激光导引星倾斜探测的非等晕性

传统的激光导引星(LGS)由于激光发射与接收光路的限制,导致难以利用激光导引星来探测大气倾斜量变化。其中重要的一个解决方案就是利用辅助望远镜,从侧面对激光导引星进行探测,从观测到的激光导引星带状拖影中提取出大气倾斜信息。随着激光带拖影长度的增加,必然导致其出现非等晕现象。给出了激光导引星带状拖影上两球面波之间的Zernike多项式展开系数角度相关函数。从相关性的角度分析了导引星高度、大气湍流强度以及接收望远镜口径对激光导引星带状拖影的非等晕性的影响。此外,基于激光导引星倾斜探测方案的非等晕限制,给出了Na层激光导引星倾斜量探测方案中的辅助望远镜视场限制。     

船用星敏感器探测灵敏度计算及分析

星敏感器作为一种被广泛应用于各种载体上的高精度自主导航定位设备,探测灵敏度影响着其工作效率及测量精度。与航天器载体上的星敏感器不同,船用星敏感器工作在海平面环境下,其探测灵敏度不仅由镜头及成像传感器的各项参数决定,还要受到夜空背景以及大气透射等外部因素的影响。为了给船用星敏感器的研制与应用提供理论依据,通过对星光传播、传感器成像以及信号提取过程的研究分析,推导出了船用星敏感器探测灵敏度的计算模型,并通过实验验证了该模型的有效性,在此基础上,分析了各项因素对船用星敏感器探测灵敏度的影响情况,根据分析结果对船用星敏感器系统的设计研制提出了相应建议。     

全天时星敏感器光学系统设计参数选择

光学系统设计是星敏感器设计的关键,光学系统参数决定将影响星敏感器的性能指标,而参数的选择需要考虑天空背景辐射、图像传感器参数等多种因素。采用Modtran软件仿真分析了不同情况下的天空背景辐射。在此基础上,通过引入能量集中度以及传感器噪声,推导出更精确的可探测极限星等公式,并深入分析了星敏感器可探测极限星等、探测概率以及探测精度与各影响因素的关系。对典型设计参数的可行性进行了分析,分析结果可为全天时星敏感器光学系统设计提供参考。     

小视场轻型星敏感器在白天测星中的应用

从白天天空背景、恒星光谱特性、星敏感器的构造特点3方面分析白天大气层内小视场轻型星敏感器对恒星探测的可行性。在此基础上,采用光谱滤波、合理选择系统参数等方法,研制了小视场轻型星敏感器,并在高海拔地区进行了白天地面观星实验,理论分析和实验结果表明:小视场轻型星敏感器能够实现白天恒星的探测。在3 km海拔高度、大气能见度10 km、视场21.5、太阳规避角30以外、天空晴朗无云的环境下,可探测星等极限值达到3.8等。     

用于火星电离层探测的星-星无线电掩星技术

火星和地球类似,周围束缚了不同密度的电离层.利用无线电掩星技术可以对火星电离层进行观测.星-地无线电掩星在探测精度和探测区域方面都受到一定的限制.中俄联合火星探测计划将于2011年10月一箭双星发射俄罗斯的Phobos-Grunt探测器和中国的萤火1号火星探测器.该计划将开展国际上首次火星电离层的星-星无线电掩星观测试验,重点是对星-地无线电掩星无法观测的正午和子夜区域的火星电离层进行探测.星-星无线电掩星观测试验采用双频工作模式,接收机灵敏度为-145dBm,相位测量精度优于5%周.在地面对接收机进行了动态模拟测试,测试得到的相位数据能很好地反演出火星电离层电子密度廓线.     

弱光单星模拟器的设计与标定

针对实验室高星等目标模拟问题,设计了一种由光源、可调光阑、积分球、光电探测器和平行光管组成的弱光单星模拟器,用于检测探测相机、星敏感器的星等探测能力。推导了光电探测器读数、积分球出口光谱辐亮度随可调光阑遮拦比的变化关系,结合星等定义公式和像面照度公式,介绍了弱光单星模拟器的工作原理,解决了高星等目标的标定难题。理论分析了弱光单星模拟器的星等模拟范围及精度,结果表明其最高可模拟19.5 Mv星等,精度为11.6%;模拟低于15 Mv星等时,精度优于8%。实验结果表明:实验室内,模拟星等与KLL-04型弱光照度计实测星等的相对误差最大为7.09%;实验室的探测相机与天文观测的探测相机所测得的星等探测能力在6.5Mv处的相对误差为1.9%,在15.2Mv处的相对误差为2.6%。所设计弱光单星模拟器能够对高星等目标进行有效模拟。     

