血清和血清外泌体的蛋白质组分析及其在肝内胆管癌中的应用

外泌体是由各种类型细胞在正常或非正常生理情况下分泌释放至细胞外且携带多种生物活性分子的细胞外囊泡,在细胞间通讯和免疫应答等生物过程中发挥着重要作用。肝内胆管癌是一种胆道上皮恶性肿瘤,早期无明显临床症状且生存率较低,目前常用的诊断手段包括依赖于影像设备的诊断方式和灵敏度及特异性较低的诊断标志物等,这些手段的不足对发展新的特异性标志物提出了需求。该文对血清中的外泌体进行了分离和表征,并采用液相色谱-质谱技术针对健康组与肝内胆管癌患者组的血清样本和血清外泌体样本进行了无标记定量蛋白质组学分析,分别从两种类型样本中鉴定并筛选到271和430种可信蛋白质。基于血清样本和血清外泌体样本的可信蛋白质定量表达值进行多维统计分析都能将健康组与肝内胆管癌患者组良好地区分开。对血清样本中鉴定到的蛋白质进行差异蛋白质筛选,肝内胆管癌患者组相对于健康组有15个上调和8个下调蛋白质;对血清外泌体样本中鉴定到的蛋白质进行差异蛋白质筛选,肝内胆管癌患者组相对于健康组有33个上调和18个下调蛋白质;基于两种样本筛选到的差异蛋白质中仅有4个是重复的,且基于血清外泌体样本的51个差异蛋白质中有35个蛋白质属于外泌体蛋白质数据库。针对差异蛋白质进行生物学信息分析,与差异蛋白质相关的分子功能、生物过程和信号通路主要涉及天然免疫反应、炎症反应和凝血等过程。该研究为发现肝内胆管癌的潜在生物标志物和探究肝内胆管癌的发生、发展和转移等过程提供了参考和借鉴价值。此外,通过比较研究发现血清外泌体样本能够获得较多的差异蛋白质和生物学信息,证明了外泌体作为组学分析样本的价值和应用潜力。     

外泌体生物分析及其临床应用研究进展

外泌体是具有各种关键生物活性分子(如脂质、 蛋白质和核酸)的细胞外囊泡. 它们可以由所有类型的细胞分泌, 并分布在所有生物流体中, 如血液、 唾液、 汗水和尿液等. 更重要的是, 外泌体可以参与多种生理活动, 包括细胞间通讯、 哺乳动物的繁殖和免疫反应, 并在新陈代谢以及心血管疾病、 神经变性和癌症等疾病的病理进展中起重要作用, 这使其成为备受关注的天然非侵入性生物标记物, 并且被认为是可用于临床诊断和治疗的潜在工具。本文综述了用于检测外泌体的生物传感器的最新发展, 包括荧光、 电化学、 电化学发光、 表面增强拉曼光谱、 比色法和微流控技术等分析方法; 总结了在临床诊断和疾病治疗中外泌体的临床应用; 还讨论了外泌体检测所面临的挑战以及外泌体在临床诊断和疾病治疗等方面的应用潜力.     

人尿液外泌体蛋白质组的糖基化修饰分析

人体尿液外泌体糖基化修饰可反映多种生物信息,发展规模化的鉴定方法对深入研究其功能至关重要。本研究针对尿液外泌体糖基化修饰提取富集的关键问题,发展了一种结合EVTRAP磁珠(Extracellular vesicles total recovery and purification)和点击麦芽糖材料两步提取富集的研究策略。基于外泌体的磷脂双分子层的特点,利用亲脂性EVTRAP磁珠从30 mL尿液中有效提取外泌体,经裂解和酶解后,再基于糖肽糖链部分的亲水性特点,结合同样具有亲水性的点击麦芽糖材料对蛋白酶解液中的糖肽进行有效富集,利用液相色谱-串联质谱联用(LC-MS-MS)技术对尿液外泌体全蛋白和糖基化修饰进行检测鉴定。最终鉴定到1925种非冗余尿液外泌体蛋白质和14233条肽段,实现了对尿液外泌体的有效提取;同时鉴定到来自88种糖蛋白的468条非冗余的糖肽,对应修饰于135个位点上的95种不同糖链组成,实现了对尿液外泌体糖基化蛋白质组的规模化鉴定,并从糖蛋白修饰异质性和糖基化类型的角度进行整理分析,为尿液外泌体糖基化修饰的研究提供了更有效的分析方法。     

