热带对流活动日变化的模拟研究

利用一个云分辨与海洋的耦合模式,模拟研究了热带对流活动的日变化.通过对模拟结果的分析,揭示了热带地区不同海温日变化条件下,对流活动的云物理特征.利用热带海洋与全球大气响应观测实验（TOGA COARE）的观测资料作为模式的初始与边界场,来驱动耦合模式.对热带海表温度按照其日变化幅度的大小进行了分类,分为强、弱海表温度日变化两种类型,并在此基础上进行了合成分析.结果表明：1）在弱的海表温度日变化下,云中的云冰含量大于云水含量,说明云中以层状云为主;而在强的海温日变化下,云中的云水含量大于云冰含量,说明云中以 关键词： 热带对流日变化 地面降水率 云冰含量 云水含量     

Study of cosmic ray diurnal variation on a day-to-day basis

From a careful examination of the diurnal variation of cosmic ray intensity at high energies and the interplanetary field characteristics, the average characteristics of diurnal variation were recently explained by us in terms of a balance between outward convection and field aligned diffusion, the latter arising out of a positive radial density gradient. In this paper, we extend this new concept to explain the large variability observed in the diurnal variation on a day-to-day basis and further demonstrate that the measurement of diurnal anisotropy characteristic of cosmic ray particles on a day-to-day basis can be used directly to infer the nature and scale sizes of interplanetary field parameters. Comparing with the magnetic field vector, we show that this simple concept holds good on more than 80% of days. On the rest 20% of days which have a predominant morning maxima, the diurnal anisotropy characteristics seem to indicate the presence of a significant component of transverse diffusion current in addition to the normal convection and diffusion flow. Such days are found to be present in the form of trains of consecutive days and are found to be associated with abrupt changes in the interplanetary field direction having scale sizes >4 hr. The value ofK _⊥/K _‖ which is normally about ⩽0.05 is found to be ≈1.0 on non-field aligned days.     

Effects of sea surface temperature, cloud radiative and microphysical processes, and diurnal variations on rainfall in equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations

The effects of sea surface temperature(SST),cloud radiative and microphysical processes,and diurnal variations on rainfall statistics are documented with grid data from the two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations.For a rain rate of higher than 3 mm.h 1,water vapor convergence prevails.The rainfall amount decreases with the decrease of SST from 29℃ to 27℃,the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST,or the exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds and radiative effects of water clouds,which are primarily associated with the decreases in water vapor convergence.However,the amount of rainfall increases with the increase of SST from 29℃ to 31℃,the exclusion of diurnal variation of solar zenith angle,and the exclusion of the radiative effects of ice clouds,which are primarily related to increases in water vapor convergence.For a rain rate of less than 3 mm.h 1,water vapor divergence prevails.Unlike rainfall statistics for rain rates of higher than 3 mm.h 1,the decrease of SST from 29℃ to 27℃ and the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds increase the rainfall amount,which corresponds to the suppression in water vapor divergence.The exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds decreases the amount of rainfall,which corresponds to the enhancement in water vapor divergence.The amount of rainfall is less sensitive to the increase of SST from 29℃ to 31℃ and to the radiative effects of water clouds in the absence of the radiative effects of ice clouds.     

基于对流传热模型的LD端面泵浦圆形激光晶体的热效应研究

通过对半导体端面泵浦棒状Nd∶YAG晶体的热效应进行了理论分析,研究了端面抽运圆形截面激光晶体内部温度场,建立了符合条件的激光晶体热模型。考虑晶体侧面与冷却液之间的对流传热,以及晶体端面与外界非绝热边界条件,从而建立更为合理的边界条件,得出更符合实际的晶体的温度分布场。研究结果表明,考虑端面的对流传热后,计算的晶体中心温度降低,而相应的热焦距稍有增加;空气传热系数增加时,晶体中心温度明显降低,热焦距显著增加,减弱了晶体热效应。     

Effects of clouds, sea surface temperature, and its diurnal variation on precipitation efficiency

