newly developed piston gauge pressure standard at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), with particular reference to its fall rate, engagement length of the piston and the deceleration rate for the measurement of hydraulic hydrostatic pressure up to 60 MPa. The low pressure effective area of the gauge derived from its dimensional measurements when compared with the value obtained by its direct calibration against NPL transfer pressure standard agrees within 0.025%. The pressure gauge is quite stable, reproducible and has a sensitivity of 3 ppm. Though the theoretically calculated value of the pressure coefficient is low as compared to the experimentally observed one in its absolute terms, the pressure dependent effective area agrees within ± 0.025% over whole of the pressure range which is well within the uncertainty statement of the two independent techniques used.     

Fluid pressure measurement using bubbles insonified by two frequencies

The double frequency method, where bubbles rising through a fluid are illuminated simultaneously with a ‘pump’ frequency swept through the resonance frequency range and a megahertz imaging frequency, is used to measure pressure changes in fluids non-invasively. The bubble echo spectrum is centred at the imaging frequency with side bands at separations equal to the pump frequency. If the ambient pressure is changed, the bubbles undergo changes in their sizes. This would alter the resonant frequency of the bubble and hence the peak of the echo at the sum (or difference) frequency. By observing shifts in the frequency of the peak amplitude of the side bands it is shown that fluid pressure changes can be measured accurately.     

Quartz as a pressure sensor in the infrared

The pressure dependence of the 795 cm^?1 mode of quartz has been measured in the infrared up to 20 GPa at 300 and 400 K. For the measurements, which are impossible with a laser light, on photo sensitive or biological samples, we propose to use the pressure dependence of this mode as a pressure gauge.     

Direct measurement of subglottic pressure and laryngealresistance in normal subjects and in spasmodic dysphonia

This study tested the accuracy of indirect methods of measurementof laryngeal airway resistance in normal subjects and in spasmodic dysphonia (SD). The indirect method assumes that subglottic air pressure remains constant during the voiced segment of a syllable. In this study subglottic air pressure was directly measured via puncture of the cricothyroid membrane in seven normal subjects and seven subjects with SD. The true laryngeal airway resistance was calculated and compared with airway resistance measured using indirect techniques based on intraoral air pressure. In five of the seven normal subjects, subglottic air pressure did not remain constant during the voiced segment. As a result, the error produced using indirect method of calculating average laryngeal resistance for the normal subjects varied from −44% to +50%. For SD subjects the error ranged from −49% to +22%. In general, the indirect technique over-estimated laryngeal airway resistance in normal subjects and underestimated the resistance in subjects with SD.     

Ruby-spheres as pressure gauge for optically transparent high pressure cells

Abstract

Ruby is widely used as an in siru pressure gauge for optically transparent pressure cells up to the megabar range. Usually ruby chips cut from bulk crystals are used which are ill-characterized and inconvenient to handle and to identify visually. Here we present a systematic study on corundum samples doped with Cr³⁺ ions with concentration from 60 to 23500 ppm to determine the optimal conditions for the use as an accurate pressure marker. The influence of the excitation wavelength on the luminescence spectra was investigated. These studies led to the synthesis of small (1–50 micrometer) ruby spheres with 3000 ppm chromium concentration. After annealing and a heat treatment to avoid internal strains we find reproducible values of the position and the width of the fluorescence lines. These ruby spheres are not only well suited for a reliable and accurate pressure determination in experiments using diamond anvil cells, but can also be used as an in sihr micro-thermometer in high pressure-low temperature studies.     

