Synthesis of 2,2′-dithiobis- and 2,2′-trithiobis-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid derivatives as new potential radiosensitizers/radioprotectors

This paper reports the synthesis of dithio and trithio derivatives of 1,2-dihydro-2-thioxopyridine, starting with 1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridine carboxylic acid 1 . This compound reacted with thionyl chloride to give the respective dithiobis (acyl chloride) 2 , which hydrolyzed to the corresponding dithio acid 3 . On the other hand, 1 reacted with sulfur dichloride to give trithio acid 4 , which on treatment with thionyl chloride gave the trithiobis (acyl chloride) 5 . Treatment of 2 and 5 with ethanol/pyridine, gave 8 and 12 respectively. Compounds 2–5, 8 and 12 were unstable in alkaline medium and they were degraded to 1 . The bis(acyl chloride) 2 and 5 reacted with ammonia and primary and secondary amines to give the respective bis(amide) 9 and 13 . Most of these amides (R = H, alkyl, aryl, R' = H) were found to be unstable in the presence of bases such as triethylamines, pyridine or excess of the starting amine, which promotes disproportion to give (see Scheme 3) the respective N-substituted (R) 1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide 10 and the respective 2-substituted (R)-3-oxo-isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine 11 . On the other hand, compounds 11 were unstable to strong bases and they were transformed into the respective compounds 10 by an unknown mechanism. Boiling 11f with sodium hydroxide in ethanol gave 10f (50%). According to these last results, boiling 9h or 13d with sodium hydroxide in ethanol 10h (68%) and 10d (70%) were obtained.     

Exploring the 2,2′-Diamino-5,5′-bipyrimidine Hydrogen-Bonding Motif: A Modular Approach to Alkoxy-Functionalized Hydrogen-Bonded Networks

The programmed self-association of 2,2′-diamino-4,4′-dialkoxy-5,5′-bipyrimidines allows for the de novo construction of alkoxy-functionalized H-bonded ribbons and sheets as evidenced by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The data provide insight into the interplay of the different structural and interactional features of the molecular components to the generation of the supramolecular assembly. Hydrophobicity of the didodecyl side chains of 4c leads to the dominance of the H-bonding factor, resulting in the formation of a fully interconnected array. These results define the utility of the of 2,2′-diamino-4,4′-dialkoxy-5,5′-bipyrimidines as a potential scaffold for the attachment of electro- or photochemically active alkoxy residues for self-assembled functional supramolecular materials.     

Synthesis and NMR characterization of 3,4′-dibutoxy-2,2′-bithiophene

3,4′-Dibromo-2,2′-bithiophene was converted, in high yield, into the corresponding dibutoxy derivative. The ¹H ¹³C and nmr data are discussed in comparison with those of 3,3′- and 4,4′-dibutoxy-2,2′-bithiophene in relation to regiochemistry.     

Synthesis and characterization of new 1,1′-diester,diketone, and dinitrile derivatives of 2,2′-biimidazole

Substituted 1,1′-diester, diketone and dinitrile derivatives are prepared from 2,2′-biimidazole. The reactions involved include: Michael addition with halogenated olefins; nucleophilic substitution with ketones, nitriles, and esters; and condensation with amines.     

Diporphyrinyl derivatives of 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′-bipyridyl

The title derivatives were synthesized containing two meso-tri-p-tolylpheneleneporphyrin units attached via amide bridges to 4, 7- and 4,4′ positions of the respective heteroaromatic spacers.     

2,2′-Disubstituted 5,5′-bipyrimidines

Syntheses of 2,2′-bis(methylthio)-, 2,2′-diamino-, 2,2′-dihydroxy-, 2,2′ -dichloro-, and 2,2′ -diethoxy-5,5;′-bipyrimidines are described.     

Synthesis of C-5 benzoyl and azido functionalized 2,2′-dithiobis-and 2,2′-diselenobis(1H-indoles)

Novel methods for the synthesis of C-5 benzoyl and azido analogues of 2,2′-dithiobis(1H-indole), 1, and 2,2′-diselenobis(1H-indole), 2, are described to further explore the structure activity relationships in this region of the molecule. Analogues 3-i displayed inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 0.45-2.03 μ) toward the catalytic domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase that was equivalent to or better than that of unsubstituted compounds 1 and 2. The regiochemistry of Friedel-Crafts benzoylation onto 1 was determined by X-ray crystallography. To test the potential for compounds of this class to interact with the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase via a sulfhydryl exchange mechanism, reaction of a 2,2′-dithiobis(1H-indole) with glutathione was carried out and the product characterized.     