The effects of clouds, sea surface temperature, and its diurnal variation on precipitation efficiency are investigated using grid-scale data from nine equilibrium sensitivity cloud-resolving model experiments driven without large-scale vertical velocity. The precipitation efficiencies are respectively defined in surface rainfall, cloud, and rain microphysical budgets. We mathematically and physically demonstrate the relationship between these precipitation efficiencies. The 2℃ increases in spatiotemporal invariant sea surface temperature (SST) from 27℃ to 29℃ and from 29℃ to 31℃, and the inclusion of diurnal SST difference 1℃ and the 1℃ increase in diurnal SST difference generate opposite changes in the precipitation efficiency by changing ice cloud-radiation interactions. The radiative and microphysical processes of ice clouds have opposite effects on the precipitation efficiency because of the rainfall increase associated with the reduction in the saturation mixing ratio caused by the exclusion of radiative effects and the decrease in rainfall related to the reduction in net condensation caused by the exclusion of deposition processes. The radiative effects of water clouds on the precipitation efficiency are statistically insensitive to the radiative effects of ice clouds.     

Attenuation and depolarization of millimeter waves due to incoherent scattering in tropical rainfall

The radiative transfer equation has been applied to investigate the effects of multiple scattering on communication at the millimeter wavelength in tropical rain. Horizontal linearly polarized incident waves are assumed. The scattering characteristics are calculated using the Mie theory at frequencies of 16, 34.8, 82, 140 and and at rainfall rates of 12.5, 50 and . Some results of the directional patterns of the incoherent intensities at various points in the rain medium are presented. The frequency dependence of the propagation distance, attenuation coefficient and the variation of incoherent specific intensities in tropical rainfall are investigated. The incoherent power at the receiver relative to the coherent power, which is important in assessing the quality of signal in the receiver, is also investigated. It is observed that the maximum incoherent copolarized received power is about in tropical rainfall at rainfall rate. Also the difference between the copolarized incoherent power in tropical and temperate rainfall is about at frequencies higher than , and about for the cross-polarized incoherent power components. It may therefore be safely said that multiple scattering may not result in serious degradation of the coherent wave component even in the most intense tropical precipitation. It also appears that it is independent of regional rainfall climatology.     

Upshot of Chemical Species and Nonlinear Thermal Radiation on Oldroyd-B Nanofluid Flow Past a Bi-directional Stretched Surface with Heat Generation/Absorption ina Porous Media

A three-dimensional mathematical model is developed to examine the flow of nonlinear thermal radiation Oldroyd-B nanofluid past a bidirectional linearly stretched surface in a porous medium. The flow is induced by temperature dependent thermal conductivity, chemical reaction and convective heat and mass conditions. Novel characteristics of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are accompanied by magnetohydrodynamic and heat generation/absorption. Self-similar transformations are employed to convert the system of nonlinear partial differential equations to a system of ordinary differential equations with high nonlinearity and are solved by strong analytic technique named as Homotopy Analysis method (HAM). Effects of varied arising parameters on involved distributions are reflected through graphical illustrations. From this study, it is perceived that strong magnetic field hinders the fluid's motion and leads to rise in temperature that eventually lowers heat transfer rate from the surface. Further, decrease in heat transfer rate is also observed for enhanced values of thermal radiation parameter. To validate our results, a comparison with already published paper in limiting case is also given and results are found in excellent oncurrence; hence reliable results are being presented.     

A statistical dynamics approach to the study of human health data: Resolving population scale diurnal variation in laboratory data

Statistical physics and information theory is applied to the clinical chemistry measurements present in a patient database containing 2.5 million patients' data over a 20-year period. Despite the seemingly naive approach of aggregating all patients over all times (with respect to particular clinical chemistry measurements), both a diurnal signal in the decay of the time-delayed mutual information and the presence of two sub-populations with differing health are detected. This provides a proof in principle that the highly fragmented data in electronic health records has potential for being useful in defining disease and human phenotypes.     