外泌体分离及其蛋白质组学分析的研究进展

外泌体是一种由细胞分泌的膜性囊泡小体,直径通常为30~100 nm,密度为1.10~1.18 kg/L。外泌体广泛存在于各种体液中,可携带脂类、蛋白质、信使RNAs（mRNAs）、microRNAs（miRNAs）、非编码RNAs（ncRNAs）等多种重要的生物功能分子。许多证据表明,外泌体形成了一种特殊的细胞间信息传递系统,不仅影响细胞的生理状态,而且与多种疾病的发生与发展密切相关。该文简要综述了近年来在外泌体的分离和纯化方面取得的研究进展,并对蛋白质组学技术在外泌体分析中的应用进行了概述。此外,还对外泌体蛋白质组学研究的发展前景进行了展望。     

基于串联质量标记的帕金森病血浆及血浆外泌体定量蛋白质组学分析

外泌体是一类可由各种细胞在生理和病理条件下释放的细胞外囊泡,其携带了多种生物活性分子,是疾病标志物的良好载体。目前,帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease, PD)的诊断主要依靠临床表现,缺乏客观的疾病诊断标志物。因此,新型外周血特异性标志物的开发将有助于PD的早期筛查与诊疗。在本研究中,选取PD患者与正常对照人群的血浆及血浆外泌体作为研究对象,采用基于串联质量标记(tandem mass tag, TMT)的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术对其进行定量蛋白质组学分析,在血浆和血浆外泌体样品中分别定量到724和611个蛋白质。采用基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis, GSEA)对定量到的所有蛋白质进行生物学信息分析,以了解蛋白质的基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)、京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG)通路富集情况。根据细胞组分(cellular component, CC)分析,PD和正常对照组血浆样本中的差异表达蛋白质主要定位于细胞...     

外泌体递药系统及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用

癌症是世界上第二大死亡原因,其每年的发病率都很高。尽管现有的治疗方法在过去十年中取得了重大进展。但是由于现有多数抗肿瘤药物具有非特异性细胞毒性、生物相容性差和生物利用度低等缺点,导致化疗等方法的治疗效果较差。外泌体是由多种细胞分泌的囊泡,具有磷脂双层结构和纳米颗粒大小。它具有良好的生物相容性、高稳定性和良好的靶向性。在癌症治疗中,外泌体作为一种潜在有效的药物递送系统已经引起越来越多的关注。本文综述了外泌体作为靶向肿瘤药物载体的设计策略,并试图为基于外泌体的纳米载体在各种肿瘤治疗中的应用提供新的见解。     

外泌体分离技术及其临床应用研究进展

外泌体是细胞通过胞吐过程分泌的一类粒径为30~200 nm的囊泡，其组成包括脂质双分子层以及其内部包裹的细胞来源的蛋白质、核糖核苷酸（RNA）和脱氧核糖核苷酸（DNA）等生物分子。作为一种细胞间交流的重要方式，外泌体在一系列生理和病理过程中起着至关重要的作用。由于体液环境复杂，加之自身体积小、密度低，外泌体的富集与分离对于其后续分析和功能研究至关重要。该文介绍了外泌体的研究策略、表征手段及生物学功能和临床应用研究进展，特别对外泌体的提取方法进行了详细介绍，并加以系统评述。     

肿瘤外泌体的分析检测

肿瘤外泌体是由肿瘤细胞释放到细胞外环境的微小囊泡,其直径约为30~150 nm,主要存在于血液、尿液、唾液等多种体液中,是早期肿瘤诊断的标志物之一。肿瘤外泌体具有较好的稳定性且含量丰富,因此是液体活检标志物的研究热点。肿瘤外泌体携带母细胞相关的蛋白、脂质和核酸等生物活性物质,为生物检测提供了多种特征标志物。本文就肿瘤外泌体的生成、分离、表征及分析检测进行了论述,重点讨论了肿瘤外泌体检测的研究进展。     

