Electrostatic forward-viewing scanning probe for Doppler optical coherence tomography using a dissipative polymer catheter

A novel flexible scanning optical probe is constructed with a finely etched optical fiber strung through a platinum coil in the lumen of a dissipative polymer. The packaged probe is 2.2 mm in diameter with a rigid length of 6mm when using a ball lens or 12 mm when scanning the fiber proximal to a gradient-index (GRIN) lens. Driven by constant high voltage (1-3 kV) at low current (< 5 microA), the probe oscillates to provide wide forward-viewing angle (13 degrees and 33 degrees with ball and GRIN lens designs, respectively) and high-frame-rate (10-140 fps) operation. Motion of the probe tip is observed with a high-speed camera and compared with theory. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging with the probe is demonstrated with a wavelength-swept source laser. Images of an IR card as well as in vivo Doppler OCT images of a tadpole heart are presented. This optomechanical design offers a simple, inexpensive method to obtain a high-frame-rate forward-viewing scanning probe.     

超小自聚焦光纤探头研究用场追迹数值模拟技术

研究场追迹数值模拟技术在超小自聚焦光纤探头设计与分析中的应用方法.首先,论述场追迹的概念及其基本原理;其次,论述场追迹在VirtualLab软件中的实现方法;最后,研究超小自聚焦光纤探头在基于场追迹的物理光学软件VirtualLab中的建模与分析方法,并进行仿真结果与实验结果的比较分析.结果显示,如设无芯光纤的长度为0.36 mm,自聚焦光纤透镜的长度分别为0.10,0.11和0.12 mm,计算所得的工作距离分别为0.75,0.63和0.51 mm,光斑尺寸分别为32,24和19 μm.理论计算结果与实验结果符合,表明基于场追迹的数值模拟技术是研究超小自聚焦光纤探头设计与分析方法的一个有效手段.     

超小自聚焦光纤探头的研究进展

梯度折射率（Gradient-index,GRIN）光纤探头是一种全光纤型超小光学镜头,在心血管等狭小空间组织内窥影像检测中具有广阔的应用前景。但其发展一直缺少系统的理论体系。本文讨论探头设计、制作和性能测试等方面的关键问题。基于GRIN光纤探头聚焦性能的特征参数,对解析设计方法与数值仿真设计方法进行比较分析。针对超小GRIN光纤探头的制作难题,研究一种光纤熔接和切割的高精度一体化集成装置,描述GRIN光纤探头的制作方法。此外,分析了超小GRIN光纤探头聚焦性能检测的方法及装置。本文为超小GRIN光纤探头的设计、制作及性能测试提供了一个方法体系。     

Fabrication of gradient refractive index ball lenses using the method of combination of ion exchanging and sagging

Based on the Fick’s diffusion equations, the distribution function of refractive index of a gradient refractive index ball lens (GRIN ball lens/GBL) is derived. Lithium containing silicate glass is fabricated and GRIN ball lenses (GBLs) which diameters are from 0.3 mm to 3.0 mm are made by the method of combination of Ion exchanging and sagging in sodium nitrate. Refractive index profiles of these GBLs are measured by interferometer, and the performances such as effective focal length (EFL), back focal length (BFL) and numerical aperture (NA) between GBLs and homogeneous ball lenses (HBLs) are compared. Results show that the distribution of the index of refraction is parabolic curve and its Δn is about 0.0002, the performances of the former are super to the latter.     

动态目标模拟器用视景仿真镜头光学设计

研究一种基于液晶光阀的动态光学目标模拟器用视景仿真镜头,给出了视景仿真镜头的设计实例。动态光学目标模拟器由内置液晶显示系统、视景仿真镜头、外置投影仪、计算机、电缆、调整机构组成。测试设备将命令发送到计算机,计算机根据接收的指令生成模拟地形图并控制液晶光阀将图像显示出来,液晶光阀位于视景仿真镜头的焦平面位置,视景仿真镜头对液晶光阀成像后形成平行光出射,可在有限距离上产生无限远效果模拟观测结果,光学敏感器接受模拟器的出射光线并成像完成模拟试验,视景仿真镜头采用二次成像的反远结构,同时为保证与液晶光阀出射光相互匹配,采用了远心光路的结构形式。视景仿真镜头的焦距f=-22.447 1 mm,视场角是对角线视场为45,有效视场为301.5301.5;全视场畸边＜1％,在Nyquist频率42.5 lp/mm处MTF＞0.45,系统长度325 mm;视景仿真镜头与敏感器镜头配合后在敏感器像面上的照度均匀性不小于95.4％。最后给出了视景仿真镜头的测试结果。     

Compact and large depth of field image scanner for auto document feeder with compound eye system

