Cold hardiness and supercooling capacity in the pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis

Pupal SCP (supercooling point) of Liriomyza huidobrensis showed no variation with age, with an average of -20.9 degree C. Low temperature survival of different ages of pupae showed no correlation with their SCP. Nonlinear regression analysis found that the response of L. huidobrensis pupae to exposure time under different low temperature regimes above -5 degree C was best fitted by a logistic equation. Both low temperature and exposure time had significant effects on pupal mortality. Temperatures above 5 degree C do not prevent pupae from emergence. L. huidobrensis was shown to be a freeze susceptible, and at the same time, a chill tolerant insect. It can tolerate subzero temperatures by supercooling. Compared with L. sativae, another dominant leafminer in China, L. huidobrensis is more cold tolerant. Our results explain differences between the species in geographic distribution and phenology.     

Rapid cold hardening in young hoppers of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria L. (Orthoptera: Acridiidae)

This paper describes a rapid cold hardening process for first instar hoppers of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria L. First instar hoppers of this species are often subjected to subzero temperatures or frosts in early April or May after their emergence from the soil. The mean supercooling point of hoppers is -13.0 +/- 1.4 degrees C; the fact that none could survive this temperature suggests they are freezing intolerant. When young hoppers were transferred directly from 30 degrees C to -7 degrees C for 2 h, there was only 35.8% survival. However, exposure to 0 degrees C for 2 h prior to transfer to -7 degrees C increased the apparent survival to 75%. A similar rapid cold hardening response can also be induced by gradual cooling at rates of between 0.05 and 0.1 degreess C min(-1). Rapid cold hardening also elevates the Ltime50 of first instar hoppers at -7 degrees C by approximately 3 fold, and reduces the lethal temperature from -10 degrees C to -12 degrees C. However, the protection from cold shock gained through rapid cold hardening was transient and easily lost within 2 h of hoppers being returned to 30 degrees C. The rapid cold hardening response is possibly advantageous to first instar hoppers that are often exposed to large temperature fluctuations in spring or early summer.     

High intensity focused ultrasound-induced gene activation in sublethally injured tumor cells in vitro

Cultured human cervical cancer (HeLa) and rat mammary carcinoma (R3230Ac) cells were transfected with vectors encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of hsp70B promoter. Aliquots of 10-microl transfected cells (5 x 10(7) cells/ml) were placed in 0.2-ml thin-wall polymerase chain reaction tubes and exposed to 1.1-MHz high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) at a peak negative pressure P- = 2.68 MPa. By adjusting the duty cycle of the HIFU transducer, the cell suspensions were heated to a peak temperature from 50 to 70 degrees C in 1-10 s. Exposure dependent cell viability and gene activation were evaluated. For a 5-s HIFU exposure, cell viability dropped from 95% at 50 degrees C to 13% at 70 degrees C. Concomitantly, gene activation in sublethally injured tumor cells increased from 4% at 50 degrees C to 41% at 70 degrees C. A similar trend was observed at 60 degrees C peak temperature as the exposure time increased from 1 to 5 s. Further increase of exposure duration to 10 s led to significantly reduced cell viability and lower overall gene activation in exposed cells. Altogether, maximum HIFU-induced gene activation was achieved at 60 degrees C in 5 s. Under these experimental conditions, HIFU-induced gene activation was found to be produced primarily by thermal rather than mechanical stresses.     

Chill tolerance in the tropical beetle Stenotarsus rotundus

The tropical beetle Stenotarsus rotundus (Endomychidae) survived chilling at mildly low temperatures (above +5 degree C). With upper limit of cold injury zone (ULCIZ, the highest temperature that causes cold injury) well above freezing point, the supercooling ability (mean supercooling point - SCP; -11 degree C) has no cryoprotective importance. Mortality increases rapidly between -9 and +5 degree C, dependent on accumulated dose of chilling (sum of injurious temperatures - SIT; 2 degree-days below ULCIZ). The cold hardiness traits found in this species are by-products of deep diapause, and may serve as pre-adaptation for expansion into cooler regions.     

