Acoustic propagation in partially choked converging-diverging ducts

A computer model based on the wave-envelope technique is used to study acoustic propagation in converging-diverging hard walled and lined circular ducts carrying near sonic mean flows. The influences of the liner admittance, boundary layer thickness, spinning mode number, and mean Mach number are considered. The numerical results indicate that the diverging portion of the duct can have a strong reflective effect for partially choked flows.     

微细光滑管内气体的流动与传热特性研究

在评述当前微细管内流动和换热特性研究的基础上提出了需考虑流体压缩性对速度剖面的影响。可压缩流动守恒方程组的数值解结果表明：运动流体的压缩性不仅使管内平均流速增加，而且使速度剖面更加饱满，从而使局域阻力系数和换热系数增加。与此同时，尽管管道的长细比很大，亦不可能出现充分发展的速度和温度剖面。这是由于微细管道中由于阻力引起的压力降可以很大，它所引起的流动加速达较大马赫数时，压缩性对阻力系数和传热系数的影响就不能忽略。     

Generation of a magnetic field by dynamo action in a turbulent flow of liquid sodium

We report the observation of dynamo action in the von Kármán sodium experiment, i.e., the generation of a magnetic field by a strongly turbulent swirling flow of liquid sodium. Both mean and fluctuating parts of the field are studied. The dynamo threshold corresponds to a magnetic Reynolds number R(m) approximately 30. A mean magnetic field of the order of 40 G is observed 30% above threshold at the flow lateral boundary. The rms fluctuations are larger than the corresponding mean value for two of the components. The scaling of the mean square magnetic field is compared to a prediction previously made for high Reynolds number flows.     

Zonal flows and transient dynamics of the L-H transition

We elucidate the role of zonal flows in transient phenomena observed during L-H transition by studying a simple L-H transition model which contains the evolution of zonal flows, mean ExB flows, and the ion pressure gradient. Zonal flows are shown to trigger the L-H transition and cause time-transient behavior through the self-regulation of turbulence before a mean shearing, due to a steep pressure profile, secures a quiescent H mode. Surprisingly, this self-regulation lowers the power threshold for the ultimate transition to a quiescent H-mode state.     

Nonlinear instability of elementary stratified flows at large Richardson number

Elementary stably stratified flows with linear instability at all large Richardson numbers have been introduced recently by the authors [J. Fluid Mech. 376, 319-350 (1998)]. These elementary stratified flows have spatially constant but time varying gradients for velocity and density. Here the nonlinear stability of such flows in two space dimensions is studied through a combination of numerical simulations and theory. The elementary flows that are linearly unstable at large Richardson numbers are purely vortical flows; here it is established that from random initial data, linearized instability spontaneously generates local shears on buoyancy time scales near a specific angle of inclination that nonlinearly saturates into localized regions of strong mixing with density overturning resembling Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. It is also established here that the phase of these unstable waves does not satisfy the dispersion relation of linear gravity waves. The vortical flows are one family of stably stratified flows with uniform shear layers at the other extreme and elementary stably stratified flows with a mixture of vorticity and strain exhibiting behavior between these two extremes. The concept of effective shear is introduced for these general elementary flows; for each large Richardson number there is a critical effective shear with strong nonlinear instability, density overturning, and mixing for elementary flows with effective shear below this critical value. The analysis is facilitated by rewriting the equations for nonlinear perturbations in vorticity-stream form in a mean Lagrangian reference frame. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.     

Simultaneous determination of velocity,turbulence and particle concentration of a turbulent flow using laser cross-beam photon-correlation spectroscopy

A turbulent velocity model is proposed to describe certain types of turbulent flows. An expression of the photon correlation function for laser cross-beam light scattering based on this model is presented, and it is found to give excellent agreement with experimental data. With least-square fitting, the measured spectrum allows the simultaneous determination of the mean flow velocity, turbulent velocity, and the number of scatterers.     

Large-eddy simulation of plane channel flow with Vreman's model

In this paper, large-eddy simulations of Vreman's model (VM) have been carried out to investigate its performances in a temporal transitional channel flow and in high Reynolds number turbulent channel flows. As a preliminary work, it is found that cubic root of the cell volume is the best choice of filter width for both VM and dynamic VM based on Germano identity (DVM), according to comparative studies and a-posteriori analyses at Re_τ = 590. VM and DVM are then used to simulate the temporal laminar–turbulent transitional channel flow, and the results turn out that VM and DVM are capable to simulate this temporal transient flow. In simulating high Reynolds number turbulent channel flows with a relatively coarse grid resolution, DVM itself shares the same weakness as the dynamic Smagorinsky model, while it can successfully predict the mean velocity profile and skin friction coefficient when it is coupled with the constrained large eddy simulation methodology. The coupling highly promotes the capability of Vreman's model, offering a new promising approach to simulate high Reynolds number wall-bounded turbulent flows.     

