变温热源布雷顿循环的功率密度优化

计入工质与高、低温侧换热器的热阻损失及压气机和涡轮机中的不可逆压缩和膨胀损失,用有限时间热力学方法,导出了恒温热源条件下不可逆布雷顿循环功率密度与压比间的解析式,借助于数值计算,研究了高、低温侧换热器的热导率分配和工质与热源间的热容率匹配对最大功率密度的影响。     

混合工质有机闪蒸循环热力学分析

有机朗肯循环(ORC)是将中低品位能源转化为有用功的有效途径。传热过程不可逆损失大是导致ORC系统效率低的重要原因,基于混合工质的有机闪蒸循环(OFC)可以同时优化蒸发器和冷凝器换热过程的温度匹配,有望进一步提升ORC系统效率。本文选取R245ca/cyclopentane、pentane/isohexane等4种混合工质,通过热力学分析对比了200℃的饱和水为热源驱动下的混合工质ORC和OFC性能,获得了混合工质质量分数和热源出口温度对系统效率的影响。发现降低热源温度能显著提高OFC系统效率,而ORC系统存在最优热源出口温度。优化热源出口温度后,混合工质OFC系统效率能与ORC系统相当甚至在一定质量分数范围内超越ORC系统,其中,混合工质neopentane/cyclopentane质量分数为0.6时,OFC最高效率达到46.87%。     

热漏、内不可逆性和传热规律对卡诺热泵最优性能的影响

1引言有限时间热力学研究的基本模型为内可逆模型，而实际装置往往存在热漏、摩擦、涡流等不可逆损失。本文基于一种普遍传热规律qOC凸（T）n，建立了包括上述不可逆因素的不可逆模型，导出热泵供热率与供热系数的最佳特性关系。该关系包括不同传热规律和不同损失项的模型下的多种结果。2不可逆热泵模型考虑工作于两恒温热源问的定常态流热泵，其循环满足如下条件：（1）该循环由两个等温过程和两个绝热过程组成，这四个过程一般为不可逆。（2）传热是在有限温差下进行。设高、低温侧热源和工质工作温度分别为：TH、TL、THC、TLC，这…     

工质变比热条件下内燃机循环普适特性

用有限时间热力学的方法分析空气标准不可逆内燃机循环,导出了考虑工质变比热情况下,存在摩擦及传热损失时,由两个加热过程、两个放热过程和两个绝热过程组成的普适的空气标准不可逆内燃机循环的功率与压缩比、效率与压缩比以及功率和效率的最佳特性关系,同时由数值计算分析了工质变比热和循环过程对循环性能的影响特点,比较了工质恒、变比热时循环性能差异。所得结果包含了不可逆往复式Diesel、Otto、Brayton、Atkinson、Dual和Miller 循环的性能特性。     

基于最小传热熵增的混合工质最佳组成

本根据在给定工质相变温度与热源温度最小温差点（献称Ｐｉｎｃｈ－ｐｏｉｎｔ）温差数值的前提下，通过选择工质组成，使单位传热量所引起的不可逆熵增最小，提出了一个基于最小传热熵增为目标的混合工质最佳组成的确定方法，并分析计算比较了二元混合工质和多元混合工质在减少传热熵增的不同效果，结果表明，多元混合工质比二元混合工质在减少不可逆熵增方面具有更大的优越性。     

不可逆量子自旋布雷顿制冷机最优性能

本文建立了以无相互作用1/2自旋系统为工质的不可逆量子布雷顿制冷循环模型,循环由两个等磁场过程和两个不可逆绝热过程组成。模型考虑了热阻、内摩擦、旁通热漏三种不可逆损失。应用有限时间热力学理论、量子主方程和量子半群方法,本文导出了该制冷机的循环周期、制冷率和制冷系数。应用数值计算和图例,给出了量子布雷顿制冷机的制冷率和制冷系数最优性能,并分析了量子摩擦和旁通热漏对其最优性能的影响。     

广义不可逆卡诺制冷机的生态学最优性能

以反映制冷机火用输出与熵产率之间最佳折衷的“生态学”准则为目标 ,综合考虑热阻、热漏及工质内不可逆性 ,导出了牛顿传热定律系统广义不可逆制冷机的生态学最优性能 ,由数值算例对不同损失情况下制冷机的性能变化规律进行了比较。文中结果对实际制冷机的设计工作具有一定的理论指导意义     

驻波型热声制冷机熵产分析

声制冷机是一种新型制冷机,具有无机械运动部件,可靠性高寿命长,采用惰性气体为工质无污染等优点．驻波型热声制冷机的声功泵热效应是不可逆过程,内部不可逆损失导致热声制冷机效率偏低,制约了热声制冷机的发展和应用．本文研究了线性范围内驻波型制冷机换热器和回热器内的可压缩振荡流动与传热过程的熵产,分析了板间距,振荡频率和温度梯度对熵产的影响。     

热源间定常态能量转换热机的面积特性

一、前言 自从CA效率导出以来,许多有限时间热力学结论是由活塞式热机模型得出的。这些结论,不能象经典热力学结论那样都适用于工质以定常态连续流方式工作的热机。活塞式热机模型的工质被活塞封闭于气缸中完成循环,工质吸,放热通过同一面积,诸过程完成于不同时间。而后者,构成循环的工质各过程是于不同的装置中同时完成的,当分析工质同热源间的传热不可逆性对热机循环的影响时,讨论工质吸、放热的不同传热面积很重要。本文在作者原来工作的基础上,定义了特征参数φ,ε,ι,用φ=φ(t,ε)讨论了定常态能量转换热机仅有工质与热源间传热不可逆性时,各种工况下的功率、效率、面积之间的关系,为实际热机的面积选择提供理论依据。     