胶原蛋白温度效应的Raman光谱研究

在不同温度下对Ⅰ型胶原蛋白进行了拉曼光谱测定。结果表明：随温度的升高，多数谱线向低波数移动，但CH2的变形振动谱线1302cm^-1向高波数移动，苯丙氨酸的特征振动谱线1003cm^-1的波数基本保持不变。同时还给出了拉曼谱线强度随温度的变化关系，得到了0，40，68，90℃四个变性峰，其中40，68℃的峰与DSC(差示扫描量热法)和SHG(二次谐波法)的测量结果一致，0℃的峰为冰冻相变，90℃的变性峰为胶原的二级结构被破坏所致。当温度达到150℃时，谱线强度显著降低，大部分谱线消失，胶原的一级结构遭到破坏。实验还发现胶原纤维在低温区具有较好的复性特性。     

Rapid cold-hardening in Zaprionus vittiger (Coquillett) (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Low temperature injury can be significantly reduced by pre-treatment at sub-lethal low temperatures of only a few hours--a phenomenon termed 'rapid cold-hardening' (RCH). However, most studies to date have focused extensively on only a few key insect taxa, e.g. Drosophila melanogaster within the Drosophilidae family. Further studies on other closely-related species are required to better understand evolutionary and ecological variation in the magnitude of the RCH response in terrestrial arthropods. Here, we investigated RCH in a previously unstudied fruit fly, Zaprionus vittiger, following a range of high and low pretreatment temperatures. There was a significant improvement in Z. vittiger survival of lethal temperatures (2 h at -3 degrees C) following a 2 h pretreatment at 4, 7 and 10 degrees C as well as 30 degrees C for 2 h. Maximum survival (60-70%) during RCH was achieved following hardening at 7 degrees C and 10 degrees C but is lower than some Drosophila species under similar treatment conditions. Therefore, since RCH was detected in a confamilial species, we propose that RCH might be a widely conserved response to temperature variation in the family Drosophilidae, although some variation in the magnitude of the response can be detected.     

First order phase transition in the frustrated triangular antiferromagnet CsNiCl3

By means of high-resolution ultrasonic velocity measurements, as a function of temperature and magnetic field, the nature of the different low temperatures magnetic phase transitions observed for the quasi-one-dimensional compound CsNiCl3 is established. Special attention has been devoted to the field-induced 120 degrees phase transition above the multicritical point in the H-T phase diagram where the elastic constant C44 reveals a steplike variation and hysteresis effects. These results represent the first experimental evidence that the 120 degrees phase transition is weakly first order and contradict the popular notion of new universality classes for chiral systems.     

Picosecond snapshot of the speckles from ferroelectric BaTiO3 by means of x-ray lasers

A picosecond x-ray laser speckle has been conducted to study the dynamics of a disordered surface domain structure (BaTiO3 with 90 degrees c/a domains) as a function of temperature for the first time. The transient surface structures induced by ferroelectric domains decrease as temperature increases towards the Curie temperature T(c) and completely disappear above T(c). The dramatic change of the spatial configuration of the c/a domains was observed to occur from a temperature 2 degrees C below T(c), near which the average correlated domain size at equilibrium decreases as (T(c)-T)(0.37+/-0.02).     

