Incident laser modulation of a repaired damage site with a rim in fused silica rear subsurface

Local CO2 laser treatment has proved to be an effective method to prevent the 351-nm laser-induced damage sites in a fused silica surface from exponentially growing, which is responsible for limiting the lifetime of optics in high fluence laser systems. However, the CO2 laser induced ablation crater is often surrounded by a raised rim at the edge, which can also result in the intensification of transmitted ultraviolet light that may damage the downstream optics. In this work, the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method is developed to simulate the distribution of electrical field intensity in the vicinity of the CO2 laser mitigated damage site located in the exit subsurface of fused silica. The simulated results show that the repaired damage sites with raised rims cause more notable modulation to the incident laser than those without rims. Specifically, we present a theoretical model of using dimpled patterning to control the rim structure around the edge of repaired damage sites to avoid damage to downstream optics. The calculated results accord well with previous experimental results and the underlying physical mechanism is analysed in detail.     

裂纹或气泡对熔石英损伤修复坑场调制的近场模拟

建立了含有裂纹或气泡的高斯型修复坑的3维模型, 用3维时域有限差分方法研究了熔石英后表面该类缺陷对355 nm入射激光的近场调制. 研究表明, 裂纹的调制明显大于气泡或者高斯坑本身, 因此为了抑制修复元件的初始损伤, 应尽量避免任何未修复的裂纹存在, 尤其是与入射光呈夹角约25°的裂纹, 同时应避免尺寸大于5 λ 的气泡存在. 当裂纹或气泡位于近表面层3 λ 以内且靠近修复坑环边缘时, 对场的调制最明显. 随着侧移的增加, 近表面区缺陷诱导场叠加, 强点总数涨落较大且易形成极大峰值, 特别是含有裂纹的情形; 远表面区强点总数逐渐增大并趋于稳定. 随着嵌深的增加, 强点的数目大体呈减弱趋势, 当嵌深大于3 λ 时, 逐渐趋于平缓振荡. 如果裂纹或气泡位于坑点正下方几个波长内, 激光辐照下其效果相当于延长了高斯坑的深度.     

Numerical simulation of modulation to incident laser by submicron to micron surface contaminants on fused silica

Modulation caused by surface/subsurface contaminants is one of the important factors for laser-induced damage of fused silica. In this work, a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain(3D-FDTD) method is employed to simulate the electric field intensity distribution in the vicinity of particulate contaminants on fused silica surface. The simulated results reveal that the contaminant on both the input and output surfaces plays an important role in the electric field modulation of the incident laser. The influences of the shape, size, embedded depth, dielectric constant(εr), and the number of contaminant particles on the electric field distribution are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the corresponding physical mechanism is analyzed theoretically.     

Effect of fused silica subsurface defect site density on light intensification

The effect of defect density on the modulation of incident laser waves is investigated. First, based on the actual defect distribution in the subsurface of fused silica, a three-dimensional (3D) grid model of defect sites is constructed. The 3D finite-difference time-domain method is developed to solve the Maxwell equations. Then the electrical field intensity in the vicinity of the defect sites in the subsurface of fused silica is numerically calculated. The relationships between the maximal electrical field intensity in fused silica and the geometry of the defect sites are given. The simulated results reveal that the modulation becomes more remarkable with an increase of the defect density. In addition, the effect of the distribution mode of defects on modulation is discussed. Meanwhile, the underlying physical mechanism is analyzed in detail.     

