Cutoff of a shaped-charge jet

The process of cutoff of low-velocity areas of a shaped-charge jet with the help of a reverse-action shaped charge adjacent to the base of the shaped charge and having an axial channel where the shaped-charge jet passes is considered. The operation of the cutoff device and the shaped charge is synchronized by choosing an appropriate thickness and material of the cutoff device liner. An engineering method for synchronization of operation of the cutoff device and the shaped charge is proposed. Recommendations on choosing the cutoff device are given for a particular case of practical interest.     

准静态一维应变实验装置的设计与验证研究

准一维应变状态测试技术对混凝土等脆性材料的力学性能研究具有重要意义,而目前准一维应变实验装置设计单一、互换性较差,所以无法实现普及。针对上述情况,本文在套管围压装置的基础上进行叠加式设计与组合式分离设计,旨在建立一套结构简单、适用性广的准静态被动围压装置。基于数值模拟方法,本文对混凝土试样在一维应变状态与套管围压作用下的力学特性进行研究,从而分析混凝土试样在套管装置下能达到一维应变状态的程度;同时,对叠加式套管与整体式套管的性能进行比较,发现叠加式套管理论上能在准一维应变实验中很好地代替整体式套管。组合式分离设计的有效性最终通过相关实验得到验证。     

气液活塞式脉冲液体射流泵装置稳定性的理论研究

气液活赛式脉冲液体射流泵装置用于输送有毒、高温或放射性液体,装置在运行时,气液活塞筒内的气液交界面必须稳定在活塞筒内,形成稳定的脉冲运动,才能保证装置正常的稳定运行,本文在分析影响气液活塞式脉冲液体射流泵装置稳定性的主要因素基础上,运用流体力学的基本理论,导出了装置稳定性的基本方程组以及简化方程组,通过试验对上述理论进行了验证。     

Performance evaluation of shape-memory-alloy superelastic behavior to control a stay cable in cable-stayed bridges

This paper focuses on introducing and investigating the performance of a new passive control device for stay cable in cable-stayed bridges made with shape-memory alloys (SMA). The superelasticity and damping capability of SMA is sought in this study to develop a supplementary energy dissipation device for stay cable. A linear model of a sag cable and a one-dimensional constitutive model for the SMA are used. The problem of the optimal design of the device is studied. In the optimization problem, an energy criterion associated with the concept of optimal performance of the hysteretic connection is used. The maximum dissipation energy depends on the cross-sectional area, the length, and the location of the SMA on the cable. The effectiveness of the SMA damper in controlling the cable displacement is assessed. Furthermore, a study is conducted to determine the sensitivity of the cable response to the properties of the SMA device. The comparison between the SMA damper and a more classical passive control energy dissipation device, i.e., the tuned mass damper (TMD), is carried out. The numerical results show the effectiveness of the SMA damper to damp the high free vibration and the harmonic vibration better than an optimal TMD.     

Transparency enhancement for an active knee orthosis by a constraint-free mechanical design and a gait phase detection based predictive control

This paper proposes a novel mechanical design of a lower limb exoskeleton device which prevents the residual stresses due to arthro-kinematics movements of synovial joints and by the way allows effective compensation for dynamic disturbances in osteo-kinematic movements of the wearer. Here, the exoskeleton is only actuated at the knee joints to provide assistive torques, which are required to assist the anatomical joint motion and to increase the transparency of the device. Dynamic simulations of a virtual human equipped with this exoskeleton are used to quantify the disturbances induced by the device during locomotion and to show the benefit of passive mechanisms introduced in the mechanical attaches as well. The authors also demonstrated how the device’s transparency can be improved by providing the motor torques in order to compensate the inertial and gravitational effects. This can be done rely on the knowledge of the locomotion movement phases. A robust gait phase detection method was implemented on the experimental device in order to identify specific gait phases in real time. This method exploits the K-nearest neighbors algorithm to identify the k-closest trained vectors, coupling with a discrete time Markov chain to determine the phases shift probability during the gait cycle. This gait detection algorithm was tested with a percentage of success of more than 95% when the subjects walked with constant and variable stride lengths.     