基于多普勒天气雷达数据的中层径向辐合自动识别及其与强对流天气的相关性研究

本文提出了一种从多普勒天气雷达单仰角径向速度图中的正-负速度区域对入手自动识别一类强对流天气的中层径向辐合的方法.首先,根据雷达探测机理,解释了由气流形成的辐合场一定会在径向速度图中形成局部最大正速度区域和局部最大负速度区域的特点,然后构建正-负速度区域对的识别算法,通过来自多个单仰角径向速度图的区域对配准和相关信息,判断雷达径向速度图中是否存在着中层径向辐合,推算辐合的强度、延伸厚度等重要参数,确定得到最优垂直剖面图的剖切方位.经对客观存在显著中层径向辐合的384例样本和不存在明显中层径向辐合的356例样本的测试,本文方法对显著中层径向辐合的识别率达到100%、误识率为0,与人工方法相比,本文方法把对中层径向辐合的识别时间从分钟级缩短到秒级,同时自动给出其强度、高度、厚度、位置等丰富的定量信息和恰当的可视化垂直剖面图.利用给出的参数信息进行了与强对流天气的相关性研究,验证了中层径向辐合与对流行地面大风的较强相关性,同时发现,最强中层径向辐合的高度对区分强冰雹与强降水、中层径向辐合的强度对估计冰雹尺寸具有良好的指示性.     

Analysis and merit of the constrained-component variation in dirac theory

It is shown that the constrained-component variation generally suggested by Rosicky and Mark is very fundamental, has consistent variational features and reproduces, as a special case, earlier variational results for atomic systems obtained by Drake and Goldman. Numerical merits and demerits of this method are qualitatively assessed.     

Thermal analysis and water-cooling design of the CSNS MEBT 324 MHz buncher cavity

At least two bunchers are needed in the 3MeV H^－ Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) line located between RFQ and DTL for the CSNS (China Spallation Neutron Source). A nose-cone geometry has been adopted as the type of buncher cavity for its simplicity, higher impedance and lower risk of multipacting. By making use of the results got from the simulations on the buncher with two-dimension code SUPERFISH, the thermal and structural analyses have been carried out, the process and results to determine the resulting frequency shift due to thermal and structural distortion of the cavity are presented, the water-cooling channel position and the optimum cooling water temperature as well as the tuning method by adjusting the cooling water temperature when the cavity is out of resonance are also determined through the analyses.     

南海夏季风与登陆我国大陆初旋的关系

利用1948---2009年南海夏季风指数、NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析位势高度场、风场资料, 首次分析了南海夏季风与每年登陆中国大陆的首个热带气旋(初旋)的关系. 结果表明: 初旋的登陆日、登陆纬度、生成纬度与当年登陆中国大陆热带气旋的频数、活动期、强度等相关性较好; 强(弱)南海夏季风指数年份, 登陆大陆热带气旋数偏多(少)、初旋登陆日偏迟(早)、初旋登陆点偏南(北). 从流场上看, 强(弱)南海夏季风指数年份, 对应的季风槽偏强(弱), 其异常风场和初旋路径也截然不同. 从年际变化上看, 南海夏季风指数明显呈减弱趋势, 而初旋登陆点则有一定北移.     

湿斜压热动力耦合强迫激发辐合增长和暴雨维持的一种机制

打破将散度演化分析局限于水平动力学框架内的传统认识思维,针对大气的斜压性与层结特征将对大气运动散度场演化产生显著影响的事实,从湿斜压原始方程出发,将大气的斜压热力作用通过热力学方程引入散度方程,在替换平衡近似（alternative balance）下,导出了显式包含湿非地转Q矢量与垂直风切变耦合强迫作用的新型散度方程.阐明了潮湿大气中非地转斜压强迫激发散度场演化的物理机制,为利用常规观测资料诊断散度场演化提供了一种有效的数学工具.通过对流层中低层气柱内总体辐合增长影响因子的分 关键词： 暴雨天气 散度演变 正压非平衡强迫 湿斜压热动力耦合强迫     

Thermal simulation and analysis of the STF cryomodule

STF is a superconducting RF test facility constructed at the high energy accelerator research orga-nization of Japan (KEK), as a main part of a R&D project for the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC) in Asia. Thermal study of the STF 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavity cryomodule was carried out within a collaboration between China and Japan. Static and dynamic thermal behaviors of the STF cryomodule were simulated and analyzed with the FEM method, and some simulation results were compared with the available experimental data. This paper presents the details.     

Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Thermal Insulation Performance of the Roof with Water-Retained Bricks

In this paper, the thermal insulation performance of the roof with water-retained bricks was first analyzed theoretically with respect to the thermal inertia, attenuation and delay time of the roof with water-retained bricks. Then, the experimental rig was established to carry out the experimental research on the thermal insulation performance of the roof with and without water-retained bricks on the sunny, overcast and rainy days in the summer and on the sunny day in the winter. The results showed that: (1) the surface heat storage coefficient is affected by the evaporating heat transfer of the water layer; (2) the thermal inertness, attenuation and delay time of the roof with water-retained bricks are 2.575, 21 and 6.94 h, respectively, when the water depth is 2 cm; (3) on the sunny, overcast and rainy days in the summer, laying water-retained bricks can enhance the heat insulation performance of the roof, and can improve the thermal comfort of the loft; and (4) on the sunny day in the winter, after laying water-retained bricks, the average temperature of the loft in 24 h increases by 2.3 °C, and the temperature fluctuation of the loft decreases by 56.0%. Therefore, the thermal insulation effect is significantly improved after laying water-retained bricks on the roof from the results of both the theoretical and experimental study.     

Thermal simulation and analysis of the STF cryomodule

STF is a superconducting RF test facility constructed at the high energy accelerator research organization of Japan (KEK), as a main part of a R&;D project for the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC) in Asia. Thermal study of the STF 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavity cryomodule was carried out within a collaboration between China and Japan. Static and dynamic thermal behaviors of the STF cryomodule were simulated and analyzed with the FEM method, and some simulation results were compared with the available experimental data. This paper presents the details.     

A geological, seismic and hydrogeological survey of the February 23, 1991 Cassino earthquake

Summary After the February 23, 1991 event, localized northwest of Cassino, some phenomena were noted (strong rumbles, shakes, etc.) that frightened people and alarmed the local authorities. To identify the possible causes of these phenoena, a geological and seismic survey was carried out, with particular attention to the hydrogeology of the area. Two seismographic stations were also set up. The stations were removed when the phenomena ceased.     

Microscopic—Theoretical Calculations of R—Line Thermal Shifts and Broadenings of MgO：V^2＋

A great improvement on a previous work (PHYS.Rev.B48 (1993) 14067) has been made.By taking into account all the irreducible representations and their components in the electron-phonon interaction (EPI) as well as all the levels and the admixtures of basic wavefunctions within d^3 electronic configuration,the values of all the parameters in the expressions of thermal shift(TS) and thermal broadening (TB) from EPI for the ground level,R level and R line of MgO:V^2 have microscopically been evaluated;and then,both the TS and TB of R line and various contributions to them have uniformly been calculated.The results are in very good agreement with the experimental data.It is found that all the three terms of TS from EPI are red shifts;the term of the contribution to TS from thermal expansion is blue shift.The Raman term is the largest,and the other terms are also important for TS.The R-line TS of MgO:V^2 comes from the first-order term of EPI.The elastic Raman scattering of acoustic phonons plays a dominant role in R-line TB of MgO:V^2 .For calculations of both the TS and TB,it is very important to take into account all the admixtures of wavefunctions.     

激光大气传输相位不连续点的时空演化特征的数值计算

利用激光大气传输4维程序对激光大气传输相位不连续点的时空演化特征进行了数值计算。仿真计算了相位不连续点随光波传输的产生和湮灭过程,以及某一固定传输位置处,畸变光场内的相位不连续点随时间的变化情况。计算结果表明,相位不连续点是随着波前运动的,并且可以成对地产生或湮灭;当传输路径中的某一位置固定时,垂直于传播方向的畸变光场内的相位不连续点所在的位置随时间的变化是不确定的,但在传输条件一定的情况下,该位置处的相位不连续点数目的统计平均值是可以确定的。     

Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the R134a refrigerant in the liquid state

Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of “ozone-safe” refrigerant R134a in liquid state within the range of temperatures 295.9–354.9 K and pressures from the liquid — vapor equilibrium line up to 4.08 MPa have been studied by high-frequency thermal-wave method. The experimental uncertainties of the temperature, pressure, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity measurement errors were estimated to be 0.1 K, 3 kPa, 1.5 and 2.5 %, respectively. Values of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of liquid R134a on saturated line have been calculated. Approximation dependences for thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity within the whole studied range of temperatures and pressures as well as on the saturated line have been obtained. The work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant No. 07-08-00295-a).