熔石英亚表面修复形貌对光场的调制

基于标量衍射理论, 计算了熔石英亚表面高斯型修复形貌对于光场的调制,用Matlab对结果进行了仿真并与实验结果进行了比较。所得结果表明,二者有较好的一致性, 一定尺度的高斯面型修复形貌会对光场产生调制,且调制度随光场传输位置变化,通过适当选择后续光学元件位置,可降低光场调制造成光学元件损伤的风险。     

杂质诱导熔石英激光的损伤机理

发展了355 nm纳秒激光下亚波长杂质粒子引起熔石英损伤的基本模型。通过Mie散射理论和热传导方程,计算了粒子与熔石英边界处的温度随粒子尺寸的变化关系,并分析了达到临界温度时,不同粒子诱导损伤所需的关键能量密度,讨论了各粒子最易引起熔石英损伤的尺寸。实验采用355 nm纳秒激光脉冲作用熔石英及其HF刻蚀样品,测得两者的损伤概率。研究表明:粒子吸收激光能量,随着粒子半径的增加,其边缘温度先增大后减小,一定尺寸范围内的粒子才会引起熔石英的损伤;关键能量密度所对应的粒子半径为最易引起熔石英损伤的关键粒子半径;经刻蚀后,熔石英样品表面杂质数密度降低,损伤概率降低,损伤阈值提高。     

355 nm皮秒激光辐照下熔石英的损伤特性

利用光学元件激光损伤测试平台,测试了355 nm皮秒激光辐照下熔石英光学元件的初始损伤及损伤增长情况,并通过荧光检测分析了损伤区缺陷。研究结果表明：皮秒激光较高的峰值功率导致熔石英损伤阈值较低,前表面损伤阈值为3.98 J/cm2,后表面损伤阈值为2.91 J/cm2;前后表面损伤形貌存在较大差异,后表面比前表面损伤程度轻且伴随体内丝状损伤;随脉冲数的增加后表面损伤直径增长缓慢,损伤深度呈线性增长;皮秒激光的动态自聚焦和自散焦导致熔石英体内损伤存在细丝和炸裂点重复的现象;与纳秒激光损伤相比,损伤区缺陷发生明显改变。     

激光诱导光学材料后表面损伤的数值模拟

采用3维时域有限差分方法和完全匹配吸收层,模拟了长方体缺陷在熔石英前后表面时对入射激光为TM波的调制作用,绘出了截面上的电场强度分布及最大电场强度随熔石英深度变化的曲线,并进行了比较和分析。结果表明：缺陷在前表面上时,后表面附近的最大电场强度2.522 41 V/m大于缺陷附近的1958 83 V/m;缺陷在后表面上时,材料中的最大电场强度为2.799 38 V/m,且出现在后表面附近。无论该缺陷在前表面还是在后表面,最大电场强度都是出现在后表面附近,表明光学材料的后表面在一定程度上更容易被损伤。     

纳秒激光诱导熔石英光学玻璃的损伤增长

利用Nd:YAG激光器研究了纳秒激光诱导熔石英光学玻璃的初始损伤及损伤增长,对比研究了损伤程度和损伤形貌随激光波长、能量密度、脉冲数及位置的变化规律,并对损伤机制进行了分析和讨论。研究结果表明：初始损伤受损伤先驱的物理化学性质和激光参数的影响,而损伤增长规律与初始损伤程度、激光参数和位置有关;后表面的损伤随脉冲数的增加呈指数关系增长,前表面则呈线性关系;裂纹的产生及其在后续脉冲辐照下的发展是后表面损伤增长的主要原因,高温等离子体表面刻蚀是前表面损伤增长的主要原因     

纳秒激光诱导熔石英光学玻璃的损伤增长

利用Nd:YAG激光器研究了纳秒激光诱导熔石英光学玻璃的初始损伤及损伤增长,对比研究了损伤程度和损伤形貌随激光波长、能量密度、脉冲数及位置的变化规律,并对损伤机制进行了分析和讨论。研究结果表明:初始损伤受损伤先驱的物理化学性质和激光参数的影响,而损伤增长规律与初始损伤程度、激光参数和位置有关;后表面的损伤随脉冲数的增加呈指数关系增长,前表面则呈线性关系;裂纹的产生及其在后续脉冲辐照下的发展是后表面损伤增长的主要原因,高温等离子体表面刻蚀是前表面损伤增长的主要原因     