Innovative mechanical device for the post-tensioning of glass fiber reinforced polymer bars for masonry type retrofit applications

A mechanical device specially designed for the application of low-level post-tensioning forces to glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars has been developed at the University of Missouri-Rolla. Some of the advantageous features of this device are that it is simple to assemble and the low-level post-tensioning forces can be applied manually and safely without the need for hydraulic jacks or heavy equipment. This device has been conceived with the main objective of retrofitting masonry buildings, some of which remain in service despite large, open cracks leading to considerable instability and serviceability concerns. According to the method derived in this paper, GFRP bars are installed in artificially imposed grooves and then post-tensioned with low-level stresses with the main objective to partially close these cracks, such that the serviceability and in-plane capacity of un-reinforced masonry (URM) buildings may be regained. In this paper we describe the mechanical components of this device, along with its advantageous features and potential application for the retrofit of URM walls.     

Extensional rheology of concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) solutions

The shear and extensional rheology of three concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) solutions is examined. Shear theology including steady shear viscosity, normal stress difference and linear viscoelastic material functions all collapse onto master curves independent of concentration and temperature. Extensional flow experiments are performed in fiber spinning and opposed nozzles geometries. The concentration dependence of extensional behavior measured using both techniques is presented. The zero-shear viscosity and apparent extensional viscosities measured with both extensional rheometers exhibit a power law dependence with polymer concentration. Strain hardening in the fiber spinning device is found to be of similar magnitude for all test fluids, irrespective of strain rate. The opposed nozzle device measures an apparent extensional viscosity which is one order of magnitude smaller than the value determined with the fiber spinline device. This could be attributed to errors caused by shear, dynamic pressure, and the relatively small strains developed in the opposed nozzle device. This instrument cannot measure local kinematics or stresses, but averages these values over the non-homogenous flow field. These results show that it is not possible to measure the extensional viscosity of non-Newtonian and shear thinning fluids with this device. Fiber spin-line experiments are coupled with a momentum balance and constitutive model to predict stress growth and diameter profiles. A one-mode Giesekus model accurately captures the plateau values of steady and dynamic shear properties, but fails to capture the gradual shear thinning of viscosity. Giesekus model parameters determined from shear rheology are not capable of quantitatively predicting fiber spinline kinematics. However, model parameters fit to a single spinline experiment accurately predict stress growth behavior for different applied spinline tensions.     

A sensitive thrust-measuring device

A centilevered beam with mounted strain gages is used to indirectly measure the velocity of a stream of drops by measuring the thrust produced by this stream. A design procedure is explained and implemented to determine a suitable geometry for this device. Sensitivity, frequency response and fragility are the factors considered in the design. Laboratory-test results show the usefulness of this device.     

Natural-convection heat transfer in a nonuniform finite annulus with concentric heat source

In this paper, the mechanisms of natural-convection heat transfer inside a nonuniform finite annulus have been numerically investigated. The system is actually a streamlined, water-filled latex balloon with a coaxial cylindrical heating element. The balloon can be applied as a local hyperthermia treatment device for the removal of undesirable tissue if sufficiently high temperatures and preferably uniform surface heat fluxes can be maintained. A validated control-volume-based method has been employed to solve the coupled transient three-dimensional transport equations for laminar free convection. The effects of heat-source temperature distributions and device orientations on the heat transfer have been studied. Possible design improvements of this device are discussed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In situ</Emphasis> Characterization of Nanomechanical Behavior of Free-standing Nanostructures

The present paper reports the development of an in situ nanotensilometer that enables highly reliable mechanical tensile testing on individual micro-/nano-scale structures. The device features independent measurement of force and displacement histories in the specimen with nanoNewton force and sub-nanometer displacement resolutions, respectively. Moreover, the device is well suited for in situ testing of free-standing micro/nano-structures within a high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM), which permits continuous high-resolution imaging of the specimen during straining. The device is comprised of two main parts: (a) a three-plate capacitive transducer that doubles up both as an actuator and a force sensor, and (b) a commercially available nanomanipulator that facilitates transportation and positioning of nanoscale structures with sub-nanometer precision. In order to conduct the mechanical tests the ends of the specimen are attached to the probe tips of the device using ion-beam induced deposition. The general capabilities and features of the nanotensilometer are illustrated by presenting results of nanomechanical tensile tests on electrospun polyaniline microfibers.     

