New method of the spin-polarization detection in tunnel junctions ferromagnet-insulator-charge density wave metal

A tunnel junction between a metal partially gapped by charge density waves metal (CDWM) and a ferromagnet (FM) in an external magnetic field is considered. Only the Zeeman paramagnetic effect is taken into account. It is shown that the peaks in the dependence of differential conductance versus voltage, induced by the CDW gap, split, with each peak having a predominant spin polarization. This effect makes it possible to electrically measure the polarization of current carriers in FMs.     

Dynamics of charge solitons in 1-D arrays of Josephson junctions

A 1-D array of Josephson coupled superconducting grains whose kinetic inductance dominates over the Josephson inductance is studied. We show that in this limit excess Cooper pairs in the array give rise to charge solitons via polarization of the grains. We analyze the dynamics of these macroscopic topological excitations, and find that their classical relativistic motion leads to saturation branches in the I-V characteristic of the array. When the dephasing length of the charge soliton is larger than the length of the array, we expect that it behaves quantum mechanically. We study the dynamics of quantum charge solitons in a ring-shaped array biased by an external flux, and show that they can exhibit phenomena like persistent current and coherent current oscillations.     

Symmetry breaking in tunnel junctions between partially dielectrized metals with charge or spin density waves

Tunnel current-voltage characteristics are calculated for symmetric junctions between metals waves of with charge or spin density that have equal absolute values |Σ| of the dielectric order parameter. The possibility of different signs for Σ on opposite sides of the junction is considered. As a result, the current-voltage characteristics are highly asymmetric. The predicted effect is a new example of symmetry breaking in many particle systems and makes it possible to explain some experimental data for symmetric URu₂Si₂-URu₂Si₂ microjunctions. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 385–388 (March 1998)     

一维介观结链中电荷孤子的控制

研究了一维介观结链中的电势分布随各岛上门电压和电子数分布的变化关系,并发现在一个岛上加一个门电压会产生一个静电势孤子.通过调节门电压可以较好地控制静电势孤子的形状及其位置,从而达到对电荷孤子的有效控制. 关键词： 电荷孤子 介观结 单电荷隧穿     

Interfacial density of states in magnetic tunnel junctions

Large zero-bias resistance anomalies as well as a collapse of magnetoresistance were observed in Co/Al2O3/Co magnetic tunnel junctions with thin Cr interfacial layers. The tunnel magnetoresistance decays exponentially with nominal Cr interlayer thickness with a length scale of approximately 1 A more than twice as fast as for Cu interlayers. The strong suppression of magnetoresistance, as well as the zero-bias anomalies, can be understood by considering a strong spin-dependent modification of the density of states at Co/Cr interfaces. The role of the interfacial density of states is shown by the use of specially engineered structures. Similar effects are predicted and observed in junctions with Ru interfacial layers.     

Breathing charge density waves in intrinsic Josephson junctions

We demonstrate the creation of a charge density wave (CDW) along a stack of coupled Josephson junctions (JJs) in layered superconductors. Electric charge in each superconducting layer oscillates around some average value, forming a breathing CDW. We show the transformation of a longitudinal plasma wave to CDW in the state corresponding to the outermost branch. Transition between different types of CDW’s related to the inner branches of IV characteristic is demonstrated. The effect of the external electromagnetic radiation on the states corresponding to the inner branches differs crucially from the case of the single JJ. The Shapiro steps in the IV characteristics of the junctions in the stack do not correspond directly to the frequency of radiation ω. The system of JJs behaves like a single whole system: the Shapiro steps or their harmonics in the total IV characteristics appear at voltage $\sum {V_l } = N_R \frac{m} {n}\omega$ , where V _l is the voltage in the lth junction, N _R is the number of JJs in the rotating state, and m and n are integers.     

Observation of magnetic droplets in magnetic tunnel junctions

Magnetic droplets,a class of highly nonlinear magnetodynamic solitons,can be nucleated and stabilized in nanocontact spintorque nano-oscillators.Here we experimentally demonstrate magnetic droplets in magnetic tunnel junctions(MTJs).The droplet nucleation is accompanied by power enhancement compared with its ferromagnetic resonance modes.The nucleation and stabilization of droplets are ascribed to the double-Co Fe B free-layer structure in the all-perpendicular MTJ,which provides a low Zhang-Li torque and a high pinning field.Our results enable better electrical sensitivity in fundamental studies of droplets and show that the droplets can be utilized in MTJ-based applications and materials science.     

An approximate theory for bunched solitons on finite Josephson tunnel junctions

An approximate hamiltonian theory is used to predict critical bias currents for the transition from bunched to symmetric soliton modes on Josephson junctions of finite length, recently observed experimentally and numerically.     

