共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The understanding of the physics of flapping flight has long been limited due to the obvious experimental difficulties in studying the flow field around real insects. In this study the time-dependent three-dimensional velocity field around a flapping wing was measured quantitatively for the first time. This was done using a dynamically-scaled wing moving in mineral oil in a pattern based on the kinematics obtained from real insects. The periodic flow is very reproducible, due to the relatively low Reynolds number and precise control of the wing. This repeatability was used to reconstruct the full evolving flow field around the wing from separate stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements for a number of spanwise planes and time steps. Typical results for two cases (an impulsive start and a simplified flapping pattern) are reported. Visualizations of the obtained data confirm the general picture of the leading-edge vortex that has been reported in recent publications, but allow a refinement of the detailed structure: rather than a single strand of vorticity, we find a stable pair of counter-rotating structures. We show that the data can also be used for quantitative studies, such as lift and drag prediction. 相似文献
2.
Subsurface vortices are frequently created when a falling drop strikes a flat water surface. Prior work has demonstrated that the shape of the drop at the point of impact is critical in determining how deep or how fast the resulting vortex will penetrate into the water bulk. In the present study, the details of this phenomena are explored by using surfactants to vary surface tension. Specifically, Triton X-100 monolayers are created on the surface of the drop, and on the flat water surface. The results of these experiments suggest that there is no single optimal drop shape resulting in best vortex penetration. Rather, the data suggest that the optimal shape depends on the surface tension of the falling drop. An attempt is made to reconcile contradictory results in the literature using this result. 相似文献
3.
The present paper reports a thorough comparison of the turbulent flow characteristics exhibited by a cubic surface-mounted obstacle and a simple geometric variant (gable roof of 30° roof pitch). The measurements supporting this study were obtained by the use of a 2D-DPIV system. Significant differences in the large-scale vortical structures and turbulent kinetic energy fields implied drastic consequences with respect to the advective and turbulent dispersive characteristics of the flow at roof and ground levels. 相似文献
4.
We develop the axisymmetric Synthetic Schlieren technique to study the wake of a microscale sphere settling through a density
stratification. A video-microscope was used to magnify and image apparent displacements of a micron-sized random-dot pattern.
Due to the nature of the wake, density gradient perturbations in the horizontal greatly exceed those in the vertical, requiring
modification of previously developed axisymmetric techniques. We present results for 780 and 383 μm spheres, and describe
the limiting role of noise in the system for a 157 μm sphere. This technique can be instrumental in understanding a range
of ecological and environmental oceanic processes on the microscale.
相似文献
5.
Heat shielding has become an increasingly necessary means for protecting temperature-sensitive components from direct exposure to thermal radiation from high temperature sources. A simple but comprehensive distributed parameter integral model has been developed for predicting the temperature distribution of the shield and the protected component for a variety of heat shield systems. The integral model presented here is seen to be more accurate than lumped models, and can be computed with much greater speed than that required for numerical models. 相似文献
6.
An iterative procedure, based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), first proposed by Everson and Sirovich (J Opt
Soc Am A 12(8):1657–1664, 1995) is applied to marred particle image velocimetry (PIV) data of shallow rectangular cavity flow at Mach 0.19, 0.28, 0.38,
and 0.55. The procedure estimates the POD modes while simultaneously estimating the missing vectors in the PIV data. The results
demonstrate that the absolute difference between the repaired vectors and the original PIV data approaches the experimental
uncertainty as the number of included POD modes is increased. The estimation of the dominant POD modes is also shown to converge
by examining the subspace spanned by the POD eigenfunctions.
相似文献
7.
An extension to classical stochastic estimation techniques is presented, following the formulations of Ewing and Citriniti ( 1999), whereby spectral based estimation coefficients are derived from the cross spectral relationship between unconditional and conditional events. This is essential where accurate modeling using conditional estimation techniques are considered. The necessity for this approach stems from instances where the conditional estimates are generated from unconditional sources that do not share the same grid subset, or possess different spectral behaviors than the conditional events. In order to filter out incoherent noise from coherent sources, the coherence spectra is employed, and the spectral estimation coefficients are only determined when a threshold value is achieved. A demonstration of the technique is performed using surveys of the dynamic pressure field surrounding a Mach 0.30 and 0.60 axisymmetric jet as the unconditional events, to estimate a combination of turbulent velocity and turbulent pressure signatures as the conditional events. The estimation of the turbulent velocity shows the persistence of compact counter-rotating eddies that grow with quasi-periodic spacing as they convect downstream. These events eventually extend radially past the jet axis where the potential core is known to collapse. 相似文献
8.