非断裂式膨胀管分离装置设计与分析

对一种新型非断裂式膨胀管分离装置进行了静力承载及分离冲击动响应分析。根据静力承载分析，获得了其啮合齿倾角与承压能力间的关系，结果显示，当接触面摩擦因数恒定时，非断裂式膨胀管分离装置的承压能力与啮合齿倾角大小呈反比，且可靠承压的临界啮合角为啮合齿自锁角。同时，根据动力响应分析，获得了非断裂式膨胀管分离装置在不同啮合齿倾角情况下的分离冲击响应，并与常规膨胀管分离装置的分离冲击响应进行了对比，结果显示，所分析的两种具有不同啮合齿倾角的非断裂式膨胀管分离装置具有比常规膨胀管分离装置更小的可靠分离内压，并且5.7°啮合齿倾角构型在相同测点处的三向加速度时程曲线峰值均低于常规膨胀管分离装置。     

Potential benefits of a non-linear stiffness in an energy harvesting device

The benefits of using a non-linear stiffness in an energy harvesting device comprising a mass–spring–damper system are investigated. Analysis based on the principle of conservation of energy reveals a fundamental limit of the effectiveness of any non-linear device over a tuned linear device for such an application. Two types of non-linear stiffness are considered. The first system has a non-linear bi-stable snap-through mechanism. This mechanism has the effect of steepening the displacement response of the mass as a function of time, resulting in a higher velocity for a given input excitation. Numerical results show that more power is harvested by the mechanism if the excitation frequency is much less than the natural frequency. The other non-linear system studied has a hardening spring, which has the effect of shifting the resonance frequency. Numerical and analytical studies show that the device with a hardening spring has a larger bandwidth over which the power can be harvested due to the shift in the resonance frequency.     

双磁场IMPS粒子速度测试系统

动载下材料横向行为的直接实时测量,对于全面了解材料响应及其机理有重要意义。本文介绍了自行研制的双磁电磁ＩＭＰＳ粒子速度测试系统的工作原理、结构性能及初步实验结果。该装置基于Ｆａｒａｄａｙ电磁感应定律,可实时测量多点斜碰撞产生的纵向和横向质点速度波形,从而解决了压剪炮试验中的ｓ波测量问题。     

Input-shaping control of nonlinear MEMS

We develop a new technique for preshaping input commands to control microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). In general, MEMS are excited using an electrostatic field which is a nonlinear function of the states and the input voltage. Due to the nonlinearity, the frequency of the device response to a step input depends on the input magnitude. Therefore, traditional shaping techniques which are based on linear theory fail to provide good performance over the whole input range. The technique we propose combines the equations describing the static response of the device, an energy balance argument, and an approximate nonlinear analytical solution of the device response to preshape the voltage commands. As an example, we consider set-point stabilization of an electrostatically actuated torsional micromirror. The shaped commands are applied to drive the micromirror to a desired tilt angle with zero residual vibrations. Simulations show that fast mirror switching operation with almost zero overshoot can be realized using this technique. The proposed methodology accounts for the energy of the significant higher modes and can be used to shape input commands applied to other nonlinear micro- and macro-systems.     

Technology showcase electronic penetrometer for field tests

The design and construction of a cone penetrometer for field use is described. The penetrometer is mounted on a frame to which two wheels are fitted for towing the device from one test site to the next. An electric motor drives the penetrometer during the test and simultaneous readings are performed of both cone depth and penetration resistance. The device weighs 70 kg and the maximum force on the cone typically exceeds 1.2 kN. The acquired data are transferred to a microcomputer and after each penetration the result is presented to the operator in graphic form. The microcomputer is equipped with a fairly large RAM memory which serves as storage medium for data during measuring work. Afterwards, data are easily moved to a mainframe computer for analysis.     

