动态散斑与多普勒效应相互联系的分析

以散射、干涉及衍射为依据,对动态散斑及多普勒效应成因进行了分析,研究两种物理效应的理论基础及相互关系,用实验方法说明散射及动态散斑间的内在联系,进一步通过分析物体表面散射元数目对两种物理效应的约束能力来佐证两种物理效应的关联性。通过分析得出,在激光多普勒条件下,两种物理效应在本质上具有一致性,多谱勒效应能造成散射光强度振荡,这种强度振荡与动态散斑场的强度起伏密切相关。     

经成像系统二次调制的动态散斑的空时相关性质

高斯光束经位于成像系统共轭面的两个散射体(其中一个是恒速运动)后,在距像面为菲涅尔区的观测面上形成了串级动态散斑场.理论分析和实验测量结果均表明,这种动态散斑的空-时相关函数与一次散射形成的动态散斑相比,对散射体的运动十分敏感,但其时间相关长度与速度的倒数仍然保持线性关系.     

旋转双散射片散斑抑制方法

提出一种手动旋转双散射片的散斑噪声抑制方法,以一动一静的工作模式获得多幅独立的散斑场,通过多幅再现像叠加实现散斑的抑制。通过理论分析一动一静双散射片和单散射片的时间相关函数,证明一动一静双散射片的去相关速率明显高于单散射片,具有更好的散斑抑制效果。实验上分别进行了不同目数单散射片和双散射片、相同目数单散射片和双散射片之间的对比研究。从散斑对比度结果可以看出,散射片目数越多,再现像叠加数量越多,散斑抑制效果越好,并且双散射片的散斑抑制效果要优于单散射片。以相位光栅为样本,采用一动一静双散射片方式验证了所提方法的可行性,该方法获得了更好的成像效果。     

斜入射引入动态多重散射机制的激光散斑抑制

散斑抑制一直是激光显示技术的研究热点。对激光光束经SiO₂溶液所形成散斑的特性分析,建立了多重散射与散斑颗粒大小的联系。结合动态光散射理论,提出利用斜入射引入动态多重散射机制的激光散斑抑制方法,并构建由静态散射片和装有粒径为300 nm、摩尔浓度为3.0×10-4 μm-3的SiO₂悬浮液的光通管组成的散斑抑制装置,将其置入激光显示系统的光源部分。针对光束以不同入射角进入SiO₂悬浮液对散斑图像对比度影响进行了系统实验分析。结果表明,光束以约8°进入SiO₂悬浮液能将散斑图像的对比度从0.43降低至0.067。通过该方法实现了散斑颗粒的空间平均和散斑图像的时间平均,提高了散斑抑制的效果。散斑抑制单元无需振动装置且便于集成到激光投影系统中,不仅提高了系统的可靠性也减小了成本。     

旋转剪切散斑干涉法的研究

本文提出一种新的动态散斑照相法——旋转剪切散斑干涉法.文中给出了理论分析和初步的实验结果.该方法不仅能在一张剪切散斑图上记录物体动态变形的全过程,而且在全场滤波分析时能方便地给出任一瞬时物体的变形信息,得到清晰的、高衬比的干涉条纹图.该方法设备简单,用途广泛.     

一类弱散射界面背向散射超声散斑一阶统计特性

对超声入射至分布有细小凹坑的界平面，这一类弱散射界面背向散射所形成的超声散斑的一阶统计特性进行了研究.在假设条件下，理论分析的结果表明，空间超声散斑的振幅服从Rice分布，而它们的相位概率密度函数是一个包含Gauss分布函数和Gauss概率积分函数的复合函数.当细孔密度非常大时，超声散斑的振幅就趋于Rayleigh分布.应用作者建立的由计算机控制扫描的实验系统，对这一类弱散射界面反射超声散斑的振幅分布进行了测量.实验结果表明，理论分析的结果是正确的，由此，所作的假设条件也是成立的. 关键词： 弱散射 超声散斑 统计特性     

旋转粗糙目标微运动特征识别技术

基于动态散斑技术的微运动特性识别在目标探测领域具有重要的研究价值.以粗糙面散射理论为基础,研究了旋转粗糙凸体目标的动态散斑时间相关函数,给出了旋转圆锥体目标动态散斑时间相关函数.将数值结果与相同条件下实验结果进行比较,验证了圆锥体目标时间相关长度的有效性.利用粒子群算法,反演出旋转圆锥体的旋转角速度和视线角.结果表明,该方法可识别旋转圆锥体范围为20°—90°之间的视线角值和范围为0.5—6 r/min的角速度值,为微运动特征识别提供理论和实验依据.     

激光光斑形状和尺寸对扫描显示中散斑对比度的影响

计算了圆形、矩形激光光斑对于激光扫描显示系统中散斑对比度的影响.对于圆形光斑,当光斑尺寸大于散射表面相关长度时,得到的散斑对比度随着光斑尺寸变小而下降;当光斑尺寸接近表面相关长度大小时,由于光斑中包含的散射颗粒变少,得到的是非高斯散斑,散斑的对比度反而会变大;随着激光斑进一步变小,由于镜面反射效果散斑的对比度会很快下降.对圆形光斑部分结果给出了实验验证.为了保证光斑中有足够的散射颗粒,只在一个方向压窄光斑,分别计算了平行于扫描方向和垂直于扫描方向压窄光斑得到的散斑对比度.平行于扫描方向压窄光斑,散斑的时间相关性会下降,平均效果变明显,散斑的对比度变小;垂直于扫描方向压窄,散斑对比度变化不大.     