We designed a compact and large depth of field image scanner targeted for auto document feeders (ADF) by using a compound eye system design with plural optical units in which the ray paths are folded by a reflective optics. Though we have previously proposed the principle concept, we advance the design using a free-form surface mirror to reduce the F-number for less illumination energy and to shrink its optical track width to 40 mm. We achieved large depth of field (DOF) of 1.2 mm, defined as a range exceeding 30% modulation transfer function (MTF) at 300 dpi, which is about twice as large as a conventional gradient index (GRIN) lens array contact image sensor (CIS). The aperture stop has a rectangular-shaped aperture, where one side length is as large as 4.0mm for collecting much light, and another side length is as small as 1.88mm for avoiding interference of folded ray paths.     

i线投影光刻曝光系统的光学设计

叙述具有同轴对准特性的光学投影物镜双远心结构和均匀照明光学系统原理。为了满足ｉ线光刻所需的光学传递函数要求，讨论了光刻分辨率和数值孔径的关系。设计了一种新的双远心投影物镜，其数值孔径ＮＡ＝０．４２，放大倍率Ｍ＝－１／５，像场尺寸１５ｍｍ×１５ｍｍ（直径２１·２ｍｍ），共轭距Ｌ＝６０２ｍｍ。用光学设计程序ＺＥＭＡＸ－ＸＥ计算此ｉ线物镜的像质。设计结果说明，整个视场内波差＜λ／４，ＭＴＦ＞０．５５，当空间频率为７１５ｐａｉｒｌｉｎｅｓ／ｍｍ，使用波长为３６５士３ｎｍ时。可以实现０．７μｍ光刻分辨率；照明均匀器，由８１个小方型透镜组成一方列阵。用本文模拟计算软件ＯＰＥＮＧ计算被照像平面上的光能分布，说明实际系统的照明不均匀性为土２％。     

双法布里—珀罗干涉仪传感模型的理论分析

本文提出了一种用发光二极管作为光源、用自聚焦透镜构成法布里-珀罗腔的双法布里-珀罗干涉仪光纤位移传感模型.根据部分相干光的干涉理论,得到了这个传感模型输出光强与两个法布里一珀罗干涉仪腔长之差的函数曲线.     

梯度折射率球透镜的制备及其光线轨迹测试

自麦克斯韦鱼眼透镜理论模型提出后,长期以来学术界一直以为它只是一种绝对光学仪器,在实践中并没有应用的可能。但通过对麦克斯韦鱼眼微球透镜的理论研究表明,在一定条件下,它具有良好的成像性能和耦合效率。根据菲克定律推导出梯度折射率球透镜的折射率分布函数。并且熔制了含Li+硅酸盐玻璃和采用槽沉法以及Na+/Li+离子交换法制备直径为0.3—3.0mm的梯度折射率球透镜。通过干涉法测得了梯度折射率球透镜的折射率分布曲线,并研究了光线通过梯度折射率球透镜的轨迹。研究结果表明:在590℃,离子扩散系数为3.07×10-6mm2/s;所制备的梯度折射率球透镜的折射率分布是抛物线分布,并且和理论分析相吻合;梯度折射率球透镜的光线轨迹满足椭圆方程。     

Superhigh numerical aperture (NA > 1.5) micro gradient-index lens based on a dual-material approach

We describe a novel scheme for obtaining a superhigh numerical aperture gradient-index (SHNA GRIN) lens from multiple thin layers of two or more materials with large refractive-index contrast. Design procedures for the lens are described, including variation of the layer thickness to achieve focusing and of the thickness limit to reduce scattering loss. We use an exact numerical solution by the finite-difference time-domain method to evaluate the lens's performance. Specific examples of a SHNA GRIN lens with a SiO2-TiO2 material system designed for fiber coupling to a nanowaveguide are shown to have focusing FWHM spot sizes of 0.53-0.7 microm at lambda =1.55 microm (corresponding to a NA of approximately 1.6-1.1) with 2.7-2.4% more loss than an ideal continuous index profile GRIN lens. With this approach, a SHNA GRIN lens with a NA of > 1.5 and a length of <20 microm can be achieved with currently available thin-film deposition techniques.     

Simple equivalent systems for GRIN lenses in inhomogeneous medium

Simple single-lens equivalent systems for graded-index （GRIN） lenses in inhomogeneous medium obtained using matrix optics are proposed in this letter. Due to its simplicity, the equivalent optical system enables quick analysis of the imaging properties of GRIN lens rod immersed in inhomogeneous medium. This facilitates the optical analysis of complicated optoelectronics systems in inhomogeneous medium utilizing GRIN lens rods.     