星光折射自主导航星敏感器及光学系统设计研究

基于星光折射间接敏感地平自主导航星敏感器的工作原理,详细分析了星光折射星敏感器的探测参数设计,包括探测谱段、恒星观测视场、探测概率及阈值星等、恒星探测能力等。星光折射星敏感器的观测视场分为折射星与非折射星两部分,对折射星的观测视场随轨道高度增加而减小;受限于大气光谱吸收,观测折射星的谱段宜选择600~900 nm,探测信噪比随大气折射高度降低而减小。采用高灵敏度的背薄电荷耦合器件(CCD)以及精度达到微米级的无热化光学系统匹配设计。结果表明,光学系统像质良好,单一星敏感器单星测量精度达到1″,满足目前航天自主导航对姿态及位置测量精度的需求。     

地基光度测量方式对比

介绍了地基测量空间目标光度的两种方式。首先介绍了系统组成及对比测量原理,然后基于工程角度分析提出了宽谱段测量和滤光片测量两种方式,并给出了两种测量方式的误差分析。若G型恒星及空间目标在同一视场可选择宽谱段测量方式,若途经天区G型定标星较少,可以选择滤光片测量方式。外场实验验证表明,宽谱段测量方式信噪比较高,可探测的极限星等为16等星,在天气条件较好的情况下测量精度在0.15星等左右,而滤光片测量方式由于探测到的能量较少,在相同信噪比下可探测极限星等为14等星,天气变化较小条件下测量精度在0.02星等左右,两种测量方式误差相当,但宽谱段测量方式定标恒星数量增加2.4倍,便于数据处理与计算。     

激光导星动态聚焦系统模拟分析及设计

增加激光导星的散射层采样厚度可以提高波前探测器的探测能量,但是存在探测光斑弥散问题。针对该问题,分析并设计了动态聚焦系统。首先分析了采样厚度对波前探测能量的影响,结果显示,波前探测能量随着采样厚度非线性增大,当采样厚度为4 km、激光脉冲能量为10 m J时,望远镜子孔径接收到的光子数为120,满足探测精度要求。然后分析了光斑弥散对波前探测精度的影响,当采样厚度为4 km时,波前探测误差约为0.5λ,探测误差较大。为了实现精确探测,依据分析结果设计了动态聚焦系统,将聚焦反射镜的移动距离由111 mm缩小到100μm、移动速度由4200 m/s降低到3.8 m/s,满足应用需求。最后利用Zemax软件进行优化,结果表明,对于4 km采样厚度,光学系统均能实现理想成像。     

基于同步探测的脉冲钠导星聚焦非等晕性实验研究

本文提出在大气Greenwood时间常数内采用同步探测技术实现钠导星聚焦非等晕性测量, 开展了脉冲体制钠导星探测实验, 实现了对大气平流层顶端钠导星和同路径自然星可见光波段的哈特曼点阵的同步探测, 并获得钠导星回光单帧波面, 从波面一致性对比、Zernike系数比较、模拟成像校正等方面对实验结果进行较全面分析. 实验结果表明, 在当前实验条件下, 虽然脉冲钠导星的单帧哈特曼点阵的成像对比度较低, 制约了波面恢复精度, 但同步测量的两组波面始终能保持相似性, 其Zernike系数在前36阶一致性较好, 模拟结果表明钠导星探测波面有助于实现对自然星成像的有效校正, 扣除波面恢复误差后的聚焦非等晕性方差小于0.1 rad², 十分接近理论结果.     

Laser picosecond acoustics in a two-layer structure with oblique probe light incidence

A theory for the analysis of experiments involving laser picosecond acoustics with obliquely incident probe light in a two-layer structure is outlined. The reflectance and phase changes of the reflected light are calculated with a theory that takes into account the effects of multiple optical reflections. The sample consists of a single partially transparent layer on a substrate, both with arbitrary optical constants. We discuss the conditions in which one may discriminate between components of the optical modulation of a probe beam arising from the photoelastic effect and from the displacement of the sample interfaces induced by the acoustic strain.     

Determination of the thickness of a gold layer deposited onto silicon via reflected electron spectroscopy

The energy spectra of electrons reflected from a gold layer deposited onto a silicon substrate have been measured when the energy losses are comparable with the energy of a probe electron beam (5 keV) and the elastic energy losses correspond to an electron-beam energy of 14 keV. A subsequent theory for calculating the energy spectra of electrons and light ions reflected from a multilayer target, which is used to interpret the energy spectra measured in the wide range of energy losses, has been developed. It is found that the elastic scattering processes in the gold layer (the thickness of which is tens of monolayers) substantially affect formation of the energy spectra. The Au layer thicknesses calculated by means of the developed theory are compared with those determined from the spectra of elastically reflected electrons. The errors of the Au layer thickness measurements via the proposed method are discussed.     