外泌体在糖尿病治疗中的研究进展

糖尿病（DMs）是威胁人类健康的严重代谢性疾病,其发病机制尚未明确,致病原因颇多。现已有多种糖尿病治疗方案,如注射外源胰岛素、植物源性天然产物、干细胞疗法等,但均存在难以改善胰岛β细胞、生物利用度差、免疫排斥等问题,因此亟待开发更加安全有效的治疗方案。外泌体（Exosomes）作为一种细胞分泌的囊泡,含有细胞内所有重要物质,且参与细胞间信息与物质传递,随着间充质干细胞等糖尿病有效治疗方案的逐步问世,同时包含多类同类物质的外泌体在糖尿病治疗中的潜力也逐步凸显,其可以通过多种途径同时降糖的作用被报道。本文综述了近十几年外泌体在Ⅰ型糖尿病（T1DM）与Ⅱ型糖尿病（T2DM）中的治疗方案,并介绍了其分子机制与具体治疗作用,以便为促进外泌体治疗策略在临床中的落实和应用提供参考。     

外泌体分离与纯化技术研究进展

外泌体是所有真核细胞分泌到细胞外的直径介于30～150 nm的一种膜性纳米囊泡,参与细胞间生物信号的传递。大量实验证据表明,外泌体参与多种生物功能并发挥重要作用,包括蛋白质、RNA和脂质等生物分子的转移及多种疾病生理和病理过程的调节,被认为是疾病诊断、治疗和预后的重要的生物标志物和药物载体,因此发展简单、高效、经济的外泌体分离与纯化技术将有助于疾病的早期诊断和精准治疗。目前,利用外泌体的物理化学和生物化学特性已开发出多种分离外泌体的技术,但仍缺乏标准化和规模化临床级外泌体的分离方法,从而限制了其临床应用。另外,对分离出的外泌体的特征、纯度和数量的鉴定是判断外泌体分离纯化方法优劣的重要指标。本文综述了外泌体分离与纯化技术以及鉴定方法的研究进展,主要讨论分离技术的机制、性能、挑战和前景以及外泌体的鉴定方法,以期为外泌体的分离纯化提供新的思路和解决策略。     

TMT-based proteomics analysis to screen potential biomarkers of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix for osteoporosis in rats

This study aimed to explore the possible mechanism of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix for the treatment of osteoporosis using tandem mass tag-based proteomics technique combined with mass spectrometry. Proteomics techniques combined with bioinformatics were used to analyze the biological functions of differentially expressed proteins. In addition, western blotting was performed to verify the expression of related proteins. A total of 3,752 proteins were identifiable by proteomic analysis. Furthermore, 93 differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 61 were upregulated and 32 were downregulated. Differentially expressed proteins were primarily associated with oxidative phosphorylation (p = 4.8 × 10⁻⁴) pathways and involved in transmembrane transport (p = 3.5 × 10⁻³), exocytic process (p = 1.2 × 10⁻²), cellular developmental process (p = 1.3 × 10⁻²), adenosine triphosphate metabolic process (p = 1.0 × 10⁻²) and other biological processes. Western blotting analysis showed that MT-CYB and NDUFA9 were differentially expressed in the bone microenvironment of rats with osteoporosis. We speculated that they were potential biomarkers linked to osteoporosis. This study employed proteomics to explore the potential therapeutic targets of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix to treat osteoporosis. This revealed that mitochondria are a new target for the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.     