平行光束反射光强调制型光纤位移传感器研究

讨论并建立了一种基于平行光束发射光强调制的光纤位移传感器，该传感器的入射和接收光纤的端部都用渐变折射率光纤（GRIN）制成的透镜耦合，入射光纤的渐变折射率光纤透镜发出的平行光束以一定入射角照射到试件表面，接收渐变折射率光纤透镜放置在入射光的镜面反射方向，详细分析了试件表面为镜面反射和朗伯反射时传感器的输出特性，由仿真计算可知，通过调整测头的结构参量，该传感器可获得较强的输出信号，适用于对测量范围和工作点有灵活要求的场合。     

Estimation of the Effective Measuring Volume of Single-Fibre Reflection Probes for solid volume concentration measurements

The working principle of the single-fibre reflection (SFR) probe is that light emitted by a laser diode is guided into the measuring volume by the same fibre which receives the proportion of light reflected by the particles in the vicinity of the probe tip and transmits it back to a photosensitive element. In contrast to other configurations of fibre optical probes, the SFR probe is characterized by an unambiguous calibration graph over the entire range of solid volume concentration values. SFR probes have been successfully applied to different kinds of multiphase flow systems, e.g. fluidized beds, pneumatic conveying lines, elutriators and thickeners. A particular question for the interpretation of measurements has always been the effective size of the measuring volume, which is mainly determined by the solid volume concentration. In this paper a simplified mathematical model of the signal generation by backscattering of the emitted light at the particle surfaces is given. The theory takes into account the average optical properties of the solids and their particle size distributions. The particle properties are determined on the basis of this model, which finally delivers the shape, size and depth of the effective measuring volume. For particle sizes between 30 and 120 μm the depth of the measuring volume of a 600-μm fibre probe is between 0.2 mm for solid concentrations near the fixed-bed state and approximately 4 mm for solid volume concentrations as low as 0.1 vol.-%.     

透镜转像式军用瞄准镜物镜设计

为了满足瞄准镜体积小、重量轻的要求,需要物镜采用摄远型结构。分析了摄远型透镜转像式物镜的光学特性与像差特点,提出了摄远型镜组、正场镜和对称式转像镜组构成的结构型式。依据系统的成像特性,推导了光焦度分配和外形尺寸计算公式。采用光学设计软件Zemax设计了摄远型透镜转像式物镜,系统焦距为-100 mm,入瞳直径为25 mm,视场角为8,系统总长仅为99.92 mm。设计结果表明,采用该方法设计的瞄准镜物镜在40 lp/mm处各个视场的调制传递函数均在0.2以上,满足目视光学仪器的使用要求。     

梯度透镜折射率分布高次项系数的数值计算

本文从光线方程出发,给出了一系列利用径向梯度透镜球象差进行数值计算求解折射率分布高次项系数的公式及测量计算结果。     

Optimisation du couplage entre une source et un faisceau de fibres optiques à l'aide d'un programme de tracé de rayons

This paper presents a study of the coupling between a source and a fibre bundle. A ray trace numerical simulation was used to examine the effects of geometrical and optical parameters of the concentrator and the fibre bundle. We compare the results of the computer program with measurements obtained in the case of a light emitting diode and a single lens.     

球面端面的锥形梯度折射率透镜的近轴成像特性

本文根据光线在球面上的折射公式及光线微分方程,研究了光线经两端面为球面的锥形梯度折射率透镜的传播和变换,基于光线传递ABCD矩阵,提出了球面端面的锥形梯度折射率透镜的一种等效光学系统.文中给出了该透镜的主平面、焦平面和焦距计算公式,以及近轴成像高斯公式.当锥度为零时即得到球面端面的柱形或径向梯度折射率透镜的相应结果.     

COB光源的窄光束均匀照明设计

为了解决高功率白光LED光源输出高均匀度窄光束的问题,设计了一种由复合抛物面反射器、菲涅尔透镜和非球面透镜组成的照明系统。设计中以板上芯片型（COB）集成光源的配光曲线为依据构建光源仿真模型,由复合抛物面反射器实现大角度光线初次会聚之后,再由菲涅尔透镜控制溢散光,最后利用非球面透镜进行准直配光。采用TracePro进行蒙特卡洛光线追迹,根据仿真得到的系统性能指标,并研制出实物装置进行实验测试。最终测试结果表明:窄光束均匀照明系统可以输出±7.9°的光束,并且在距离系统出光面0.7 m左右的区域形成均匀度超过96%的圆形光斑,整体光效达到60%。     

Automatic design of a one-to-many optical-interconnects lens system using aspherics

Use of an aspherical surface in the design of a lens system for one-to-many optical-interconnects (OTM-OI), composed of a doublet lens and a gradient-index (GRIN) lens array has been investigated. Applying the procedure of ALSIE (Automatic Lens design by Solving InEqualities), the off-axis lens systems, which feature the optical performance of the OTM-OI lens system, are optimized at 0.1 numerical aperture with a total field of view of 2°. Three aspherical designs with the aspherical surface for different surfaces are presented. The aspherical designs show preferable modulation transfer function (MTF) for high frequency as compared with the spherical design.