297 K和0.13～1 GPa压力下菱镁矿的拉曼光谱实验研究

在T=297 K,130 MPa＜P＜967 MPa下用拉曼光谱对菱镁矿1 094 cm-1峰随压力变化关系进行了测量,结果表明随着压力增大,1 094 cm-1峰往高波数方向移动,其波峰位置与压力关系为：ν(cm-1)=0.007 44×P(MPa)+1 093.3。在T=297 K,130 MPa＜P＜967 MPa时,菱镁矿可用作地质压力计。压力与菱镁矿1 094 cm-1峰偏移量关系为：P(MPa)=125.8×(Δν_p)_{1 094}+124.7,(1 094 cm-1＜ν_p＜1 101 cm-1)。在实验的压力范围内未观察到菱镁矿的相变和有机物的生成。     

Diamond anvil Raman gauge in multimegabar pressure range

The first-order Raman band of diamond anvils has been investigated at pressure up to 380 GPa in order to develop an optical pressure determination method. The high frequency edge of the band was calibrated by the pressure scale of the equation of state of Pt. The universality of the relationship between the sample pressure and the edge-frequency was confirmed up to 370 GPa and the usefulness of the diamond anvil Raman gauge was demonstrated. Using the diamond anvil Raman spectroscopy, the stress-state of the anvil culet was directly observed in the multimegabar pressure range. Obtained pressure dependence of the shear stress suggested further extension of feasible pressure beyond 400 GPa.     

Exploiting optical properties of nanopolycrystalline diamond in high pressure experiments

ABSTRACT

We investigated the optical properties (absorption, luminescence and Raman spectra) of nanopolycrystalline diamond (NPD) aiming at exploring its capabilities as a pressure sensor and as a pressure-cell anvil for combined X-ray/neutron and optical studies. Notably, we analysed the Raman peak shift and broadening with pressure using a Moissanite Anvil Cell (MAC). The results are compared with those obtained in a DAC, where Raman signals from NPD chips and diamond anvils strongly overlap. Its pressure behaviour in the hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic regimes were investigated. We showed that the nanopolycrystalline structure induces remarkable differences in the peak shift and broadening between NPD and natural type IIa single-crystal diamond, making NPD suitable as pressure gauge for pressure determination and testing hydrostaticity of pressure transmitting medium.     

低压载人试验舱复压系统的气动特性计算和声学设计

随着我国高山医学和航空航天生物学研究的发展，低压舱的设计与建造已提到了议事日程。低压载人试验舱要为科学家提供合适的低压条件，同时又要为乘员创造必要的工作生活环境包括声学环境，本文介绍低压舱舱内气动状态的计算方法和复压系统的声学设计，并给出计算实例。     

六面顶压机立方压腔内压强的定量测量及受力分析

将六面顶压机立方压腔内置入电路,采用原位电阻测量确定Bi,Tl,Ba相变的方法,标定了压腔内不同位置的压力(强).通过标定立方压腔顶锤表面的压力并结合计算,分别得到了外部加载与压腔密封边受力以及合成腔体受力的对应关系.实验分析结果表明,随着外部加载的增加,当腔体压力达到5 GPa时,消耗在压腔密封边上的加载急剧上升,消耗在合成腔体的加载趋于不变,从而导致立方压腔压力达到上限.利用实验结果,分析了立方压腔在高压下的受力状态,解释了立方压腔的压力难以超过7 GPa的原因.结合立方压腔的几何结构,通过理论分析,提出了采用高体弹模量的物质作为传压介质,同时采用低体弹模量的物质作为密封边提高立方压腔压力上限的可行方案.通过定量标定叶腊石压腔轴向的压力梯度,给出了压腔内沿对称轴不同位置压力值的计算方法,此方法可为高压实验提供更精确的压力数据.     

Elastic distortions in simple piston-cylinder units at pressures up to 100 MPa

Abstract

The study of elastic distortions in piston-cylinder units of primary standards piston gauges is of importance for the improvement of pressure measurement accuracy. Preliminary work (GF. Molinar et al., 1989) on distortion calculations was carried out on a tungsten carbide (t.c.) piston-cylinder of 0.2 cm² nominal effective area in the 100 MPa pressure range. The same calculations are now applied in the study of a similar piston-cylinder unit of hard steel (h.s.). The distortions on the outer surface of the cylinder are measured with strain gages and with a capacitance sensor. The calculated distortions, which can be also derived with other methods (G. Klingenberg 1989, R. Wisniewski et al. 1989), are compared with the experimental results obtained on the outer surface of the cylinder. The present two piston-cylinder units of h.s. and of t.c. were cross-floated up to 100 MPa and the ratio R = f(P) = Ae_h.s./Ae_t.c. obtained experimentally is compared with the calculated.     