微流控技术在外泌体分离分析中的研究进展

外泌体是一类由细胞分泌的含有脂质、蛋白、核酸等多种物质的纳米级囊泡,主要参与细胞间的物质交换及信息传导,与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关。对外泌体进行深入研究,理解其生物学功能,对疾病诊断与治疗具有重要意义。由于外泌体尺寸较小且密度和体液接近,想要对复杂生物样本中的外泌体进行分离与分析十分困难。传统的外泌体分离方法如超速离心、超滤等大都需要借助大型仪器设备,且耗时长、操作复杂。因此迫切需要开发高效、便捷的外泌体分离检测手段。微流控技术因其微型化、高通量、可集成等特点,为外泌体的分离分析提供了一个新的平台。该文主要对近年来微流控技术在外泌体分离分析相关领域的研究进展进行了综述。重点从外泌体物理特性和生化特性两个角度出发,介绍了微流控芯片技术用于外泌体分离领域的主要原理、策略和方法。此外,还介绍了微流控技术与荧光、电化学传感、表面等离子体共振等多模态检测方法结合,实现外泌体一体化分析的新进展。最后,该文分析了目前微流控技术用于外泌体分离检测存在的挑战,并对其发展趋势和前景进行了展望。随着微流控外泌体分离分析装置的不断微型化、集成化、自动化,微流控芯片技术将在外泌体分离、生化检测、机制研究等方面将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

Applications of MALDI-MS/MS-Based Proteomics in Biomedical Research

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most widely used techniques in proteomics to achieve structural identification and characterization of proteins and peptides, including their variety of proteoforms due to post-translational modifications (PTMs) or protein–protein interactions (PPIs). MALDI-MS and MALDI tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) have been developed as analytical techniques to study small and large molecules, offering picomole to femtomole sensitivity and enabling the direct analysis of biological samples, such as biofluids, solid tissues, tissue/cell homogenates, and cell culture lysates, with a minimized procedure of sample preparation. In the last decades, structural identification of peptides and proteins achieved by MALDI-MS/MS helped researchers and clinicians to decipher molecular function, biological process, cellular component, and related pathways of the gene products as well as their involvement in pathogenesis of diseases. In this review, we highlight the applications of MALDI ionization source and tandem approaches for MS for analyzing biomedical relevant peptides and proteins. Furthermore, one of the most relevant applications of MALDI-MS/MS is to provide “molecular pictures”, which offer in situ information about molecular weight proteins without labeling of potential targets. Histology-directed MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) uses MALDI-ToF/ToF or other MALDI tandem mass spectrometers for accurate sequence analysis of peptide biomarkers and biological active compounds directly in tissues, to assure complementary and essential spatial data compared with those obtained by LC-ESI-MS/MS technique.     

化学生物学新前沿——化学蛋白质组学

随着包括人类在内的主要模式生物的基因组计划的完成,生命科学的研究重心转向蛋白质组的研究--在对应基因组的整体蛋白质水平上系统研究调控细胞生命活动的蛋白质.化学蛋白质组学是化学生物学在后基因组时代的最新发展:化学蛋白质组学利用化学小分子为工具和手段,以基于靶蛋白质功能的新战略探测体内蛋白质组,是新一代的功能蛋白质组学.本文综述了化学蛋白质组学的最新进展、有关技术及其在生物医学和药物研发等方面的应用,并对化学蛋白质组学的发展趋势和前景进行了讨论.     

Longitudinal Bottom-Up Proteomics of Serum,Serum Extracellular Vesicles,and Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Candidate Biomarkers for Early Detection of Glioblastoma in a Murine Model

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor with a poor prognosis and low survival rates. GBM is diagnosed at an advanced stage, so little information is available on the early stage of the disease and few improvements have been made for earlier diagnosis. Longitudinal murine models are a promising platform for biomarker discovery as they allow access to the early stages of the disease. Nevertheless, their use in proteomics has been limited owing to the low sample amount that can be collected at each longitudinal time point. Here we used optimized microproteomics workflows to investigate longitudinal changes in the protein profile of serum, serum small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a GBM murine model. Baseline, pre-symptomatic, and symptomatic tumor stages were determined using non-invasive motor tests. Forty-four proteins displayed significant differences in signal intensities during GBM progression. Dysregulated proteins are involved in cell motility, cell growth, and angiogenesis. Most of the dysregulated proteins already exhibited a difference from baseline at the pre-symptomatic stage of the disease, suggesting that early effects of GBM might be detectable before symptom onset.     