LEED and ELS study of the initial oxidation of Pd(100)

Oxygen-Pd(100) interactions were studied by means of LEED, AES and ELS to characterize the initial oxidation and elucidate the relationship between surface-oxide reconstructions and bulk oxidation. Five oxygen-related LEED patterns were identified and classified into three types. First, the chemisorption structures included the usual p(2 × 2) which was replaced by a c(2 × 2) upon increased exposure to oxygen at room temperature. Second, surface-oxide reconstructions included a p(5 × 5) which formed above 200°C and which was replaced by a (√5 × √5) R27° above 300°. These two structures are attributed to PdO(110) and PdO(001) coincidence lattices, respectively. Above approximately 500°C the oxygen was removed due to thermal desorption and possibly absorption, but a multilayer oxide, distinct from PdO, could form upon oxygen exposure above 800°C. The ELS study indicated that this last species had significantly different electronic properties than that of the other structures. It is quite plausibly a Si-stabilized oxide as has been suggested recently by Niehus and Comsa for the Pt-oxygen system.     

Thermally stimulated electron emission in the paraelectric phase of triglycine sulfate crystals heated at a high rate

Thermally stimulated electron emission is experimentally observed in ferroelectric triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystals in a temperature range whose upper limit is 10–15 K above the Curie point. Samples of a nominally pure and a chromium-doped TGS crystal, heated at different constant rates q=dT/dt, are investigated. It is shown that an increase in the heating rate results in increased emission current density over the entire temperature range investigated. The temperature at which emission arises depends only slightly on the rate q. At the same time, the temperature at which emission ceases increases monotonically with increasing q; if q is less than 1 K/min, this temperature is below the Curie point, while at q=4–5 K/min, this temperature becomes as large as 60–65°C, which is more than 15°C above the Curie point. In chromium-doped TGS crystal, the electron emission onset temperature is close to that of pure TGS, but the width of the temperature range over which emission is observed in the paraelectric phase is approximately two times less than in the case of pure TGS heated at the same rate. The emission disappearance below the Curie point (in the ferroelectric phase) at low q is explained as a result of full emptying of the electron traps under slow heating. The reason for the occurrence of emission above the Curie point is related to the charges that shield the spontaneous polarization and, because of their slow relaxation, persists in the paraelectric phase.     

温度对叶片近红外光谱的影响

近红外光谱分析技术是发展最快的定性和定量分析技术之一,在各个领域得到了广泛应用。但近红外谱区自身信息的特点决定了其吸收强度弱、信噪比低、谱峰严重重叠等缺点,这使得近红外光谱易受样品来源、样品种类、样品状态、装样条件和样品温度等的影响,造成光谱的不确定性。文章以温度对叶片近红外光谱的影响为研究内容,详细考察了不同温度下样品的叶绿素的校正和预测模型。结果发现温度对模型精度有一定的影响,样品的温度在10和20℃下模型的精度较高,10℃下模型精度效果最好,但是所用的主成分也较多。当实验温度达到25℃时,模型的校正和预测精度都相对较差。利用判别分析对各个温度下的光谱进行分类。发现20℃下采集的光谱没有分到其他温度区外,其他的都有不同程度的跨区,这说明除20℃外,其他温度下测得的光谱差异不明显。试验对叶片近红外检测的条件和应用做了初步的探索性工作,为今后提出温度修正模型提供理论基础。     

Thermal analysis of the plant encapsulation-dehydration cryopreservation protocol using silica gel as the desiccant

The encapsulation-dehydration cryopreservation protocol is critically dependent upon the evaporative desiccation step, which must optimise survival with the retention of glass stability on sample cooling and rewarming. Desiccation is usually achieved evaporatively by drying in a sterile airflow. However, chemical desiccation using silica gel has advantages for laboratories that do not have environmental control and/or which are exposed to high relative humidities and risks of microbial contamination. This study characterised thermal profiles of silica gel-desiccated encapsulated shoot-tips of two Ribes species using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. For both species silica gel-desiccation at 16 degrees C for 5 h decreased bead water content from ca. 75 to 28% fresh weight (3.8 to 0.4 g x g(-1) dry weight); further desiccation (for 6 and 7 h) reduced the bead water content to 21% (0.3 g x g(-1) dry weight). These changes in water status altered the thermal properties of beads for both species. After 7 h desiccation over silica gel stable glass transitions were observed on both cooling and rewarming of beads containing meristems. Tg mid-point temperatures ranged from -78 to -51 degrees C (cooling) and from -88 to -54 degrees C (warming) [at cooling and warming rates of 10 and 5 degrees C min(-1), respectively] after 5 to 7 h silica gel-desiccation. Post-cryopreservation viability of both species was ca. 63%. Thermal analysis studies revealed that an encapsulation/dehydration protocol using silica gel as a desiccant should comprise a minimum 5 h drying (at 16 degrees C). This reduces bead moisture content to a critical point (ca. 0.4 g x g(-1) dry weight) at which stable glasses are formed on cooling and rewarming. It is concluded that silica gel has advantages for use as a desiccant for alginate-encapsulated plant meristems by promoting stable vitrification and is useful in laboratories and/or geographical locations where environmental conditions are not under stringent control.     