Generation of very high pressure pulses at the surface of a sandwiched piezoelectric material

New clinical concepts in lithotripsy demand small shock heads. Reducing the size of piezoelectric shock heads will only be possible if the pressure generated at the surface of each transducer can be increased so that the total pressure at the focus remains very high. We propose for the first time to increase the pressure without increasing the transducer voltage by using sandwiched transducers, which are a combination of several stacked transducers. When excited at appropriate time intervals, the pressure waves generated by each one reinforce when they reach the load. This new technique has been successfully tested. A pressure of 2.5 MPa was generated with two stacked, 5 mm-thick 1-3 piezocomposite transducers operating at an excitation voltage of 8 kV. No transducer damage was detected after 10(6) shocks, which corresponds approximately to the treatment of 500 patients.     

Polarization maintaining index-guided photonic crystal fiber sensor for slowly varying pressure measurement

The paper presents an experimental investigation of slowly varying pressure measurement using the polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor. Versatility of the sensor has been proved by analyzing its response for various types of time varying pressure profiles viz. exponentially decaying, sinusoidally varying and linearly increasing pressure. Temporal behavior of the sensor has been fully characterised. Dependence on temperature has been explored and it is found that the sensor is an attractive choice for applications in harsh environments.     

微球耐压性能的自动测量方法（英）

空心微球具有广泛的应用,耐压性能是其重要特性之一。但人工测量劳动强度大且精度较差。提出一种基于图像检测的自动测量方法,可检测微球加压过程中的破损情况并记录压力值。首先,利用梯度霍夫变换定位微球,再通过Canny边缘检测提取微球轮廓信息,并减少环境因素对检测的影响。最后Hu不变矩被用来将加压中的微球图像与加压前图像进行匹配,当微球破损后,匹配结果超过阈值,判定微球失效。为证明方法的准确性和稳定性,搭建了实验平台,对不同直径的玻璃和塑料微球进行了加压实验。实验结果表明,微球破损的成功识别率几乎为100%,同时微球破损时的压力值也被准确地记录。     

29 ℃和0～1.0 GPa压力下丙三醇的拉曼光谱研究

利用氧化锆压腔在0～1.0 GPa和29 ℃条件下对液态丙三醇进行了拉曼光谱测量。实验结果表明,丙三醇的拉曼位移在2 800～3 000 cm-1范围内的CH和CH₂的伸缩振动谱峰随着压力的增大均连续向高波数位移,其拉曼位移与压力的关系可以表示为：ν_(CH)=0.009 2P+2 886.67和ν_(CH2)=0.009 4P+2 948.53。另一方面处理实验结果时发现,在0～1.0 GPa下丙三醇的ν_(CH2)拉曼位移可以进行压力标定,给出了以丙三醇作为压力标定计时的压力标定方程：P=106.4ν-3.14×105。     

高压下正己醇的拉曼光谱研究

利用碳化硅压腔在25 ℃和163.4～793.4 MPa条件下对正己醇进行了拉曼光谱研究。发现在163.4～767.6 MPa压力下正己醇性质稳定,没有相变发生。在此压力条件下,CH对称伸缩振动和反对称伸缩振动的波峰都随着压力的增大而向高波数偏移,拉曼位移与压力的关系分别为ν_{2 876}=0.009 1P+2 875.1和ν_{2 931}=0.005 7P+2 930.5。到793.4 MPa压力条件下出现了结冰现象。在前人资料的基础上,对甲醇、乙醇和正己醇等醇类的高压性质进行了对比,发现CH对称伸缩振动的波峰偏移与压力的关系不受CC键的影响,即与碳原子数无关。     