Chirale 2,2′-Polyoxaalkano-9,9′-spirobifluorene

Chiral 2,2′-polyoxaalkano-9,9′-spirobifluorenes From 2,2′-diacetyl-9,9′-spirobifluorene (2) , twelve chiral polyethers have been prepared as potential ion- and enantiomer-selective ionophores. The absolute configuration of the polyethers 15 – 17 , 19 – 22 , and 25 has been determined by chemical correlation with vespirenes [11] [29], by circular dichroism, and by X-ray analysis. The circular dichroism of 15 – 17 , 19 and 21 depends on the size of the macrocycle and indicates that the fluorene chromophores of 19 and 21 with 13- and 16-membered rings respectively deviate considerably from orthogonality.     

Synthesis and Properties of Sodium and Europium(III) Cryptates Incorporating the 2,2′-Bipyridine 1,1′-Dioxide and 3,3′-Biisoquinoline 2,2′-Dioxide Units

The sodium and europium cryptates of the new macrobicyclic ligands 2 and 3 incorporating the 2,2′-bipyri dine 1,1′-dioxide and 3,3′-biisoquinoline 2,2′-dioxide units, respectively, have been prepared. The Eu^III complexes present characteristic ¹H-NMR spectra, showing large shifts, and are strongly luminescent in aqueous solution. These markedly improved luminescent properties, compared to the europium cryptate of the parent macrobicyclic ligand 1 , may be ascribed at least in part to a better shielding of the bound cation by the N-oxide sites.     

Four (2,2′‐bipyridyl)(ferrocenyl)boronium derivatives

Crystal structures are reported for four (2,2′‐bipyridyl)(ferrocenyl)boronium derivatives, namely (2,2′‐bipyridyl)(ethenyl)(ferrocenyl)boronium hexafluoridophosphate, [Fe(C₅H₅)(C₁₇H₁₅BN₂)]PF₆, (Ib), (2,2′‐bipyridyl)(tert‐butylamino)(ferrocenyl)boronium bromide, [Fe(C₅H₅)(C₁₉H₂₂BN₃)]Br, (IIa), (2,2′‐bipyridyl)(ferrocenyl)(4‐methoxyphenylamino)boronium hexafluoridophosphate acetonitrile hemisolvate, [Fe(C₅H₅)(C₂₂H₂₀BN₃O)]PF₆·0.5CH₃CN, (IIIb), and 1,1′‐bis[(2,2′‐bipyridyl)(cyanomethyl)boronium]ferrocene bis(hexafluoridophosphate), [Fe(C₁₇H₁₄BN₃)₂](PF₆)₂, (IVb). The asymmetric unit of (IIIb) contains two independent cations with very similar conformations. The B atom has a distorted tetrahedral coordination in all four structures. The cyclopentadienyl rings of (Ib), (IIa) and (IIIb) are approximately eclipsed, while a bisecting conformation is found for (IVb). The N—H groups of (IIa) and (IIIb) are shielded by the ferrocenyl and tert‐butyl or phenyl groups and are therefore not involved in hydrogen bonding. The B—N(amine) bond lengths are shortened by delocalization of π‐electrons. In the cations with an amine substituent at boron, the B—N(bipyridyl) bonds are 0.035 (3) Å longer than in the cations with a methylene C atom bonded to boron. A similar lengthening of the B—N(bipyridyl) bonds is found in a survey of related cations with an oxy group attached to the B atom.     

Tautomerism in 2,2′-bipyridyl-3,3′-diol

Three stable tautomeric forms, dienol (DE), ketoenol (KE), and diketo (DK), of 2,2′-bipyridyl-3,3′-diol BP(OH)₂ were found in this study, using the semiempirical AM1 and MNDO-PM3 and ab initio (4-31G basis set) methods. All calculations were carried out without any symmetry restrictions. There is a good agreement between the ab initio calculated and experimentally obtained structural parameters for the DE tautomer. Transition structures, corresponding to the DK → KE and KE → DE processes have also been found. On the basis of the results from the present work, an asynchronous (two-step) DK → KE → DE mechanism of the IPT reaction in BP(OH)₂ is proposed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Diheterocyclic compounds from dithiocarbamates and derivatives thereof. II. 2,2′-Diamino-6,6′-bibenzoazoles

The readily available dithiocarbamates and dithiocarbonimidates 4, 8, 14 and 15 afford in one step the title compounds in medium to very good yields. In each case, the choice of reagent depends on the nature of the group to be introduced. Their usefulness as synthetic equivalents of weakly reactive or unavailable isothiocyanates is also discussed.