Simultaneous multi-point hotwire measurements are used to investigate the three-dimensional wake topology of a square cylinder at high Reynolds numbers. Wavelet techniques are applied to detect the flow structures and to inquire on the validity or extension of previously proposed low Reynolds number topological models to turbulent wakes. Our results suggest that a flow topological model similar to the horizontal perturbation model proposed by Meiburg and Lasheras (J Fluid Mech 190:1–37, 1988) but with alternate rib cuts in the horizontal plane is plausible for the intermediate wake topology. 相似文献
9.
A known difficulty with using the Clauser chart method to determine the friction velocity in wall bounded flows is that it assumes, a priori, a logarithmic law for the mean velocity profile. Using both experimental and DNS data in the literature, this note explicitly shows how friction velocities obtained using the Clauser chart method can potentially mask subtle Reynolds-number-dependent behavior. 相似文献
10.
Abstract Image deformation methods in particle image velocimetry are becoming more and more accepted by the scientific community but some aspects have not been thoroughly investigated neither theoretically nor with the aid of simulations. A fundamental step in this type of algorithm is reconstruction of the deformed images that requires the use of an interpolation scheme. The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of this aspect on the accuracy of the PIV algorithm. The performance assessment has been conducted using synthetic images and the results show that both the systematic and total errors are strongly influenced by the interpolation scheme used in the reconstruction of the deformed images. Time performances and the influence of particle diameter are also analysed. 相似文献
11.
This paper reports laser-Doppler measurements of the mean flow and turbulence stresses in a swirling pipe flow. Experiments were carried out under well-controlled laboratory conditions in a refractive index-matched pipe flow facility. The results show pronounced asymmetry in mean and fluctuating quantities during the downstream decay of the swirl. Experimental data reveal that the swirl significantly modifies the anisotropy of turbulence and that it can induce explosive growth of the turbulent kinetic energy during its decay. Anisotropy invariant mapping of the turbulent stresses shows that the additional flow deformation imposed by initially strong swirling motion forces turbulence in the core region to tend towards the isotropic two-component state. When turbulence reaches this limiting state it induces rapid production of turbulent kinetic energy during the swirl decay. 相似文献
12.
An electrochemical technique is used to study local mass transfer coefficients on surfaces of inclined enclosures over the range 1.1×10 4 < RaH < 1.4×10 10 for a nominal Schmidt number of 2280. Scaling with gcos instead of g in the Rayleigh number correlates the data well at low angles of inclination; however, as either the aspect ratio or the angle of inclination increase, the longitudinal density stratification causes the data to deviate from a power law scaling. 相似文献
13.
The present paper analyzes the features of a low-Reynolds number free submerged jet with special regard to statistical quantities
on the jet centerline. Measurements in an environment with very low disturbances allowed to observe details of turbulence
and higher-order moments. Some peculiar features of the measured (natural) jet are shown to be in correspondence to observations
referring to forced higher-Reynolds number jets. In particular, it is shown that, at low Reynolds numbers, the initial region
of the jet is dominated by well-defined vortices in the shear layer. This result is substantiated by both the statistical
moments and the spectral analysis. The presence of two distinct regimes is evidenced and discussed from a physical standpoint,
also in relation to the mathematical analysis of the jet structure from the bibliography.
相似文献
14.
A novel compact low-frequency oscillating hot-wire (OHW) anemometer is calibrated in a custom-built wind tunnel. Laser Doppler anemometry is used for reference velocity measurements, phase-locked with the oscillating wire. Three probe designs are calibrated, examining the influence of prong shape on the wake contamination. Results for two oscillation amplitudes and several frequencies are discussed. Through non-dimensional analysis, the optimum probe design and operating parameters are extracted. The OHW features a maximum measurable negative velocity of −1.0 m/s which is comparable to existing oscillating and flying hot-wire anemometers. The compact OHW can be applied to reversing flow in confined geometries such as flow in exhaust systems. 相似文献
15.