基于SPH-FEM耦合方法的柔性导爆索分离装置爆炸分离过程数值模拟

为深入研究柔性导爆索在爆炸分离装置中的作用过程和机理,提出一种改进的光滑粒子流体动力学方法（smoothed particle hydrodynamics, SPH）与有限单元法（ finite element method, FEM）耦合算法。新方法中不仅包含导爆索模拟的SPH方法与分离装置模拟的FEM方法之间的接触算法,同时将完全损伤失效后的单元采用转化算法动态转化成SPH粒子继续参与计算,转化后的粒子与未转化的有限单元之间采用接触算法计算。采用该方法对环型和平板型两种爆炸分离结构的分离过程进行了数值模拟,验证了新方法的准确性与问题适用性;分析了分离板的变形断裂及损伤碎片的飞溅过程,得到了分离装置表面不同时刻的应力分布、损伤因子的变化趋势、von Mises应力的变化趋势;探讨了炸药在不同比内能情况下单元的屈服损伤速度、碎片的飞溅位移速度。     

High power electronic devices cooling at minimum ventilation power

In the present work, the cooling of a high power electronic device is studied. The device is in contact with a heat dissipator crossed by air. The air motion through the dissipator is forced by a fan whose supplied power is to be minimized. A finite element dynamic model of the dissipator is firstly created, taking geometrical and physical properties into account as well as steady state experimental data. A simplified model is then obtained, which reproduces the time pattern of the maximum dissipator temperature as a response of the thermal flux removed from the electronic device and the mass flow rate of the air. Afterwards, the simplified model is utilized to build a control system which allows the electronic device to be correctly cooled at minimum air ventilation power during transition to steady states. Genetic algorithms are used to find the parameters of the finite element model and of the control system. Some functioning conditions of the electronic device are lastly considered and discussed.     

Pulsed Air-jet Actuators for Flow Separation Control

The design and validation of a microfabricated pulsed air-jet actuator for practical application to flow-separation control at full-scale operating conditions on a medium/large air vehicle is presented. The actuator device is designed to generate streamwise vortices within the boundary layer and comprises a pitched and skewed orifice of 200 μm diameter through which a high velocity (200–300 m/s) jet of air can be modulated by operation of a piezoelectric microvalve. This paper describes the overall design and manufacture of the actuator device with particular reference to the impact of fluid dynamic effects on the design and operation. Key results obtained from both static and dynamic tests of a prototype device are also presented and compared with original predictions. It is shown that the device that was developed and tested fulfils all the original design requirements with regard to size, jet velocity and operating frequency. The developed device has dimensions of approximately 5 mm × 2 mm in the plane of the aerodynamic surface in which it is imbedded and a thickness of 1 mm. Peak jet velocities in excess of 300 m/s through a 200 μm diameter orifice at 500 Hz have been demonstrated with peak driving voltages of 90 V and a nominal electrical power consumption of 50 mW.     

Residual stresses in plastically encapsulated microelectronic devices

The residual stresses in a model of a plastically encapsulated microelectronic device are determined photoelastically using birefringent transfer-molding compounds. The measured stresses are compared with a laminated-platetheory analysis and then used to guide a two-dimensional finite-element analysis of the device. Photoelasticity was also used to determine the effects of postcure on the residualstress distribution.     

塑性减震技术在地下强爆炸环境下的应用研究

本文介绍了地下封闭爆炸中利用塑性减震技术对参试的重要测试仪器进行减震防护研究的基本原理和设计的基本思路，根据振动冲击理论计算和模拟实验实测结果研制的减震装置将63kg重的摄像装置的切向峰值加速度由地表激励的1695m/s^2减至在减震装置上的98m/s^2；将23.5kg重的摄像装置的垂向峰值加速度由地表激励的400m/s^2减至147m/s^2，实测结果表明，本文所研制的塑性减震装置，其减震效果与预计的结果相一致，增强了摄像装置在强冲击、大位移特殊环境下的物理生存能力，保证了拍摄图像的清晰完整，达到了设计的要求，满足了试验研究工作的需要。