Über die Schwere des Lichtes in der Newtonschen und in der Einsteinschen Gravitationstheorie

The gravity theories of Newton and Einstein are giving opposite sentences about the velocity of light in gravitational field. According to the Newtonian theory the velocity v in gravitational field is greater than the velocity c in a field-free space: v > c. According to general relativity theory we have a smaller velocity: v < c. For a spherical symmetric gravitational field Newton's theory gives \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ v \approx c\left({1 + \frac{{fM}}{{c^2 r}}} \right) $\end{document} but Einstein's theory of 1911 gives \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ v \approx c\left({1 - \frac{{fM}}{{c^2 r}}} \right) $\end{document} and general relativity gives \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ v \approx c\left({1 - 2\frac{{fM}}{{rc^2 }}} \right) $\end{document}. Therefore, the radarecho-measurations of Shapiro are the experimentum crucis for Einstein's against Newton's theory.     

Die teleskopischen Prinzipien der Gravitationstheorie. (Machsches Prinzip,Mach-Einsteinsche Relativität der Trägheit und die Hertzsche Mechanik)

The Telescopical Principles in the Theory of Gravitation. (Machs Principle, Relativity of Inertia According to Mach and Einstein and Hertz' Mechanics) We give an explication and analytical formulation of Mach's principle of the “relativity of inertia” and of the Mach-Einstein doctrine on the determination of inertia by gravitation. These principles are whether “philosophical” nor “epistemological” postulates but well defined physical axioms with exactly analytical expressions. - The fundamental principle is the Galileian “reciprocity of motions”. According to this “generalized Galilei invariance” the principal functions of analytical dynamics (Lagrangian L and Hamiltonian H) are depending upon the differences ??_AB of the coordinate vectors ??_A and ??_B of the velocity differences ??_AB = ??_A-??_B, only. The Galileian reciprocity of motions means that whether the vectors ??_A and ??_A nor the accelerations ??_A of one particle have a physical significance. A mechanics obtaining this generalized Gailei-invariance cannot depend upon a kinematical Term \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ T = \frac{1}{2}\mathop {\Sigma m_A \mathop r\nolimits_A^2}\limits_A $\end{document} in the Lagrangian. Therefore, the inertial masses of the particles must be homogeneous function of interaction potentials Φ_A,B. According to the Einsteinian equivalence of inertia and gravity these interactions have to be the Newtonian gravitation. In a universe with N mass points the Mach-Einsteinian Lagrangian for our “gravodynamics without inertia” is In such a Mach-Einstein universe the celestical dynamics becomes in the first approximation the Newtonian dynamics, in the second (the “post-Newtonian”) approximation the general relativistic Einstein effects are resulting.-However, our gravodynamics gives new effects for large masses (no gravitational collapses) and in cosmology (secular accelerations a.o.). Generally, the space of our gravodynamics is whether the Newtonian “absolute space” V₃ nor the relativistic Einstein-Minkowski world V₄ but the Hertzian configuration space V_3N of the N particles. According to the relativity of inertia the Hertzian metrics become Riemannian metrics which are homogenous functions of the Newtonian gravitational potentials. .     

Erweiterte Gravitationstheorie und Periheldrehung

Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and nuclei - In dem Beitrag ?Zur Planetenbewegung bei veränderlicher Gravitationszahl“ [9] wurde die vonHeckmann [4] gefundene strenge...     

Die quantenmechanische Interpretation der allgemeinkovarianten Dirac-Gleichung und die 8-parametrische Gruppe der Spinor-Transformationen

The Quantum Mechanical Interpretation of the General-covariant Dirac Equation and the 8-Parametrical Group of the Spinor-Transformation With respect to nonunimodular spinor-transformations covariant Dirac equation is investigated. It is shown, that even in the flat space-time in cartesian coordinates this equation can only be interpreted as a quantum mechanical equation of motion in the position representation if the basis spanning the Hilbert space is given by a nonorthonormal set of vectors.     

Über die Schwere des Lichtes in der Gravitationstheorie. II

If the vacuum velocity v of light is a function of the gravitation field only (Einstein-effect), then v is independent from the light frequence ν. This statement results from the Maxwell equations only and is independent from the special form of gravitation field theory. The frequence independence of the velocity of light is in a good arrangement with the astrophysical facts. – However, in non-linear generalizations of Maxwell's electrodynamics a hypothetical dependence of the light velocity from the intensity of the radiation field may result (Freundlich-effect). This hypothetical effect may give a dependence of v from the frequence. – With this excess of the light deflection an excess in the red-shift of the solar spectral-lines should be associated. In the visual domain of the solar spectrum the real value of the red-shift could be more than 20% greater than the Einstein-value.     