The fluid dynamics of geometries for liquid state materials characterization in microfluidic devices are investigated. Numerical simulation together with flow classification criteria are used to explore combinations of geometry and boundary conditions for which the flow type can be adjusted between simple shear and extension, while providing adequate flow strength and a stable environment for material observation. Two classes of flow geometries are identified. Both make use of opposing, laterally offset fluid streams that produce a stagnation point in the center of the geometry. In the first class, the flow type is manipulated by changing parameters inherent to the base geometry. This first case serves as a basis for identifying a second class in which the flow type is manipulated by changing the pressure boundary conditions, while keeping the geometry constant.Electronic Supplementary Material is available for this article if you access the article at . 相似文献
16.
Two- and three-dimensional flows in nearly cuboidal cavities are investigated experimentally. A tight cavity is formed in
the gap between two long and parallel cylinders of large radii by adding rigid top, bottom, and end walls. The cross-section
perpendicular to the axes of the cylinders is nearly rectangular with aspect ratio Γ. The axial aspect ratio Λ > 10 is large
to suppress end-wall effects. The fluid motion is driven by independent and steady rotation of the cylinders about their axes
which defines two Reynolds numbers Re
1,2. Stability boundaries of the nearly two-dimensional steady flow have been determined as functions of Re
1,2 for Γ = 0.76 and Γ = 1. Up to six different three-dimensional supercritical modes have been identified. The critical thresholds
for the onset of most of the three-dimensional modes, three of which have been observed for the first time, agree well with
corresponding linear-stability calculations. Particular attention is paid to the flow for Γ = 1 under symmetric and parallel
wall motion. In that case the basic flow consists of two mirror symmetric counter-rotating parallel vortices. They become
modulated in span-wise direction as the driving increases. Detailed LDV measurements of the supercritical three-dimensional
velocity field and the bifurcation show an excellent agreement with numerical simulations.
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17.
We introduce a novel class of algorithms for evaluating PIV image pairs. The mathematical basis is a continuous variational formulation for globally estimating the optical flow vector fields over the whole image. This class of approaches has been known in the field of image processing and computer vision for more than two decades but apparently has not been applied to PIV image pairs so far. We pay particular attention to a multi-scale representation of the image data so as to cope with the quite specific signal structure of particle image pairs. The experimental evaluation shows that a prototypical variational approach competes in noisy real-world scenarios with three alternative approaches especially designed for PIV-sequence evaluation. We outline the potential of the variational method for further developments.The publications of the CVGPR Group are listed under . 相似文献
18.
Tensile stress and flow-induced birefringence have been measured during uniaxial elongation at a constant strain rate of two polystyrene melts with narrow molecular weight distribution. For both melts, the stress- optical rule (SOR) is found to be fulfilled upto a critical stress of 2.7 MPa, independent of strain rate and temperature. Estimation of the Rouse times of the melts, from both the zero-shear viscosity and the dynamic-shear moduli at high frequency, shows that the violation of the SOR occurs when the strain rate multiplied by the Rouse time of the melt exceeds by approximately 3. The presented results indicate that in contrast to current predictions of molecular theories, the regime of extensional thinning observed by Bach et al. (2003) extends well beyond the onset of failure of the SOR, and therefore the onset of chain stretch in the non-Gaussian regime. 相似文献
19.
We measure the flow above an array of randomly driven, upward-facing synthetic jets used to generate turbulence beneath a free surface. Compared to grid stirred tanks (GSTs), this system offers smaller mean flows at equivalent turbulent Reynolds numbers with fewer moving parts. 相似文献
20.
The molecular mass dependence of the zero shear-rate viscosity of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) melts is revisited for a series of LDPE samples of different molecular masses and densities. The long-chain branching structure and absolute weight average molecular masses are determined using a state-of-the-art size exclusion chromatography system coupled with multi-angle laser light-scattering. Creep experiments in a stress-controlled rotational rheometer are used to determine the zero shear-rate viscosity. The experimental results give evidence of an exponential molecular mass dependence of zero shear viscosity. It is demonstrated that these results can qualitatively be explained by comparison with recent theoretical predictions of the rheological properties of comb-branched model polymers. 相似文献
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