吉林长白山硅藻土的红外光谱研究

对长白山硅藻土在 10 0～ 1330℃温度范围进行热处理并开展红外光谱研究 ,结果表明经 5 0 0℃热处理样品开始出现 374 5cm- 1 峰 ,在 90 0℃达到最大 ,12 0 0℃消失 ,此时硅藻土转变成方石英。对 374 5cm- 1 峰所反映的以孤立Si—OH形式存在的水的含量进行了半定量计算 ,表明这种OH除存在于样品表面外 ,还存在于内部的结构缺陷处 ,并推测硅藻土转变成方石英与这种孤立Si—OH的消失有关     

Hyperthermia induces T1 relaxation and blood flow changes in tumors. A MRI thermometry study in vivo

Regional hyperthermia in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy has proven to be an effective treatment concept for locally advanced deep-seated tumors. Simultaneous MR-imaging could be a promising approach for therapy optimization. Purpose of this study was the in vivo investigation of temperature induced longitudinal relaxation time (T(1)) and blood flow changes in a tumor model. Using a 1.5 Tesla MR system, the T(1) sensitivity on temperature and the onset of tissue changes at temperatures >44 degrees C were investigated in muscle samples. Also, fourteen Syrian Golden Hamsters with amelanotic melanoma A-MEL-3 were examined during heating of the tumors. Temperature induced blood flow and T(1) changes were determined continuously during hyperthermia. Changes of T(1) correlated linearly with temperature over a wide range (27-44 degrees C) in the tissue sample. Tissue changes became notable above 44 degrees C. In the tumor model, relative changes of T(1) (unlike blood flow) showed linear correlation with temperature over the entire range of hyperthermia relevant temperatures (32-44 degrees C). For a low thermal dose, T(1) allows the assessment of temperature changes in tumors in vivo. At higher thermal doses, in addition to temperature changes, T(1) also shows tissue changes. Both temperature and tissue changes supply important information for hyperthermia.     

Loss of moisture from harvested rice seeds on MRI

The drying of rough rice seeds was visualized with the single point mapping imaging (SPI) technique by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at various temperatures, and the results were compared with those of the oven-drying method. Most of the water was present in the embryo and endosperm. The water reduction rate was larger on the outside than in the central position of the rice seeds at 50 degrees C, although this discrepancy was not obvious at 40 degrees C. Water reduction was brought about with time according to the kinetics of the multiple components, for both MR imaging and the ventilated-oven method. Images were continuously measured (10 min per image for 100 min). The reduction rate of water from rice kernels increased rapidly with temperature (up) to near 60 degrees C then rose slowly above 60 degrees C. Latent heat was calculated as 15 kcal/mol. deg from the changes of drying rate at temperatures below 60 degrees C.     

