Photoelectron extraction efficiency from cesium iodide photocathodes in a pressurized atmosphere of argon and xenon up to 10 bar

Photoelectron extraction efficiency is a key parameter in gaseous detectors design requiring CsI photocathodes, particularly in pressurized applications for rare event experiments. Within this work we report on our measurements of the photoelectron extraction efficiency from a CsI photocathode into argon and xenon up to 10 atm. It is demonstrated that the photoelectron extraction efficiency is independent from pressure when scaling the electric field accordingly. This measurement provides experimental validation to the Monte Carlo predictions.     

用于高速摄影变象管的软X射线光电阴极

光阴极由衬底(包括介质阴极的导电基底)和光电发射膜构成。采用了聚丙烯、Formvar和Paylene三种有机薄膜作阴极衬底。建立了这些薄膜的制备技术。用一台自制的软X射线单色仪在277—7469ev光子能量范围内测量了这些薄膜的透过率。 研究了CsI、CsBr、Au和MgF₂四种光电阴极的光电发射特性和光电发射与阴极厚度的关系,找出了最佳阴极厚度。用软X射线单色仪在277—7469ev光子能量范围内测量了最佳厚度阴极的绝对量子效率,四种阴极最大值分别为4.50、2.90、0.25和0.12。我们还在同一阴极衬底上分区制备了四种阴极,在变象管荧光屏上比较其亮度,结果和测量的一致。 用LAB5型表面分析仪对CsI和Au阴极的光电子初能量分布作了测量,CsI阴极光电子初能量分布半高宽远小于Au。因此CsI是适用于高速摄影变象管比较理想的软X射线光电阴极。     

软X射线条纹相机光阴极能谱响应灵敏度

通过对条纹相机光阴极在光电转换过程中光电子产生过程的分析,推导了光阴极在软X射线波段的能谱响应灵敏度计算公式,并运用该公式探讨了阴极厚度、掠入射角度等参数对能谱响应灵敏度的影响,计算并分析了Au,CsI在0.1~10keV范围内的能谱响应曲线和特性,并利用标定试验数据对共识和模型的可靠性进行了验证。结果表明,CsI阴极的最佳厚度在60nm左右,Au阴极的最佳厚度在10nm左右;CsI阴极的能谱响应灵敏度比Au阴极高1~2量级。     

软X射线条纹相机透射式Au与CsI阴极谱响应灵敏度标定

本文利用北京同步辐射光源(BSRF), 提出了对条纹相机Au和CsI透射阴极谱响应灵敏度进行绝对标定的方案, 给出了在60—5500 eV能区的绝对谱响应灵敏度, 标定不确定度好于10%. 同时, 基于Henke等人的计算模型, 给出了透射阴极的相对谱响应灵敏度, 并且进行了CH支撑衬底X射线透过率的修正. 结果表明标定值与理论值符合较好.     

高灵敏高稳定的碘化铯阴极密封式分幅变像管研制

为解决采用Au光电阴极、开放式结构的分幅变像管探测效率低、稳定性差的问题,研制了一种采用CsI光电阴极的密封式分幅变像管。为了对比不同光电阴极对X射线的响应强度,密封式分幅变像管制作有一条Au微带阴极和一条CsI微带阴极。完成了密封式分幅变像管的结构设计、工艺制作和实验测试。研究结果表明:当加载半高宽度200 ps、幅值?2.7 kV的选通脉冲时测得其时间分辨为65 ps;在非单色高能X射线源照射下,CsI阴极的静态响应强度是Au阴极的3.4倍;大气环境中存储1000 h后密封式分幅变像管的静态响应强度仅降低到完成制作时的83%。上述结果表明采用CsI阴极的密封式分幅变像管具有更高的探测效率和稳定性,可有效提升X射线分幅成像质量和可靠性。     

Tomography for amplitudes of hard exclusive processes

We discuss which part of information about hadron structure encoded in the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) [part of total GPD image] can be restored from the known amplitude of a hard exclusive process. The physics content of this partial image is analyzed. Among other things, we show that this partial image contains direct information about how the target hadron responses to the (string) quark–antiquark operator of arbitrary spin J. Explicit equations relating physics content of the partial image of GPDs directly to the data are derived. Also some new results concerning the dual parametrization of GPDs are presented.     

NEA光电阴极的(Cs,O)激活工艺研究

在自行研制的负电子亲和势光电阴极性能评估实验系统上,首次利用动态光谱响应技术和变角X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表面分析技术研究了GaAs光电阴极的(Cs,O)激活工艺.获得了首次导Cs、(Cs,O)导入以及(Cs,O)循环的优化激活条件.XPS分析给出GaAs(Cs,O)的最佳激活层厚度为0.82 nm,首次导Cs达到峰值光电发射时的Cs覆盖率为0.71个单层.在优化激活条件下,可以在国产反射式GaAs上获得1025 μA/lm的积分灵敏度.     