Die Organisation und die Entwicklung der Direktion N„Isotop“

Bis zur Bildung der Direktion ?Isotop“ wurden in der Volksrepublik Bulgarien Radioisotopengeräte durch verschiedene Institute und Laboratorien entwickelt. In jener Etappc trugen die einschlägigen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten der Laboratorien und Institute einen unsystematischen Charakter; sie waren nicht koordiniert und entsprachen nur teilweise den Erfordernissen der Volkswirtschaft. Deshalb ergab sich die Notwendigkeit, eine zentrale Organisation zu schaffen, die die Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Anwendung radioaktiver Nuklide zusammenfaßt und leitet.     

Feldgleichungen der TREDERschen Gravitationstheorie,die aus einem Variationsprinzip ableitbar sind. I

In the frame work of TREDER 's gravitational theory we consider two classes of field equations which are derivable from two classes of LAGRANGE ian densities Ω⁽¹⁾(ω₁, ω₂), Ω⁽²⁾(s?₁, s?₂). ω₁, ω₂; s?₁, s?₂ are parameters. Ω⁽²⁾(ω₁, ω₂) gives us field equations which are up to the post-NEWTON ian approximation in the sense of NORDTVEDT , THORNE and WILL equivalent to the field equations given by BRANS and DICKE . For ω₂ = ?1 ?2ω₁ field equations follow from Ω⁽¹⁾(ω₁, ?1 ?2ω₁) which are in the above mentioned sense of post-NEWTON ian approximation equivalent to EINSTEIN 's equations. The field equations following from Ω⁽¹⁾(ω₁, ω₂) have a cosmological model with the well known cosmological singularities for T → ± ∞ in case that ω₁/(1 +3ω₁ +ω₂) ? γ > 0. For ω₁/(1 +3ω₁ +ω₂) ≤ 0 cosmological models with no cosmological singularities exist. From Ω⁽²⁾(s?₁, s?₂) we obtain field equations which at the best give us perihelion rotation 7% above EINSTEIN 's value and light deflection 7% below the corresponding EINSTEIN 's value. But in that case we are able to show the existence of a cosmological model without any cosmological singularity.     

Kovariantes Variationsprinzip in der Gravitationstheorie

Covariant Principle of Variation in the Theory of Gravitation Gravitation theory treated in H.-J. Treder's version of Lorentz space is supplemented by a coordinate invariant variation principle.     

Feldgleichungen der TREDERschen Gravitationstheorie,die aus einem Gravitationstheorem herleitbar sind. II

In the frame work of non-linear generalizations of TREDER 's tetrad theory of gravitation considered in part I. a pure bimetric gravitation theory results for the LAGRANG ian Ω⁽¹⁾_F with ω₂ = 1. The discussion of the post-NEWTON ian approximation given in I. has demonstrated that must be: ω₂ = ?1 ? 2ω₁. - However, a LAGRANG ian with ω₁ = ? ω₂ = ?1 is identical with GUPTA 's post-NEWTON ian approximation for EINSTEIN 's general relativistic LAGRANG ian. Therefore, for ω₁ = ? ω₂ = ? 1 the EINSTEIN effects are resulting evidently and the question discussed in I. the tetrad formalism becomes non-important.     

Die Einwirkung der Te- und s-beimischungen auf die kristallisationskinetik des glasigen selens

The influence of tellurium (up to 6 at %) and sulphur (up to 2 at %) admixtures on the rate and on the activation energy E_Kr of vitreous selenium crystallization was investigated by means of calorimetric method. The results satisfy the Avrami's aquation x = 1 ?exp(?L · c_Kr · τ^z). The exponent z and the product z·E_Kr, are increased due to addition of tellurium admixtures, while the value L · c_Kr is decreased. The admixtures of sulphur decrease the exponent z, but have not any influence on the values L · c_Kr and z · E_Kr.Probably the tellurium admixtures increase the rate of the crystallite growth and the number of the crystallization centres, what accelerates the process. But at the same time, formation of the stable nucleus is prolonged. Sulphur admixtures do not change the contents of the small rings and of the hexagonal regions in vitreous selenium. They produce deffects in the chain structure, what retards the crystallization.     

Die Anwendung der Doppelmarkierungsmethode bei der Bestimmung der Verteilung von Silber und Selen auf die Produkte der elektrolytischen Kupferrafination

Zur Bestimmung der Verteilung der sich gegenseitig beeinflussenden Begleitelemente Silber und Selen auf die Produkte der elektrolytischen Kupferrafination ist eine Analysenmethode erfouderlich, die neben hoher Empfindlichkeit und vertretbarem Zeitaufwand deren getrennten Nachweis gestattet. Diese Forderung wird durch den Einsatz der radiaktiven Isotope ^110m Ag und ⁷⁵Se erfüllt, wobei der getrennte Nachweis durch Gammaspektroskopie erfolgt. Die dabei angewendeten unterschiedlichen Meβmethoden werden im Zusammenhang mit den aufgenommenen Energiespektern beschrieben und die daraus abgeleiteten Konzentrationsberechnungen dargelegt.