Picosecond view of microscopic-scale polarization clusters in paraelectric BaTiO3

The polarization clusters existing in both the ferroelectric and the paraelectric phase of BaTiO3 are directly observed and characterized for the first time by a picosecond soft x-ray laser speckle technique. These dynamic clusters appear continuously across the Curie temperature T(c). The clusters' distance increases approximately linearly with temperature, while their mean size does not change significantly. The polarization exhibits a maximum at a temperature about 5 degrees C above T(c). The clusters' short-range correlation strength diverges as (T-T(c))(-0.41+/-0.02) as temperature decreases toward T(c).     

Resonance-temperature-insensitive phase-shifted long-period fiber gratings induced by surface deformation with anomalous strain characteristics

Received February 18, 2005 We report the fabrication of phase-shifted long-period fiber gratings by use of a CO2 laser with a surface deformation technique and a point-by-point method. Due to periodicities that are structurally induced by a heat source and refractive-index modulation caused by a perturbational photoelastic effect, the results of thermal testing show a grating temperature coefficient of 28 pm/ degrees C at a range from 22 to 180 degrees C, indicating that the band rejections of the grating that is formed remain unchanged in their resonant strengths even at temperatures up to the fictive point of fiberglass. It is found for what is believed to be the first time that such a grating possesses an anomalous strain behavior of resonance with -1.52 x 10(-4) dB/muepsilon for the right notch and 7.05 x 10(-5) dB/muepsilon for the left notch.     

DNA温度效应的Raman光谱研究

测定了不同温度下DNA纤维和溶液的拉曼光谱。结果表明: 当温度变化时, 碱基、磷酸根等特征振动都不同程度的受到影响, 谱线强度、频率随温度呈非线性变化。在所有的振动模式中, 腺嘌呤A的特征振动受到温度的影响最大。除了磷酸根的谱线1 101 cm-1以外, 其余谱线的波数变化均随温度的升高向低波数移动, 而且波数的移动主要集中在变性峰的起始点70 ℃左右。另外还讨论了拉曼谱线强度随温度的变化关系, 得到了38,82 ℃(纤维为85 ℃)2个峰, 其中38 ℃与DNA的功能活跃区有关, 82 ℃(和85 ℃)为DNA的变性点, 与DSC(差示扫描量热法)的测量结果一致。     

原位漫反射红外光谱研究升温速率对HMX炸药热分解过程的影响

原位红外光谱法是一种新兴的动态研究方法。该方法具有原位实时监控和红外光谱精确分析物质化学结构的优点,能够实时跟踪材料在不同温度下的化学变化,测定材料的微观结构与温度的关系。采用原位漫反射红外光谱研究了炸药1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷(HMX)分别在每min 5, 10, 20和40 ℃四种不同升温速率下的热分解行为。研究结果表明：在5 ℃·min-1升温速率下,断裂的HMX环发生分子内结合,在10, 20和40 ℃·min-1升温速率下,断裂的HMX发生分子间成环,形成稳定的八元环结构。随着温度的升高,C—N键的断裂数率远高于N—N键的断裂速率。随着升温速率的增加,C—N键的起始分解温度增加,表明增加升温速率会引起HMX分解的滞后。检测到HMX的分解所释放出CO₂, N₂O, CO, NO, HCHO, HONO, NO₂和HCN共八种气体,升温速率的变化未改变HMX的分解机理。     

温度对氨基苯甲酸在粗糙银表面上行为的影响

本文同时测定了当温度从－１９０℃上升到３０℃和从３０℃下降到－１９０℃对氨基苯甲酸（ｐ－Ａｍｉｎｏｂｅｎｚｏｉｃ Ａｃｉｄ，ＰＡＢＡ）和邻氨基苯甲酸（ｏ－Ａｍｉｎｄｂｅｎｚｏｉｎ Ａｃｉｄ，ＯＡＢＡ）在粗糙的银表面上的表面增强拉曼光谱的变化。结果表明，若吸附质表面拉曼光谱的增强主要表现为化学机理，且整个分子平躺在表面，则分子在表面上的取向不会随温度的变化而改变。而温度的变化会引起基于电磁场增强机理