High-temperature calibration of a multi-anvil high pressure apparatus

Fusion and solidification of Al and Ag samples, as well as Fe₉₃–Al₃–C₄, Fe₅₆–Co₃₇–Al₃–C₄, and Fe_57.5–Co₃₈–Al₁–Pb_0.5–C₃ alloys (in wt%), have been investigated at 6.3?GPa. Heater power jumps due to heat consumption and release on metal fusion and solidification, respectively, were used to calibrate the thermal electromotive force of the thermocouple against the melting points (mp) for Ag and Al. Thus, obtained corrections are +100°C (for sample periphery) and +65°C (center) within the 1070–1320°C range. For small samples positioned randomly in the low-gradient zone of a high pressure cell, the corrections should be +80°C and +84°C at the temperatures 1070°C and 1320°C, respectively. The temperature contrast recorded in the low-gradient cell zone gives an error about ±17°C. The method has been applied to identify the mp of the systems, which is especially important for temperature-gradient growth of large type IIa synthetic diamonds.     

Effect of liquid phase on the triple point pressure of argon

We report here a systematic data analysis of the vapour pressure of argon at different amounts of the liquid phase to understand the thermodynamic behaviour of this inert gas around triple point. At the triple point plateau, the applied heat pulse melts a certain phase of solid argon into liquid and increases vapour pressure. It is observed that this vapour pressure attains the thermodynamic equilibrium pressure after a certain time interval. The expoential decay of the vapour pressure as a function of time at different fractions of the liquid phase shows two different features. In one region, the relexation time constant (τ) is low and is not varying with the liquid phase, while in the other region the value ofτ increases with the amount of the liquid phase. Further, the peak pressure from the equilibrium pressure (ΔP _h), obtained from the fitting parameters, shows a dip at around 50% of the liquid phase. A qualitative physical interpretation has been given to explain these results.     

温度和压力对Au反射特性影响及动高压下的测温应用分析

基于金属电子气模型,进行了温度、压力对Au反射率变化影响的研究与分析。利用DAC装置开展了压力对Au反射率变化测量实验,以及激光加热的动态温升条件下温度对Au反射率变化测量实验,获得了探测光束波长为488 nm条件下,温度(室温至350 ℃)和压力(11 GPa范围内)对Au反射特性影响的实验结果。结果表明：在11 GPa压力范围内,与温度因素相比,压力对Au的反射率变化影响可忽略;Au对488 nm波长激光的反射率变化趋势为单调递增,变化幅值达约10%,且具有反射率与温度的一一对应特性。通过动高压加载下材料温度瞬态测量要求分析,认为基于Au在488 nm波长下的反射变化特性,可建立一种适用于动高压加载下低温段(低于1000 K)的瞬态测温方法,用于解决材料动高压领域的瞬态测温技术难点。     

Ultrasound pressure distributions generated by high frequency transducers in large reactors

The performance of an ultrasound reactor chamber relies on the sound pressure level achieved throughout the system. The active volume of a high frequency ultrasound chamber can be determined by the sound pressure penetration and distribution provided by the transducers. This work evaluated the sound pressure levels and uniformity achieved in water by selected commercial scale high frequency plate transducers without and with reflector plates. Sound pressure produced by ultrasonic plate transducers vertically operating at frequencies of 400 kHz (120 W) and 2 MHz (128 W) was characterized with hydrophones in a 2 m long chamber and their effective operating distance across the chamber’s vertical cross section was determined. The 2 MHz transducer produced the highest pressure amplitude near the transducer surface, with a sharp decline of approximately 40% of the sound pressure occurring in the range between 55 and 155 mm from the transducer. The placement of a reflector plate 500 mm from the surface of the transducer was shown to improve the sound pressure uniformity of 2 MHz ultrasound. Ultrasound at 400 kHz was found to penetrate the fluid up to 2 m without significant losses. Furthermore, 400 kHz ultrasound generated a more uniform sound pressure distribution regardless of the presence or absence of a reflector plate. The choice of the transducer distance to the opposite reactor wall therefore depends on the transducer plate frequency selected. Based on pressure measurements in water, large scale 400 kHz reactor designs can consider larger transducer distance to opposite wall and larger active cross-section, and therefore can reach higher volumes than when using 2 MHz transducer plates.