Synthesis of novel fused azecine ring systems through application of the tert-amino effect

Novel fused azecine ring systems were synthesized via the microwave-assisted thermal isomerization of terphenyl or biphenyl-pyridazine compounds possessing a vinyl and a tert-amino group, through application of a new extension of the tert-amino effect. Substrates for the ring closure were prepared from ortho-dihalobenzene or pyridazinone by consecutive Suzuki couplings with ortho-sec-amino- and formylphenylboronic acids, followed by Knoevenagel condensation of the aldehydes obtained.     

An efficient microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis of pyrido-fused ring systems applying the tert-amino effect

Significant improvements in the synthesis of pyrido-fused heterocycles were observed when performing the reaction under solvent-free conditions, applying the tert-amino effect as the key ring closure methodology. An unexpected cyclization of ortho-(1′-azacycloalkyl)benzaldehydes has been studied in water and on solid support.     

A novel tert-amino effect based approach to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-2-spirocycloalkanes

An interaction of 2-[cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]benzaldehydes with substituted acetonitriles X-CH₂CN (X=CN, Tos, hetaryl) was found to yield 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrospiro(quinoline-2,1′-cyclohexane)-3-carbonitriles. The corresponding spiroquinoline-2,1′-cyclopentane analogues were obtained similarly starting from 2-[cyclopentyl(methyl)amino]benzaldehydes. The reaction was assumed to proceed via initial Knoevenagel condensation and further ring closure of the formed adduct according to the tert-amino effect mechanism. The structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed unambiguously by X-ray crystallographic study.     

Remarkable enhancement effect of potassium tert-butoxide/THF solution in base-induced Sommelet-Hauser rearrangements

A solution of potassium tert-butoxide in THF was shown to remarkably enhance the base-induced Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement of N-benzylic amino acid-derived ammonium ylides.     

The solvent effect on the reaction constants of tert-butyl radical addition to 2-substituted allyl chlorides

The ρ values of free radical S_H2′ reactions have been determined in various solvents. The correlation of Hammett ρ with Taft's π* gives a W value of 0.70. The W value is a measure of susceptibility of the reaction constant to change in solvent polarity. However, the W value is 2.64 in the dissociation reactions of substituted benzoic acids. The free radical reactions are less susceptible to the solvent effect than ionic reactions and this could be rationalized in terms of the partial charge formed in the transition state of free radical reaction is less than that of heterolytic reaction. The ρ values in S_H2′ reactions might not reflect truly the partial charge separation at transition state, however, it might be a measure of the susceptibility of the reaction to the electronic effect of the substituents.     

One-pot approach to 2-arylbenzoxazinone derivatives from 2-alkynylanilines using copper-mediated tandem reactions

In this study, we describe a one-pot method to obtain a variety of 2-arylbenzoxazinones and N-benzoyl anthranilic acid by using a copper catalyst and molecular oxygen as oxidants. This protocol involves tandem cyclization and oxidative processes of 2-alkynylanilines to afford significant motifs in synthetic and medicinal chemistry with moderate yields. We also demonstrated that combining the Sonogashira coupling and the developed method realized the synthesis of 2-arylbenzoxazinones derivatives from commercially available 2-iodoanilines and terminal acetylenes.     

Tf2NH-catalyzed,highly regio-and stereo-selective synthesis of trisubstituted alkenes and indane derivatives from benzylic alcohols and alkenes

A reaction of benzylic alcohols with alkenes has been developed in the presence of bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide for the synthesis of trisubstituted alkenes and indane derivatives with high stereoselectivity.In general,benzylic alcohols react with 1,1-diaryl alkenes to afford trisubstituted alkenes,and the reaction with 1,2-disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes affords indane derivatives through a [3 + 2] annulation reaction.     

Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular Heck reaction: A general route for fused oxepine derivatives

A simple and facile approach for the synthesis of various structurally different tricyclic bent oxepine frameworks from a readily accessible precursor has been introduced. The synthesis of substituted oxepine derivative involved Pd(0)-catalyzed Heck reaction. This methodology enriches the literature for the large ring formation.     