Observation of multiple charge density wave phases in epitaxial monolayer 1T-VSe2 film

As a special order of electronic correlation induced by spatial modulation, the charge density wave (CDW) phenomena in condensed matters attract enormous research interests. Here, using scanning—tunneling microscopy in various temperatures, we discover a hidden incommensurate stripe-like CDW order besides the ($sqrt{7}$ × $sqrt{3}$) CDW phase at low-temperature of 4 K in the epitaxial monolayer 1T-VSe₂} film. Combining the variable-temperature angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopic (ARPES) measurements, we discover a two-step transition of an anisotropic CDW gap structure that consists of two parts Δ₁ and Δ₂. The gap part Δ₁ that closes around ～ 150 K is accompanied with the vanish of the ($sqrt{7}$ × $sqrt{3}$) CDW phase. While another momentum-dependent gap part Δ₂ can survive up to ～ 340 K, and is suggested to the result of the incommensurate CDW phase. This two-step transition with anisotropic gap opening and the resulted evolution in ARPES spectra are corroborated by our theoretical calculation based on a phenomenological form for the self-energy containing a two-gap structure Δ₁ + Δ₂, which suggests different forming mechanisms between the ($sqrt{7}$ × $sqrt{3}$) and the incommensurate CDW phases. Our findings provide significant information and deep understandings on the CDW phases in monolayer 1T-VSe₂} film as a two-dimensional (2D) material.     

Non-linear conductivity of one-dimensional charge density wave

A pure system with one-dimensional CDW placed in a homogeneous electric field is considered. Non-linear effects are found to appear due to motion of a soliton superstructure. The dependence of the differential conductivity on the electric field is calculated.     

Mesoscopic charge density wave in a magnetic flux

The stability of a Charge Density Wave (CDW) in a one-dimensional ring pierced by a Aharonov-Bohm flux is studied in a mean-field picture. It is found that the stability depends on the parity of the number N of electrons. When the size of the ring becomes as small as the coherence length , the CDW gap increases for even N and decreases for odd N. Then when N is even, the CDW gap decreases with flux but it increases when N is odd. The variation of the BCS ratio with size and flux is also calculated. We derive the harmonics expansion of the persistent current in a presence of a finite gap. Received: 16 September 1997 / Received in final form: 12 November 1997 / Accepted: 13 November 1997     

Tunable charge density wave in TiS_3 nanoribbons

Recently, modifications of charge density wave(CDW) in two-dimensional(2D) show intriguing properties in quasi-2D materials such as layered transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDCs). Optical, electrical transport measurements and scanning tunneling microscopy uncover the enormous difference on the many-body states when the thickness is reduced down to monolayer. However, the CDW in quasi-one-dimensional(1D) materials like transition metal trichalcogenides(TMTCs) is yet to be explored in low dimension whose mechanism is likely distinct from their quasi-2D counterparts.Here, we report a systematic study on the CDW properties of titanium trisulfide(TiS_3). Two phase transition temperatures were observed to decrease from 53 K(103 K) to 46 K(85 K) for the bulk and 15-nm thick nanoribbon, respectively,which arises from the increased fluctuation effect across the chain in the nanoribbon structure, thereby destroying the CDW coherence. It also suggests a strong anisotropy of CDW states in quasi-1D TMTCs which is different from that in TMDCs.Remarkably, by using back gate of-30 V ～ 70 V in 15-nm device, we can tune the second transition temperature from110 K(at-30 V) to 93 K(at 70 V) owing to the altered electron concentration. Finally, the optical approach through the impinging of laser beams on the sample surface is exploited to manipulate the CDW transition, where the melting of the CDW states shows a strong dependence on the excitation energy. Our results demonstrate TiS_3 as a promising quasi-1D CDW material and open up a new window for the study of collective phases in TMTCs.     

Electrical instability in quasi-one-dimensional charge density wave conductors

Narrow-band noise in niobium triselenide and similar substances is proposed to be a consequence of a negative differential dielectric constant which has been observed at field strengths larger than the threshold field. A small-signal theory is presented which yields the observed proportionality between frequency and charge density wave current. The calculation is independent of any model for the conduction and polarization mechanisms.     

铁磁半导体/d波超导结的自旋极化输运

考虑到铁磁半导体和d波超导体中空穴的有效质量和费米速度错配,运用推广了的B londer-Tinkham-K lapw ijk(BTK)理论模型,研究了铁磁半导体/d波超导隧道结的电导谱。研究表明:(1)铁磁半导体和d波超导体中空穴的有效质量和费米速度错配对系统的微分电导影响显著;(2)铁磁半导体的磁交换能对Andreev反射有抑制作用。     

Distinct current-carrying charge density wave states in NbSe3

We have performed detailed measurements of the dc current-voltage (I–V) characteristics of NbSe₃ in the hysteretic switching regime. Within the hysteresis loop, we observe a series of well-defined and quasi-stable current-carrying states, each with a unique I–V relationship. Transitions between the states, induced by both the applied electric field and thermal fluctuations, are observed. Rapid and random transitions between closely spaced levels are suggested to result in excessive current or voltage noise for the depinned charge density wave condensate.