Ion-beam sputtering deposition of CsI thin films

Stoichiometric CsI thin films were deposited by Ar ion-beam sputtering of a CsI target at room temperature. The sputtered 100-nm thick CsI films obtained were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and quantum efficiency (QE) measurements. As it was expected, the chemical, morphological, crystalline and photo-emissive properties of CsI films obtained depended on the deposition parameters. Comparison with results obtained for evaporated CsI films indicated that surface morphology, i.e., the effective photo-emissive surface area, is one of the important parameters in influencing the QE . PACS 81.15.-z; 79.60.Dp; 68.37.Ps     

NewS25与LEP光电阴极光谱响应特性的研究

研究了Ｎｅｗ Ｓ２５与ＬＥＰ＾＊光电阴极的光谱响应特性。从理论上分析了光电子逸出深度，光电阴极结构参量和光电阴极厚度对光谱响应特性的影响。并对实用三碱阴极的潜力进行了理论预测。明确指出集Ｎｅｗ Ｓ２５与ＬＥＰ＾＊之长获得的实用三碱阴极可以和Ⅲ－Ⅴ族ＮＥＡ阴极媲美。     

Photoemissive properties of binary magnesium-barium and aluminium-lithium metallic alloys

The photoemissive properties of binary Mg-Ba and Al-Li metallic alloys, suitable as high-current photocathodes, were studied. The photoelectron energy-distribution curves and the quantum yield's spectral characteristics are presented for these materials. The concept of forming the advanced photoemissive properties for metallic solid solutions and heterophase alloys is suggested.     

The photoelectron spectra of gaseous alkali halides

The He I photoelectron spectra of the gaseous forms of CsF, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, NaI, KI, RbI, and CsI have been obtaine using a high-temperature spectrometer equipped with an internally-located, laser-beam heated sample oven. The spectral bands have been assigned molecul origins by use of MO calculations, spin—orbital splitting considerations, band intensity relations, polymer formation tendencies, and mass spectromet     

指数掺杂GaAs光电阴极量子效率的理论计算

将GaAs光电阴极发射层掺杂浓度由体内到发射表面从高到低的进行指数掺杂，能在发射层形成一个恒定的内建电场，有利于光电子的逸出.在考虑内建电场的作用下，通过建立和求解少数载流子所遵循的一维连续性方程，得到了反射式和透射式指数掺杂阴极的量子效率公式，并利用这些公式对其量子效率进行了理论计算和仿真.计算结果显示发射层指数掺杂能较明显的提高阴极的量子效率，与均匀掺杂阴极相比，能使反射式阴极积分灵敏度提高约20%，透射式阴极提高30%以上.指数掺杂提高阴极量子效率的主要原因与内建电场有关，光电子在内建电场作用下以扩散加漂移的方式到达阴极表面，从而减小了后界面复合速率对阴极的影响，同时提高了阴极的等效电子扩散长度. 关键词： 指数掺杂 内建电场 能带结构 量子效率     

Light-Front Dynamics in Hadron Physics

Light-front dynamics(LFD) plays an important role in the analyses of relativistic few-body systems. As evidenced from the recent studies of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) in hadron physics, a natural framework for a detailed study of hadron structures is LFD due to its direct application in Minkowski space as well as its distinct feature of accounting for the vacuum fluctuations in quantum field theories. In the last few years, however, it has been emphasized that treacherous points such as LF singularities and zero-modes should be taken into account for successful LFD applications to hadron phenomenology. In this paper, we discuss a typical example of the contemporary relativistic hadron physics in which the fundamental issues should be taken into account for the successful application of LFD. In particular, we focus on the kinematic issue of GPDs in deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS). Although this fundamental issue has been glossed over in the literature, it must be taken care of for the correct analysis of DVCS data.     

Total quantum-current yield in the soft x-ray region

The emission of slow secondary electrons excited in efficient photocathodes by fast internal x-ray electrons upon absorption of x-ray photons having energies in the range 1–10 keV is analyzed. Analytical expressions are derived for the quantum current yield of the x-ray photoelectric effect for a “point” model and a “non-point” model of energy exchange of fast internal x-ray electrons. We present some estimates for its parameters in a CsI photocathode. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 1042–1046 (June 1998)     

用于暗物质探测实验的CsI(Tl)晶体探测器性能的实验研究

在直接测量暗物质的实验中,反冲核能量的Quenching Factor是一个重要参数.用低能X射线源对一套测量入射中子引起的反冲核能量Quenching Factor的系统进行了能量刻度,得到了这套系统的能量响应关系.PMT单光电子的发射对应于晶体中的能量沉积约为0.32keV.同时研究了不同能量的X射线引起的PMT输出电流信号的积分时间宽度与积分电荷的关系,得到最佳的PMT输出电荷收集条件.     