A stereodivergent route to two epimeric 2-pyrrolidinylglycine derivatives

A new route to two epimeric 2-pyrrolidinylglycine derivatives is developed, which features Mitsunobu amination of a chiral allyl alcohol and ring-closing metathesis as key steps.     

Facile nucleophilic fluorination of primary alkyl halides using tetrabutylammonium fluoride in a tert-alcohol medium

Nonpolar protic reaction media such as t-amyl alcohol allow the aliphatic, nucleophilic fluorination reaction of primary haloalkane systems to fluoroalkanes, using tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF), to proceed chemo-selectively at a reasonable reaction rate under mild conditions to afford the fluoro-product in high yield. As an example, the nucleophilic fluorination of 2-(3-iodopropoxy)naphthalene (1a) as the primary haloalkane model compound, with TBAF in acetonitrile as a polar aprotic solvent, CsF in t-amyl alcohol as a nonpolar protic solvent, and TBAF in t-amyl alcohol for 1 h provided 2-(3-fluoropropoxy)naphthalene (2a) in 38, 5, and 76% yields, respectively.     

I2/TBHP-mediated domino process: a convenient route to 1,3-oxazole derivatives

A practical and simple synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted oxazoles was developed via a TBHP (tert-butyl hydroperoxide)/I₂-mediated domino strategy. The reaction proceeds in series, giving rise to the formation of an intermolecular C–N bond and an intramolecular C–O bond, which yield oxazole derivatives simultaneously. The reaction gave the desired products from readily available substrates under mild conditions.     

A tandem Finkelstein-rearrangement-elimination reaction: a straightforward synthetic route to allyl esters

Allyl esters can be obtained by a Finkelstein-rearrangement-elimination reaction of 2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl esters induced by NaI. Sodium iodide can be used below equivalence using a reductive agent as sodium thiosulfate. High yields are obtained with most of the diverse esters studied. The method described avoids the use of allyl alcohol as a reagent. 2-Chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl esters are prepared from glycerol, the main by-product of biodiesel industry. The effectiveness of iodine as reagent to hydrolyze allyl esters is also confirmed.     

Intramolecular Heck reaction of methylenephthalimidine derivatives: a simple route to lennoxamine and chilenine

A new concise route to the key intermediate for isoindolobenazepine alkaloids, lennoxamine and chilenine, was developed using amine and keto-ester condensation followed by Heck reaction.     

Gold-catalyzed cyclization of 1-alkynyl cyclopropyl tert-butyl carbonate to construct multifunctionalized vinyl cyclopropane derivatives

A convenient new method was developed to prepare two types of vinyl cyclopropane derivatives through gold-catalyzed cyclization of 1-alkynyl cyclopropyl tert-butyl carbonates 2. Different from the previous reported 5-exo-dig route, the 6-endo-dig addition is the preferred pathway to provide six-membered cyclized carbonates. Two factors, including stereoelectronic effect and steric effect might affect the regioselectivity. Therefore, low steric aliphatic substrates afforded only six-membered isomers. The synthetic utility of compound 3 was also explored to afford a series of β-carbonyl cyclopropanol derivatives.     

溶液反应机理与动力学-2：影响因素与动力学方程的一般形式

对引起溶液反应与气相反应速率差异的因素进行了分析。指出大量溶剂分子的存在,并不会导致反应物分子之间的碰撞频率大幅度降低。除影响反应物活度和起催化作用之外,溶剂化和微观粘度是影响溶液反应速率的主要因素。微观粘度的影响可正可负,可能存在"负粘度"效应。基于简单碰撞理论和过渡态理论,给出了溶液反应速率公式的一般形式,可以综合活化能和微观粘度的影响。该方法可以比较合理地解释一些实验现象。     

Baylis-Hillman reaction promoted by a recyclable protic-ionic-liquid solvent-catalyst system: DABCO-AcOH-H2O

A recyclable protic-ionic-liquid solvent-catalyst system, DABCO-AcOH-H₂O, has been developed and used in the Baylis-Hillman reaction of aromatic aldehydes, aliphatic aldehydes, and cinnamaldehydes with acrylates and acrylonitrile, showing comparable performance to free DABCO in traditional solvents. The DABCO-AcOH-H₂O solvent-catalyst system could be reused for at least five times without significant loss of activity.     