Proteomics analysis of human breast milk by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) coupled with mass spectrometry to assess breast cancer risk

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers and one of the most common causes for cancer-related mortality. Discovery of protein biomarkers associated with cancer is considered important for early diagnosis and prediction of the cancer risk. Protein biomarkers could be investigated by large-scale protein investigation or proteomics, using mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques. Our group applies MS-based proteomics to study the protein pattern in human breast milk from women with BC and controls and investigates the alterations and dysregulations of breast milk proteins in comparison pairs of BC versus control. These dysregulated proteins might be considered potential future biomarkers of BC. Identification of potential biomarkers in breast milk may benefit young women without BC, but who could collect the milk for future assessment of BC risk. Previously we identified several dysregulated proteins in different sets of human breast milk samples from BC patients and controls using gel-based protein separation coupled with MS. Here, we performed 2D-PAGE coupled with nano-liquid chromatography–tandem MS (nanoLC-MS/MS) in a small-scale study on a set of six human breast milk pairs (three BC samples vs. three controls) and we identified several dysregulated proteins that have potential roles in cancer progression and might be considered potential BC biomarkers in the future.     

Discovery of the serum biomarker proteins in severe preeclampsia by proteomic analysis

Preeclapsia (PE) is a severe disorder that occurs during pregnancy, leading to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. PE affects about 3-8% of all pregnancies. In this study, we conducted liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to analyze serum samples depleted of the six most abundant proteins from normal and PE-affected pregnancies to profile serum proteins. A total of 237 proteins were confidently identified with <1% false discovery rate from the two groups of duplicate analysis. The expression levels of those identified proteins were compared semiquantitatively by spectral counting. To further validate the candidate proteins with a quantitative mass spectrometric method, selective reaction monitoring (SRM) and enzyme linked immune assay (ELISA) of serum samples collected from pregnant women with severe PE (n = 8) or normal pregnant women (n = 5) was conducted. α2- HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and α-1-microglobulin/bikunin (AMBP) and Insulin like growth factor binding protein, acid labile subunit (IGFBP-ALS) were confirmed to be differentially expressed in PE using SRM (P<0.05). Among these proteins, AHSG was verified by ELISA and showed a statistically significant increase in PE samples when compared to controls.     

毛细管电泳-质谱联用技术及其在蛋白质组学中的应用

蛋白质组学研究在生物学、精准医学等方面发挥着重要的作用。然而研究面临的巨大挑战来自生物样品的复杂性,因此在质谱（MS）鉴定技术不断革新的同时,发展分离技术以降低样品复杂度尤为重要。毛细管电泳（CE）技术具有上样体积小、分离效率高、分离速度快等优势,其与质谱的联用在蛋白质组学研究中越来越受到关注。低流速鞘流液和无鞘流液接口的发展及商品化推动了CE-MS技术的发展。目前毛细管区带电泳（CZE）、毛细管等电聚焦（CIEF）、毛细管电色谱（CEC）等分离模式已与质谱联用,其中CZE-MS应用最广泛。目前被广泛采用的蛋白质组学研究策略主要是基于酶解肽段分离鉴定的"自下而上（bottom-up）"策略。首先,CE-MS技术对酶解肽段的检测灵敏度高达1 zmol,已成功应用于单细胞蛋白质组学;其次,毛细管电泳技术与反相液相色谱互补,为疏水性质相近的肽段（尤其是翻译后修饰肽段）的分离鉴定提供了新的途径。基于整体蛋白质分离鉴定的自上而下"top-down"策略可以直接获得更精准、更完整的蛋白质信息。CE技术在蛋白质大分子的分离方面具有分离效率高、回收率高的优势,其与质谱的联用提高了整体蛋白质的鉴定灵敏度和覆盖度。非变性质谱（native MS）是一种在近生理条件下从完整蛋白质复合物水平上进行分析的质谱技术。CE与非变性质谱联用已被尝试用于蛋白质复合体的分离鉴定。该文引用了与CE-MS和蛋白质组学应用相关的93篇文献,综述了以上介绍的CE-MS的研究进展以及在蛋白质组学分析中的应用优势,并总结和展望了其应用前景。