熔石英亚表面横向划痕调制作用的3维模拟

建立了熔石英后表面3维横向划痕模型,并采用3维时域有限差分方法对熔石英亚表面划痕周围的电场强度进行了数值模拟,分析了划痕宽度、深度、长度以及划痕倾斜角度对入射光场的调制作用,结果表明：随划痕深度和划痕长度的增加,熔石英内的最大电场强度增大,且当划痕长度达到1 μm以上时,最大电场强度趋于稳定;划痕结构因子在1～2之间的划痕较容易引起熔石英损伤;而入射激光在划痕界面和后表面之间发生内全反射时,后表面上的光强增强效果更加明显,因此减少角度范围在20.9°～45°之内的划痕能大幅提高熔石英的损伤阈值。     

三倍频熔石英激光损伤的吸收前驱体

 在三倍频熔石英激光损伤研究中,吸收前驱体的存在是造成熔石英材料表面损伤阈值远低于体损伤阈值的主要原因。以吸收作为主线,建立吸收前驱体引起的熔石英表面损伤模型,并讨论吸收前驱体与熔石英表面损伤的联系。针对金属元素微粒残留理论模拟了激光辐照过程中微粒周围温度场的变化,结果表明在脉冲时间内微粒周围温度很快到达损伤判据所给出的临界温度,通过激光损伤实验,证实吸收性微粒含量与损伤密度有密切联系。针对亚表面裂纹,建立一维模型计算受激后裂纹表面附近自由电子密度分布。计算结果和实验结果均表明：金属元素微粒和亚表面裂纹是熔石英激光损伤中重要的吸收前驱体,金属元素微粒对激光能量的吸收致使周围材料温度在脉冲时间内达到损伤判据温度2 000 K;受激后裂纹表面的自由电子密度达到1021 cm-3的水平,可导致对后续激光的强烈吸收;两种吸收前驱体极大降低了熔石英材料的表面抗损伤性能。     

1064 nm激光致熔石英损伤的数值模拟研究

为了研究1064 nm激光对增透熔石英的热应力损伤机理以及等离子体分布等效应。基于热传导和气体动力学理论,探究了毫秒激光对增透熔石英的热应力损伤和致燃损伤的理论模型,利用comsol软件模拟了1064 nm激光作用增透熔石英时材料内部的热损伤、应力损伤以及激光支持燃烧波,模拟结果表明在激光光斑半径区域内,温升较为明显,形成较大的温度梯度,激光作用区域受热膨胀,其余区域会对膨胀发生抵制,因此材料内部产生应力,其中上表面的径向应力、环向应力在激光光斑边缘附近达到最大值,应力损伤应该先从辐照中心点或激光光斑边缘附近产生,同时发现等离子体的传播是稳态的,燃烧波的最大速度发生在最初时刻,并随着扩散时间逐渐变低。     

Correlation of polishing-induced shallow subsurface damages with laser-induced gray haze damages in fused silica optics

Laser-induced damage in fused silica optics greatly restricts the performances of laser facilities. Gray haze damage,which is always initiated on ceria polished optics, is one of the most important damage morphologies in fused silica optics.In this paper, the laser-induced gray haze damages of four fused silica samples polished with CeO_2, Al_2O_3, ZrO_2, and colloidal silica slurries are investigated. Four samples all present gray haze damages with much different damage densities.Then, the polishing-induced contaminant and subsurface damages in four samples are analyzed. The results reveal that the gray haze damages could be initiated on the samples without Ce contaminant and are inclined to show a tight correlation with the shallow subsurface damages.     

激光诱导光学材料后表面损伤的数值模拟

 采用3维时域有限差分方法和完全匹配吸收层,模拟了长方体缺陷在熔石英前后表面时对入射激光为TM波的调制作用,绘出了截面上的电场强度分布及最大电场强度随熔石英深度变化的曲线,并进行了比较和分析。结果表明：缺陷在前表面上时,后表面附近的最大电场强度2.522 41 V/m大于缺陷附近的1958 83 V/m;缺陷在后表面上时,材料中的最大电场强度为2.799 38 V/m,且出现在后表面附近。无论该缺陷在前表面还是在后表面,最大电场强度都是出现在后表面附近,表明光学材料的后表面在一定程度上更容易被损伤。     