利用散斑空一时相关性测散射体的慢运动

本文研究了利用远场动态散斑的空-时相关性测量散射体运动速度矢量的理论和实验技术.作者在推导出远场动态散斑空-时相关函数的基础上,提出并建立了一种新的微机辅助检测系统.利用它从实验上证明了在单高斯光照明、散射体平动情况下运场动态散斑的空-时相关性,以及空-时相关的差分与运动速度之间的线性关系.通过测量动态散斑的空-时相关性获取散射体的运动速度矢量.实验结果与理论分析吻合.     

级联散射片引入多重散射机制的激光散斑抑制

散斑抑制是阻碍以激光为光源的显示技术发展的技术瓶颈。通过实验分析了散射片的发散角、级联散射片的数量和它们之间的间距对散射光束相关面积宽度的影响。在级联散射片和光通管构成的散射体的基础上,利用多重散射理论解释了级联散射片减弱激光相干性的现象。基于积分散斑的统计学理论,推导了CCD积分时间T内捕获的散斑图样的强度自协方差函数与散斑对比度之间的关系,并明确了级联散射片对运动散射片位移的影响,从而达到抑制散斑的目的。实验结果表明,将散射体与运动散射片相结合不仅提高了整体光能利用率,在检测器积分时间1/30s内还能将散斑对比度从0.753降低到0.069。     

基于激光多普勒技术扭振测量的研究

提出一种基于激光多普勒技术和光学外差原理对高速回转机械进行扭振测量的新方法,分析了工作原理,推导出光路部分的数学模型,并通过实验分别验证了测量方法的可行性和准确性。高相干激光投射到转轴同一个截面上2点,反射光的多普勒频移正比于转轴转速,通过光学配置,使前后两个时刻的多普勒频移光信号在光探测器上发生光学混频,光电流拍差正比于转轴在两个时刻的速度差,控制两个时刻时间差很小,直接得到角加速度。与其他激光多普勒扭振测量方法相比,该方法直接测量转动角加速度,在保证测量精度的前提下,提高了扭转振动测量的实时性,极大地扩展了扭振测量的动态范围,对大型回转机械运行状态监测和故障诊断具有重要意义。     

Sampled-speckle photography for measurement of deformation

Speckles usually are of two kinds: laser speckle and white-light speckle. An additional kind, termed a sampled speckle, is proposed. Whereas laser speckles arise from multiple interference of light scattered from an object illuminated by a coherent laser beam and white-light speckles are a physically generated speckle pattern on the surface of the object, sampled speckles are generated as a result of the sampling of a digital image. The generation of these speckles and their application to displacement measurement are demonstrated.     

Determination of solid material elastic modulus and surface energy based on JKR contact model

The JKR contact theory is employed to study the adhesion phenomena between two solid materials in intimate contact. The elastic contact modulus and the work of adhesion of solid materials are obtained during adhesion tests by utilizing a micro force-deflection measuring apparatus. Six of the plastic materials, including polyethylene polyoxymethlene (POM), polyamide (PA), terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are used to evaluate the adhesion effect implied by the JKR theory. Comparison is made between surface energy obtained from the adhesion tests with that by a dynamic contact angle analyser.Results show that the load/deflection data in the loading phase are in good agreement with the predictions of JKR equation, and the experimental data of unloading phase deviate significantly from the JKR theory. The phenomena of adhesion hysteresis in loading tests are responsible for these results due to the effects of molecular reconstruction on solid surfaces in contact. The work of adhesions, and hence surface energies of plastic materials, calculated by the best fitting of JKR equation with the experimental data in the loading phase, agree satisfactorily in a comparable manner with that obtained using the contact angle analyser.     

Mechanical properties of silicon nanobeams with an undercut evaluated by combining the dynamic resonance test and finite element analysis

Mechanical properties of silicon nanobeams are of prime importance in nanoelectromechanical system applications.A numerical experimental method of determining resonant frequencies and Young’s modulus of nanobeams by combining finite element analysis and frequency response tests based on an electrostatic excitation and visual detection by using a laser Doppler vibrometer is presented in this paper.Silicon nanobeam test structures are fabricated from silicon-oninsulator wafers by using a standard lithography and anisotropic wet etching release process,which inevitably generates the undercut of the nanobeam clamping.In conjunction with three-dimensional finite element numerical simulations incorporating the geometric undercut,dynamic resonance tests reveal that the undercut significantly reduces resonant frequencies of nanobeams due to the fact that it effectively increases the nanobeam length by a correct value △L,which is a key parameter that is correlated with deviations in the resonant frequencies predicted from the ideal Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and experimentally measured data.By using a least-square fit expression including △L,we finally extract Young’s modulus from the measured resonance frequency versus effective length dependency and find that Young’s modulus of a silicon nanobeam with 200-nm thickness is close to that of bulk silicon.This result supports that the finite size effect due to the surface effect does not play a role in the mechanical elastic behaviour of silicon nanobeams with thickness larger than 200 nm.     