Rhodium-catalysed synthesis of fused pyrimidine derivatives employing N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles as a 1-aza-[4C] synthon

A new synthetic application of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles acting as a 1-aza-[4C] synthon via the 1,2-shift reaction of an α-imine rhodium carbene was developed for the synthesis of fused pyrimidine derivatives. The high reactivity of the strained three-membered 2H-azirine ring facilitated the unusual cyclization of electron-deficient dienes with electron-deficient dienophiles. The compatibility was good with common functionalities tolerated. Excellent chemoselectivity was observed, and no reactions occurred between the rhodium carbene and 2H-azirine. The products could be converted into seven-membered multi-functionalized 1H-1,4-diazepine derivatives, illustrating the potential application of the protocol in medium-sized N-heterocycle synthesis.     

The Direct catalytic asymmetric cross-Mannich reaction: a highly enantioselective route to 3-amino alcohols and alpha-amino acid derivatives

The first proline-catalyzed direct catalytic asymmetric one-pot, three-component cross-Mannich reaction has been developed. The highly chemoselective reactions between two different unmodified aldehydes and one aromatic amine are new routes to 3-amino aldehydes with dr>19:1 and up to >99 % ee. The asymmetric cross-Mannich reactions are highly syn-selective and in several cases the two new carbon centers are formed with absolute stereocontrol. The reaction does not display nonlinear effects and therefore only one proline molecule is involved in the transition state. The reaction was also catalyzed with good selectivity by other proline derivatives. The Mannich products were converted into 3-amino alcohols and 2-aminobutane-1,4-diols with up to >99 % ee. The first one-pot, three-component, direct catalytic asymmetric cross-Mannich reactions between unmodified aldehydes, p-anisidine, and ethyl glyoxylate have been developed. The novel cross-Mannich reaction furnishes either enantiomer of unnatural alpha-amino acid derivatives in high yield and up to >99 % ee. The one-pot, three-component, direct catalytic asymmetric reactions were readily scaled up, operationally simple, and conductible in environmentally benign and wet solvents. The mechanism and stereochemistry of the proline-catalyzed, one-pot, three-component, asymmetric cross-Mannich reaction are also discussed.     

Reaction between tert-butyl isocyanide, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, and aromatic carboxylic acids: an efficient method for the synthesis of dialkyl (E)-2-{[benzoyl(tert-butyl)amino]carbonyl}-2-butenedioate derivatives

Protonation of the reactive intermediates produced in the reaction between tert-butyl isocyanide and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates by aromatic carboxylic acids leads to vinylnitrilium cations, which undergo nucleophilic reaction with conjugate bases of the carboxylic acids to produce dialkyl (E)-2-[(benzoyloxy)(tert-butylimino)methyl]-2-butenedioates and this intermediate rearranges to the dialkyl (E)-2-{[benzoyl(tert-butyl)amino]carbonyl}-2-butenedioate derivatives.     

Nitrile oxide cycloaddition to 4-hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone: Solvent effect and selectivity

The facial selectivity in the nitrile oxide cycloaddition reactions of 4-hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone and its bulky t-butyloxy derivative is reported. A quantitative evaluation of the solvent effect on the hydrogen bonding directing ability is given, showing the presence of some syn-stereoselectivity even in good H-bond acceptor solvents. The stereoselectivities of the O-t-butyl derivative may serve as reference data for more complex systems and point to the existence of a sole steric effect on the directivity; M(II) ions did not significantly improve the selectivity. The results are also discussed in light of the potential application of these scaffolds in the nucleoside analogue synthesis.