A theory of probes in high-pressure strongly-ionized plasmas

A theory is developed for a probe in a strongly ionized high-pressure plasma. The situation discussed is typical of high-pressure plasmas, where the plasma occupying most of the near-probe layer is in a state of local ionization equilibrium with a common temperature for electrons and heavy particles. The possibility of determining the parameters of the unperturbed plasma by analyzing the probe characteristics on its ion saturation segment, transient segment, and for a floating probe potential is discussed. The calculations are carried out for the example of a strongly ionized xenon plasma at atmospheric pressure. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 16–20 (December 1997)     

Near-field magneto-optics and microscopy in resonant scattering of light from a linear nanoprobe

A theory is presented for the polar near-field magneto-optical Kerr effect in scattering of light from a linear nanoprobe. In the framework of Green’s function technique, a solution is obtained for the problem of near-field magneto-optics and apertureless scanning microscopy of lateral magnetic inhomogeneities (domains) with nanometer scale. The probe in the form of a nanowire and the sample with a near-surface magnetic nanolayer are considered to support surface plasmons. Electromagnetic coupling between a nanow-ire and a sample surface (polarizability of the complex “probe plus image charges”) is taken into account self-consistently. Magneto-induced polarization of an ultrathin near-surface layer is treated within linear approximation in magnetization which is perpendicular to the layer. The polarization, spectral and angular characteristics of light scattering modulated by magnetization and resonantly enhanced by surface plasmons are examined. Dependence of the near-field magneto-optical response on the probe-domain distance along the sample surface is obtained. The resolution power of scanning near-field microscopy is estimated and the factors to influence it are pointed out.     

数值模拟探针诱导表面等离子体共振耦合纳米光刻

采用有损耗介质和色散介质的二维时域有限差分方法,数值模拟了以光波长514.5nm的p偏振基模高斯光束为入射光源,激发Kretschmann型表面等离子体共振,并通过探针的局域场增强效应实现纳米光刻的新方法——探针诱导表面等离子体共振耦合纳米光刻.分别就探针与记录层的间距以及探针针尖大小,模拟分析了不同情况下探针的局域场增强效应和记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅分布.结果表明,探针工作在接触模式时,探针的局域场增强效应最明显,记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅的对比度最大;当探针针尖距记录层5nm时,针尖下方记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅大于光刻临界值的分布宽度与针尖尺寸相近. 关键词： 纳米光刻 表面等离子体共振 时域有限差分方法     

Resonance oscillation damping of a scanning microscope probe by a near-surface viscous liquid layer

Viscous liquid layer motion between a probe with a tip shaped as a paraboloid of revolution and a surface is considered for semicontact-mode operation of a scanning probe microscope. The presence of a viscous liquid layer leads to energy dissipation and is one of the factors responsible for the decrease in the probe oscillation amplitude. The Reynolds equation for viscous liquid motion is used to obtain an analytic solution to the problem. The formula derived for the loss is compared with experimental data obtained for probes and layers with various curvature radii and viscosities.     

Magnetic-Field Propagation across a Weakly Conducting Layer

Magnetic-field propagation from a plasma to a probe through a partially ionized layer of low conductivity is studied. The model includes dispersive properties of the layer and a radiation condition in the probe wall dielectric. A mixed problem of initial and boundary conditions is solved by Laplace transform techniques. The results are applied to the discussion of magnetic probe reliability in plasma focus measurements. Attenuation of the magnetic field may be severe but the effect of finite diffusion time scales on the magnetic-field profile is negligible. Distortion of the signal may nevertheless arise due to changes of the attenuation with the time evolution of the layer.     

Is the Collecting Surface of a Flat One-Sided Probe Constant when Measuring the Ion Distribution Function?

The correctness of the known plane single-ended probe method for measuring the anisotropic ion distribution functions in a gas-discharge plasma has been considered. Analysis has been performed for positive probe potentials relative to the plasma with magnitudes on the order of the mean ion energy, which as a rule is much lower than the mean electron energy. We have analyzed the dependence of the collection surface area of a plane probe on its potential in this range. The structure of the near-probe layer has been determined for an isotropic electron distribution function of the Maxwellian or Druvestein type and an anisotropic ion distribution function. These results are used to derive analytic relations for the correction to the second derivative of the probe current with respect to the plane probe potential. It has been shown that, when the ion distribution function is measured in a wide range of conditions in the gas-discharge plasma, when the approximation of a collisionless probe layer is applicable, and the probe does not perturb the plasma, the dependence of the collection surface area of the probe on the potential can be disregarded in this range.     

Theory of the pseudospin resonance in semiconductor bilayers

The pseudospin degree of freedom in a semiconductor bilayer gives rise to a collective mode analogous to the ferromagnetic-resonance mode of a ferromagnet. We present a many-body theory of the dependence of the energy and the damping of this mode on layer separation d. Based on these results, we discuss the possibilities of realizing transport-current driven pseudospin-transfer oscillators in semiconductors, and of using the pseudospin-transfer effect as an experimental probe of intersubband plasmons.