Kolmogorov scaling of turbulent flow in the vicinity of the wall

How to scale even the simplest of turbulent flows continues to be a cause for considerable controversy. In the present research, a data base compiling results from channel flow direct numerical simulations and turbulent boundary layer experiments is employed to investigate the properties of shear and normal Reynolds stresses very close to the wall. Two types of scaling based on Kolmogorov length and velocity scales are analyzed. It is shown that it is highly likely that large length scales of the order of the channel half-width or the boundary layer thickness play an important role even in the innermost regions of wall-bounded turbulent flows, which hints at the persistence of Reynolds number effects in even high Reynolds number flows.     

Study on the structures of fluid flows in the annular space formed by a submerged tilting pad journal bearing

In this study, the Taylor vortices of the film flow in the bearing clearance and so-called cavity flow between pads in a submerged tilting pad journal bearing were visualized by means of a tracer method. The effects of pad arc extent and pad inclination (from leading to trailing edges) on fluid flows, especially on the structures of Taylor vortices and cavity flow were investigated. The critical Taylor number of the film flow increased with an increase in pad inclination slightly. The pitch of array of the Taylor vortex rings at the critical Taylor number was, however, scarcely influenced by the pad inclination. The pitch was likely fixed by the mean clearance over the pad. Two-dimensional cavity flow field (in the central section perpendicular to the rotation axis) between pads was measured by a Particle Image Velocimetry to investigate the interaction of film flow and cavity flow between pads. The Taylor vortices out of the preceding pad were almost carried over the cavity region into succeeding pad, and hardly mixed with the cavity flow. This phenomenon is important in relation to the oil exchange between the film and cavity flows.     

On the effective permeability of a heterogeneous porous medium: the role of the geometric mean

This paper uses experimental data derived from surface permeability tests conducted on a bench-scale 508?mm cuboidal sample of Indiana Limestone. These results are used in combination with computational modelling to test the hypothesis that the geometric mean is a good proxy to represent permeability when the spatial distribution of the permeability for the heterogeneous rock, with no evidence of hydraulic anisotropy or fractures, is log-normal. The predictive capabilities of the geometric mean as a measure of the effective permeability are further assessed by examining specific examples where three-dimensional flows are initiated in the heterogeneous domain and where the equivalent homogeneous problem gives rise to purely circular flows that have exact solutions. The approach is also applied to examine a hypothetical hydraulic pulse test that is conducted on a cuboidal region with sealed lateral boundaries, consisting of the experimentally measured heterogeneous distribution of permeability and an equivalent homogeneous region where the permeability corresponds to the geometric mean.     

An efficient hydrodynamic cellular automata for simulating fluids with large viscosities

A hydrodynamic cellular automata (HDCA) for simulating two-dimensional fluids with large viscosities is proposed. The model is characterized by a mean free path which is of the same size as in the FHP-II model, but with a viscosity more than 10 times larger. This new model should make simulations of flows at low Reynolds number more efficient.     

Non-Maxwell slippage induced by surface roughness for microscale gas flow: a molecular dynamics simulation

Rarefied gas flows in rough microchannels are investigated by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The surface roughness is modelled by an array of triangular modules. The Maxwell slip model is found to break down due to the surface roughness for gas flows in microchannels with large surface roughness. Non-Maxwell slippage shows that the slip length is smaller than that predicted by the Maxwell model and is nonlinearly related to the mean free path. For larger surface roughness and smaller Knudsen number, the non-Maxwell effect becomes more pronounced. The boundary conditions, generally including velocity slip, no-slip and negative slip, depend not only on the Knudsen number but also on the surface roughness. Simulation results show that A/λ?≈?1 is a good criterion to validate the no-slip boundary condition and A/λ?>?0.3 can be a criterion to judge the occurrence of non-Maxwell slippage, where A is the surface roughness size and?λ?is the mean free path of gas molecules. The permeability enhanced by the surface roughness may be responsible for the roughness-induced non-Maxwell slippage.     

The effect of flow on the piston problem of acoustics

A compressible fluid, bounded on one side by an infinite plane, flows with constant subsonic speed U parallel to the plane, and acoustic disturbances are caused by a small amplitude vibration of a circular piston set in the plane. The effect of the mean flow on this classical radiation problem is investigated and the distant field is expressed in elementary form. For the compact piston, whose radius is small compared with a wavelength, it is confirmed (in agreement with earlier work) that the distant field is not simply that of a point source with strength equal to the displaced volume flux since the piston has an additional blockage effect on the mean flow. The total excess energy flow is calculated for the compact piston with any subsonic mean flow (and also for the non-compact piston with low Mach number mean flow) and is compared with that for the complementary problem of a moving piston in a quiescent fluid. Since this is the previous problem referred to a reference frame that moves with the mean flow, the pressure and velocity fluctuations are as before, but the energy balance is different since the drag force on the piston does work in the latter case.     