CsI光阴极在10-100 keV X射线能区的响应灵敏度计算

为了满足10-100 keV高能X射线光电探测器研究的需要,对CsI光阴极在该能量范围的响应灵敏度进行了研究.基于高能量X射线光子与材料相互作用的物理过程,分析了康普顿散射等效应对CsI响应灵敏度的影响.推导了CsI的响应灵敏度与二次电子平均逃逸深度和光阴极厚度的关系式和二次电子平均逃逸深度与入射光子能量的关系式,计算了CsI在10-100 keV范围内的响应灵敏度,计算结果与实验测试数据相符,验证了分析与推导的可靠性.根据计算可以获得不同入射X射线能量下CsI光阴极的最佳厚度,从而为高能X射线光电探测器的设计优化提供了理论参考.     

Size-induced effect on cathode luminescence spectra of CsI(Na) and CsI(Tl) crystals

We investigated the cathode luminescence characteristics of CsI(Na)and CsI(Tl)crystals by the spectrum and structure properties at room temperature.We fabricated three different sizes of CsI(Na)and CsI(Tl)crystals and measured their luminescence spectra under cathode rays.We found that CsI(Na)cathode luminescence peaks appear at 420 and 305 nm,and CsI(Tl)cathode luminescence peaks are 540 and 410 nm,the grain size affects CsI(Na)luminescence significantly,and the Na-related420 nm luminescence intensified relatively when the average grain size reaches~20μm,which becomes weak when the grain size is down to nano-scale.But the cathode luminescence spectra of CsI(Tl)crystals with different size have no obvious changes.Our explanations for these phenomena are that the different impurities in the same host material CsI lead to different luminescence mechanisms.These cathode luminescence characteristics indicate the suitability of CsI(Na)and CsI(Tl)crystals to match photomultiplier tube for large area crystal detector development.     

Plasma Photocathodes

Plasma wakefield accelerators offer accelerating and focusing electric fields three to four orders of magnitude larger than state-of-the-art radiofrequency cavity-based accelerators. Plasma photocathodes can release ultracold electron populations within such plasma waves and thus open a path toward tunable production of well-defined, compact electron beams with normalized emittance and brightness many orders of magnitude better than state-of-the-art. Such beams will have far-reaching impact for applications such as light sources, but also open up new vistas on high energy and high field physics. This paper reviews the innovation of plasma photocathodes, and reports on the experimental progress, challenges, and future prospects of the approach. Details of the proof-of-concept demonstration of a plasma photocathode in 90° geometry at SLAC FACET within the E-210: Trojan Horse program are described. Using this experience, alongside theoretical and simulation-supported advances, an outlook is given on future realizations of plasma photocathodes such as the upcoming E-310: Trojan Horse-II program at FACET-II with prospects toward excellent witness beam parameter quality, tunability, and stability. Future installations of plasma photocathodes also at compact, hybrid plasma wakefield accelerators, will then boost capacities and open up novel capabilities for experiments at the forefront of interaction of high brightness electron and photon beams.     

Super S_(25)与New S_(25)光电阴极的光谱响应特性的数值模拟

根据多碱光电阴极的光谱响应理论表达式 ,对荷兰DEP公司和日本Hamamatsu公司美国分公司开发的两种SuperS2 5阴极的光谱响应曲线进行了理论模拟 ,得到了这些阴极的有关特性参量 ,并通过对模拟结果的分析以及与美国夜视实验室研制的NewS2 5光电阴极特性的比较 ,揭示了两种SuperS2 5光电阴极内在机理和可能采用的工艺处理方法 ,对多碱光电阴极的理论研究和实际操作具有指导意义     

氧化物薄膜研制中的电子能谱技术

随着科学技术的不断发展，人们正在寻求更新的实用材料．金属氧化物，包括金属氧化物薄膜的各种实用材料，在工业界、信息产业界和能源开发等方面的应用前景，早已引起国内外学者的极大关注．例如，由于氧化物具有各种特殊的介电和光学性质，研究和开发基于氧化物薄膜的气敏材料非常热门．如何制备出有实用价值的各种薄膜材料，是科学家们一直关心和深入研究的课题．电子能谱技术在各种材料的基础研究和实际应用中起着重要的作用．本文以有序金属氧化物薄膜研制为例，简要评述了电子能谱技术（包括X射线光电子能谱（XPS），紫外光电子能谱（UPS），俄歇电子能谱（AES）和高分辨电子能量损失谱（HREELS）），以及低能电子衍射（LEED）等技术在氧化物薄膜材料制备和表征中的应用．