有限大低温热源混合工质节流制冷循环特性分析

通过深入分析和比较各种单级压缩混合工质节流制冷循环在低温热源为有限大热源时的热力学性能,揭示了不同循环型式之间的内在热力学关系,阐明了该类节流制冷机能够实现深度制冷的内在原因是利用了制冷机的内部热交换来减少节流制冷机所固有的节流过程的不可逆损失,并用实验进行了验证。     

On the relationship between fluctuating irreversible thermodynamics and “extended” irreversible thermodynamics

The relationship between fluctuating irreversible thermodynamics and theories of irreversible processes which include the thermodynamic fluxes as independent variables is explored. It is shown that the usual fluctuating linear theory of irreversible thermodynamics is a contraction of the extended theory. This contraction contains non-Markovian effects dependent upon the relaxation times associated with the thermodynamic fluxes. In the limit that these relaxation times are small, the extended theory is shown to be equivalent to the usual fluctuating thermodynamic theory. A critique of the extended theories is given from the point of view of the mechanistic statistical theory of irreversible processes.     

A time dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation and its application to the problem of resistivity in the mixed state

A time dependent modification of the Ginzburg-Landau equation is given which is based on the assumption that the functional derivative of the Ginzburg-Landau free energy expression with respect to the wave function is a generalized force in the sense of irreversible thermodynamics acting on the wave function. This equation implies an energy theorem, according to which the energy can be dissipated by i) production of Joule heat; ii) irreversible variation of the wave function. The theory is a limiting case of the BCS theory, and hence, it contains no adjustable parameters. The application of the modified equation to the problem of resistivity in the mixed state reveals satisfactory agreement between experiment and theory for reduced temperatures higher than 0.6.     

Causal Heat Transport in Inhomogeneous Cosmologies

We investigate the effect of heat dissipation in inhomogeneous cosmologies by invoking the full causal theory of heat transport within the framework of extended irreversible thermodynamics. This work extends earlier results which were obtained using the truncated causal heat transport equation. In particular, we show that the truncation of the heat transport equation implicitly defines a temperature law which leads to pathological behaviour in the temperature of the evolving cosmic fluid.     

Thermodynamik der Vorgänge in einfachen fluiden Medien und die Charakterisierung der Thermodynamik irreversibler Prozesse

Thermodynamics of processes in continuous matter has found several treatments: (1) classical thermodynamics of irreversible processes, (2) the nonlinear field theory of mechanics with the incorporation of thermodynamic aspects, (3) the new entropyfree thermodynamics of processes. An important feature of the last theory is the fundamental inequality. It provides a basis for the formulation of constitutive equations, which are discussed for simple thermodynamic fluid materials. Classical thermodynamics of irreversible processes results as a well defined special case with a modification that has been overlooked previously. It is shown by an example that this modification which differentiates between a dynamic and a thermostatic temperature is necessary in order to make classical thermodynamics of irreversible processes consistent.     

Generalized thermodynamic stability of systems under shear

Starting from the extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT) theory, some corrections to the specific heat and to the thermal compressibility of a nonequilibrium system are obtained. We study the subsequent modifications of the static stability conditions of a system under shear. In some situations, a shear-induced melting transition can be present.     

The Law of Entropy Increase and the Meissner Effect

The law of entropy increase postulates the existence of irreversible processes in physics: the total entropy of an isolated system can increase, but cannot decrease. The annihilation of an electric current in normal metal with the generation of Joule heat because of a non-zero resistance is a well-known example of an irreversible process. The persistent current, an undamped electric current observed in a superconductor, annihilates after the transition into the normal state. Therefore, this transition was considered as an irreversible thermodynamic process before 1933. However, if this transition is irreversible, then the Meissner effect discovered in 1933 is experimental evidence of a process reverse to the irreversible process. Belief in the law of entropy increase forced physicists to change their understanding of the superconducting transition, which is considered a phase transition after 1933. This change has resulted to the internal inconsistency of the conventional theory of superconductivity, which is created within the framework of reversible thermodynamics, but predicts Joule heating. The persistent current annihilates after the transition into the normal state with the generation of Joule heat and reappears during the return to the superconducting state according to this theory and contrary to the law of entropy increase. The success of the conventional theory of superconductivity forces us to consider the validity of belief in the law of entropy increase.     

非平衡热力学中传热过程熵产表达式的修正

熵产是非平衡热力学中的核心物理量,传统上表示为广义力(驱动力)与广义流的乘积.这种表达存在两方面缺陷:一是广义力与广义流的拆分具有任意性;更重要的是,以其计算热波传递时熵产可以为负值,从而违反热力学第二定律.本文基于热质理论分析表明,传热过程的熵产实质上是由热质流体的热质能耗散引起的,所以熵产中的力不是驱动力而是阻力,并且具有力的量纲.由此提出的熵产修正表达式,不仅在计算热波传递过程中熵产恒为正值,与扩展不可逆热力学中的熵产表达式一致,而且不存在力和流拆分的任意性.