Subsurface defect characterization and laser-induced damage performance of fused silica optics polished with colloidal silica and ceria

This paper mainly focuses on the influence of colloidal silica polishing on the damage performance of fused silica optics. In this paper, nanometer sized colloidal silica and micron sized ceria are used to polish fused silica optics. The colloidal silica polished samples and ceria polished samples exhibit that the root-mean-squared(RMS) average surface roughness values are 0.7 nm and 1.0 nm, respectively. The subsurface defects and damage performance of the polished optics are analyzed and discussed. It is revealed that colloidal silica polishing will introduce much fewer absorptive contaminant elements and subsurface damages especially no trailing indentation fracture. The 355-nm laser damage test reveals that each of the fused silica samples polished with colloidal silica has a much higher damage threshold and lower damage density than ceria polished samples. Colloidal silica polishing is potential in manufacturing high power laser optics.     

熔石英表面加工引入金属微粒的三倍频激光损伤机制

以材料表面金属元素吸收作为主线建立熔石英表面损伤模型,理论模拟了激光辐照过程中金属微粒周围温度场的变化,模型结果显示,在脉冲时间内微粒周围温度很快达到损伤判据给出的临界温度。通过激光损伤实验,对比刻蚀与未刻蚀样品之间的损伤密度,证实了金属微粒含量与损伤密度存在密切联系。计算结果和实验结果均表明：金属微粒是熔石英激光损伤中重要的吸收前驱体,极大降低了熔石英材料的表面抗损伤性能。     

熔石英后表面坑点型划痕对光场调制的近场模拟

建立了坑点型划痕的旋转抛物面模型, 用三维时域有限差分方法研究了熔石英后表面坑点型划痕随深度、 宽度、 间距以及酸蚀量变化对波长λ =355 nm入射激光的调制.研究表明, 这类划痕调制最强区位于相邻两坑点的连接区, 且越靠近表面调制越强.当其宽深比为2.0---3.5、 坑点间距约为坑点宽度的1/2时, 可获得最大光场调制, 最大光强增强因子(LIEF)为11.53; 当坑点间距大于坑点宽度时, 其调制大为减弱, 相当于单坑的场调制.对宽为60δ (δ =λ/12), 深和间距均为30δ的坑点型划痕进行刻蚀模拟, 刻蚀过程中最大LIEF为11.0, 当间距小于300 nm时, 相邻坑点由于衍射形成场贯通.     

熔石英紫外激光初始损伤形态分析

 采取355 nm激光脉冲辐照熔石英样品,利用Nomarski微分干涉差显微镜、原子力显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观测手段对前后表面产生的损伤点进行了观察分析。对前后表面损伤形态做出详细的描述和分类,从理论上对每种损伤类型产生的条件与机理做出推测。实验结果表明：熔石英前表面存在小麻点群损伤和星状裂纹损伤两种损伤形态,横向尺寸分别为0.8～2.5和1.0～5.5 μm;后表面存在小麻点群损伤、壳状剥离损伤和火山口3种损伤形态,损伤横向尺寸分别为0.48～1.33,4～20和12～30 μm。实验证明了1 μm尺度损伤点的产生与再沉积层密切相关。     

熔石英紫外激光初始损伤形态分析

采取355 nm激光脉冲辐照熔石英样品,利用Nomarski微分干涉差显微镜、原子力显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观测手段对前后表面产生的损伤点进行了观察分析。对前后表面损伤形态做出详细的描述和分类,从理论上对每种损伤类型产生的条件与机理做出推测。实验结果表明：熔石英前表面存在小麻点群损伤和星状裂纹损伤两种损伤形态,横向尺寸分别为0.8～2.5和1.0～5.5 μm;后表面存在小麻点群损伤、壳状剥离损伤和火山口3种损伤形态,损伤横向尺寸分别为0.48～1.33,4～20和12～30 μm。实验证明了1 μm尺度损伤点的产生与再沉积层密切相关。