Mechanical properties of silicon nanobeams with undercut evaluated by combining dynamic resonance test and finite element analysis

Mechanical properties of silicon nanobeams are of prime importance in nanoelectromechanical system applications. A numerical experimental method of determining resonant frequencies and Young's modulus of nanobeams by combining finite element analysis and frequency response tests based on an electrostatic excitation and visual detection by laser Doppler vibrometer is presented in this paper. Silicon nanobeams test structures are fabricated from silicon-on-insulator wafers by using a standard lithography and anisotropic wet etching release process, which inevitably generates the undercut of the nanobeam clamping. In conjunction with three-dimensional finite element numerical simulations incorporating the geometric undercut, dynamic resonance tests reveal that the undercut significantly reduces resonant frequencies of nanobeams due to the fact that it effectively increases the nanobeam length by a correct value Δ L, which is a key parameter that is correlated with deviations in the resonant frequencies predicted from the ideal Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and experimentally measured data. By using a least-square fit expression including Δ L, we finally extract Young's modulus from the measured resonance frequency versus effective length dependency and find that Young's modulus of silicon nanobeam with 200-nm thickness is close to that of bulk silicon. This result supports that the finite size effect due to surface effect does not play a role in mechanical elastic behaviour of silicon nanobeams with the thickness larger than 200 nm.     

The Phase Doppler Method: Analysis,performance evaluations,and applications

This review of the recent developments in the phase Doppler method provides information on the advances made to the method and delineates some potential error sources. Methods used to eliminate these potential error sources are also discussed. It is shown through comparison to the Lorenz-Mie theory and the GLMT that the geometrical optics theory offers a reliable and efficient computational tool for the analysis of the light scattering with the phase Doppler method. The geometrical optics theory was then used to optimize the measurement parameters in the system designs and a significant reduction in the measurement uncertainty was realized. Limitations on the particle concentrations in which the instrument will operate reliably are also addressed. A brief discussion of the instrumentation and, in particular, the signal processing is presented. The advantages in using the Fourier transform approach are discussed. As a demonstration of the capabilities of the instrument, several performance tests were reviewed and examples of the application to spray combustion and turbulent dispersion of particles are given.     

Precise determination of the Soret,thermodiffusion and isothermal diffusion coefficients of binary mixtures of dodecane,isobutylbenzene and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (contribution of the University of Mons to the benchmark test)

Within the framework of an international benchmark test, the Soret coefficient S T , the thermodiffusion coefficient D T , and the isothermal mass diffusion coefficient D of the three binary systems formed with dodecane, isobutylbenzene and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (with a mass fraction of 0.5 in each component at a temperature of 25C) have been measured. Convective coupling in thermogravitational columns has been used to determine D T based on the Furry-Jones-Onsager theory and the so-called open-ended capillary technique for D . The ratio of D T to D , obtained in these two independent experiments, provides the Soret coefficient. In one case, we were able to use laser Doppler velocimetry to measure the modifications of the velocity amplitude due to thermodiffusion, which is also a way to obtain the Soret coefficient. Our results for these three coefficients are in good agreement with those obtained by other benchmark tests.     

Some formulations of light scattering in laser flowmeters employing differential Doppler heterodyning

The theory for the Doppler shifted light is developed by diffraction theory combined with galilean transformation. The theory developed is applied to a differential Doppler heterodyning technique in which two beams are brought simultaneously, but at different angles, into the same area, and the cross region made by the two beams becomes a probing volume. When the concentration of scattering particles is so low that only one particle is found in the probing volume, the theory can be classified into two cases of a single particle and many particles depending on the analysing time for the Fourier transform, i.e. whether the time, during which one particle passes through the probing volume, is longer than the observing time or not. When the concentration of particles in the probing volume becomes dense, the light scattered by the different particles interferes and the theory shows great complexity. The cases of two particles and many particles showing a very high density are studied. Comparisons are made for the difference between differential Doppler heterodyning and normal heterodyning techniques.     

In-situ small-angle X-ray scattering study of dynamic precipitation in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

Dynamic precipitation during room-temperature deformation of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy in solid solution has been investigated using in-situ small-angle X-ray scattering measurements during tensile tests, performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Guinier-Preston (GP) zones are observed to form continuously during the deformation process, and the quantitative measurement of their size and volume fraction shows that their precipitation kinetics are much faster than those of static precipitation. A strong negative strain-rate sensitivity of dynamic precipitation has been observed. A model for the hardening effect of the GP zones is deduced from the evolution of yield stress during static ageing at room temperature. This model is applied to the dynamic precipitation kinetics in order to describe the anomalously high strain-hardening rate observed in these deformation conditions. The kinetics of dynamic precipitation are discussed in terms of semiphenomenological models based on the dynamic strain-ageing theory.