用格子Boltzmann模型模拟可压缩完全气体流动

采用一种新的格子Boltzmann模型模拟超音速流动。在这种模型中,粒子的速度不受限制,可以取得很广。而平衡分布函数的支集却相对集中,使模型得以简化。粒子速度的这种自适应特性允许流体以较高的马赫数流动。通过引入粒子的势能使得该模型适用于具有任意比热比的完全气体。利用Chapman-Enskog方法,从BGK型Boltzmann方程推导出Navier-Stokes方程。在六边形网格上模拟了马赫数为3的前台阶绕流,得到了合理的结果。     

Lyapunov numbers and the local structure of attractors

We examine an M-dimensional mapping defined by a system of broken linear equations, whose Lyapunov numbers may be prespecified, and whose directions of stretching and compression are the coordinate directions. With K positive and M-K negative Lyapunov exponents, the attractor is locally the product of a K-dimensional continuum and an (M-K)-dimensional Cantor set; the latter is found to be a pseudo-product of Cantor sets or continua or Cantor sets and continua. When seen with finite resolution a pseudo-product may look like a true product, but its fractional dimension is less than the sum of the dimensions of its projections on the coordinate axes. Transitions in the number of Cantor sets and continua involved in the pseudo-product need not correspond to transitions in the integral part of the fractional dimension of the attractor. We speculate as to whether the attractors of continuous mappings and flows have similar structures.     

Effects of dimensional wall temperature on velocity-temperature correlations in supersonic turbulent channel flow of thermally perfect gas

Direct numerical simulations of temporally evolving supersonic turbulent channel flows of thermally perfect gas are conducted at Mach number 3.0 and Reynolds number 4800 for various values of the dimensional wall temperature to study the influence of the latter on the velocity-temperature correlations. The results show that in a fully developed turbulent channel flow, as the dimensional wall temperature increases, there is little change in the mean velocity, but the mean temperature decreases. The mean temperature is found to be a quadratic function of the mean velocity, the curvature of which increases with increasing dimensional wall temperature. The concept of "recovery enthalpy" provides a connection between the mean velocity and the mean temperature, and is independent of dimensional wall temperature. The right tails of probability density function of the streamwise velocity fluctuation grows with increasing dimensional wall temperature. The dimensional wall temperature does not have a significant influence on the Reynolds analogy factor or strong Reynolds analogy(SRA). The modifications of SRA by Huang et al. and Zhang et al. provide reasonably good results, which are better than those of the modifications by Cebeci and Smith and by Rubesin.     

飞行时间质谱仪中激光解离的Ni^＋与醇类化合物分子束流气 …

将分子束流,激光解离和飞行时间质谱结合起来,在一个石英反应室内,让激光解离的Ｎｉ＾２＋与连续喷入的醇分子不流发生反应,产物经飞行时间质谱仪检测,研究了Ｎｉ＾＋一Ｃ２～Ｃ６等五种醇分子的气相反应。用如下的插入机理解释反应：（１）选择性的插入醇分子共价键;（２）β－Ｈ迁移至Ｎｉ＾＋;（３）失去一中性分子形成产物离子。     

Turbulence of incompressible liquid flow near local equilibrium and the principle of secondary maximum of entropy

The variational principle of maximum entropy is used to describe the dynamics of weakly nonequilibrium turbulence using the theory of Reynolds stresses for viscous incompressible liquid flow. From this principle, equations closing the theory of Reynolds stresses and also equations describing mean flow-turbulence interaction for 3D turbulent flows are derived. The theory is reduced to 2D flows and weak turbulence. Thermodynamic analogues and an example of Couette flow are considered.     

Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Equipped with Coiled Circular Wires

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the enhancement in heat transfer coefficient by inserting coiled wire around the outer surface of the inner tube of the double-pipe heat exchanger. Insulated wires, with a circular cross-section of 2 mm diameter, forming a coil of different pitches (p = 6, 12, and 20 mm), were used as turbulators. The investigation is performed for turbulent water flow in a double-pipe heat exchanger with cold water in the annulus space for both parallel and counter flows. The experiments were performed for Reynolds numbers ranging from 4,000 to 14,000. The experimental results reveal that the use of coiled circular wires leads to a considerable increase in heat transfer coefficients compared with a smooth wall tube for both parallel and counter water flows. The mean Nusselt number increases with Reynolds number and pitch. The convective heat transfer coefficient for a turbulent water flow increases for all coiled wire pitches, with the highest enhancement of about 450% for counter flow and 400% for the parallel flow. New correlations for mean relative Nusselt numbers at different coiled wire pitches are provided.     

Turbulent structures in cylindrical density currents in a rotating frame of reference

Gravity currents are flows generated by the action of gravity on fluids with different densities. In some geophysical applications, modeling such flows makes it necessary to account for rotating effects, modifying the dynamics of the flow. While previous works on rotating stratified flows focused on currents of large Coriolis number, the present work focuses on flows with small Coriolis numbers (i.e. moderate-to-large Rossby numbers). In this work, cylindrical rotating gravity currents are investigated by means of highly resolved simulations. A brief analysis of the mean flow evolution to the final state is presented to provide a complete picture of the flow dynamics. The numerical results, showing the well-known oscillatory behavior of the flow (inertial waves) and a final state lens shape (geostrophic adjustment), are in good agreement with experimental observations and theoretical models. The turbulent structures in the flow are visualized and described using, among others, a stereoscopic visualization and videos as supplementary material. In particular, the structure of the lobes and clefts at the front of the current is presented in association to local turbulent structures. In rotating gravity currents, the vortices observed at the lobes front are not of hairpin type but are rather of Kelvin-Helmholtz type.