热成像系统性能测量及ICTS的应用

主要介绍了热成像系统性能测量的主观和客观测量技术,并对综合准直测试系统（ＩＣＴＳ）构测热像仪产品的测试结果进行分析和讨论。     

红外热成像系统调制传递函数（MTF）测试研究

为了能对红外热成像系统的性能进行准确的评价，必须对其MTF进行准确测试。利用高精度双黑体反射靶标评估系统，并依据刀口靶测试原理，首先在计算机中进行微分运算，获得线扩展函数，然后再进行傅里叶变换，最终获得MTF。通过对CEDIT ⅡA型热像仪MTF的测试和分析，发现MTF的测试主要受输入差分信号强度，脉冲电平的去除与否，以及采集到的信号是否滤波等因素的影响。该测试评估系统能保证背景辐射的均匀性和稳定性，且受环境温度变化的影响极小，因此可大大提高测量的准确性和可靠性。     

差分五棱镜扫描法在波前检测中的应用

为了实现高精度大口径平行光管波前检测,评价平行光管出射波前质量,提出了采用差分五棱镜扫描波前检测方法检测平行光管.该方法为五棱镜扫描法的优化方法,通过测量波前斜率的改变得到波前曲率的信息来重构波前,从而消除由于五棱镜扫描法波前检测中质心标定不准确而引入的倾斜和离焦的误差量.通过搭建差分五棱镜扫描法波前检测系统验证了此方法的可行性,并给出差分五棱镜扫描法误差分析说明此方法可靠性.误差分析表明,该方法检测精度可以达到10.54 nm;实验结果表明,该方法相比于五棱镜扫描法分别在波面峰谷值(PV)和均方根值(RMS)的重复性精度上提高了74.41%和125.81%.该方法基本满足平行光管波前检测精度高、稳定性好的要求,可以客观准确地评价平行光管出射波前质量.     

TOD Performance Theoretical Model for Staring Thermal Imagers

The TOD (triangle orientation discrimination threshold) metric, as a promising sensor performance measure, is suitable for all types of thermal imaging systems and corresponds to the field performance very well. Since this method was proposed, a great progress has been made in some aspects, such as experimental validation, field performance, and TOD sensor performance model. However, what is still missing is a TOD curve prediction model similar to MRTD (minimum resolvable temperature difference) equation. Here, an equation-based TOD performance model was first developed focusing on staring thermal imagers. Specifically, spatial distribution of the triangle standard test pattern is described quantitatively. Resolution transfer characteristic of the staring infrared imagers is modeled with linear system theory, and system noise is characterized with the introduction of three-dimensional noise model. The modulation effect of overall subsystem of staring thermal imager on the non-periodic triangle standard pattern is analyzed. The matched filter idea is adopted to characterize quantitatively the spatial integration of the eye to signal and various noise components over the triangle pattern area, and the perceived signal-to-noise ratio of the staring thermal imager is derived. Then, the TOD performance theoretical model is established. Comparing with experimental results, this theoretical model gives reasonable prediction of the TOD performance curve of staring thermal imagers. Although more tests and modifications are required, these preliminary results suggest that this model can be developed into a model that predicts the TOD for all kinds of sensors.     

A new method for analyzing the collimation angle of a neutron Soller collimator

A new method for analyzing the collimation angle of a neutron Soller collimator is described. A Gaussian distribution formula is used to define the angular distribution function of the neutron source and the neutron transmission function of the Soller collimator. A relationship between the FWHM of the collimator rocking curve and the collimation angle is derived. Using this method, some rocking curve experiment results are analyzed. The results show that the new function can be a good theoretical model for fitting the experimental data, especially for the data of two collimators with different collimation angles.     

光子器件激光封装中热致角度偏移的降低

对光电子器件激光封装中光纤准直器的热致角度偏移进行了实验研究和理论分析.设计了一种新型的拱形焊接支承架,并对其热稳定性进行了测试.测试结果表明,在加载十个连续的温度循环周期后,其角度偏移为0.01°,而在同样的测试条件下,传统的鞍形支承架的角度偏移达到0.023°.采用非线性热—应力耦合有限元模型对封装结构中热应力的变化、残余应力的分布以及准直器角度偏移进行分析.理论分析结果与实验结果极好地吻合.进一步的理论计算得到新型拱形支承架的饱和热致角度偏移为0.043°,与传统鞍形支承架的0.065°相比得到了较大的降低.     

一体化指挥信息系统试验问题分解

针对还原论在体系化电子信息装备试验评估中存在的困难,以一体化指挥信息系统这一典型电子信息装备为研究对象,依据“OODA”环基本理论,分析了信息在指挥信息系统中的传递过程,进而得到指挥信息系统OODA控制环路的本质内涵;从复杂系统角度,研究了一体化指挥信息系统的复杂性特点;结合一体化指挥信息系统自身的独特特征,剖析了基于还原论的性能试验方法在体系化电子信息装备试验问题分解时的根本困难;为解决此难题,基于系统论的综合集成方法,从方法论上提出一种用于指挥信息系统试验问题分解的方法,以一体化防空指挥信息系统抗干扰指标体系构建为例说明了该方法在试验问题分解方面的应用过程,表明了该方法在体系化电子信息装备试验评估问题分解中的有效性。     

Large-aperture double-focus laser collimator for PAT performance testing of inter-satellite laser communication terminal

A laser collimator is necessary for testing and verification of the pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) performance of inter-satellite laser communication terminals on the ground. The laser collimator must have a large clear aperture to fit the PAT performance testing system. The PAT subsystem has a large field of view for the acquisition and a high angular accuracy for the fine tracking. To resolve the conflict between large field of view and fine angular resolution, a large-aperture double-focus laser collimator is proposed and its optical design and mechanical structure are described. The collimator mainly consists of a primary lens, a reflector, a beam-splitting plate, a secondary lens, two compensating lenses, two imaging sensors and a laser. The primary lens directly forms the long focal length arm of the collimator. The combination of the primary lens and the secondary lens form the short focal length arm of the collimator. The collimator has an angular resolution <0.75 μrad and a 10 mrad field of view. For the collimator, the incident beam is focused on the two imaging sensors by its two arms, and the beam emitted from the laser is collimated and transmitted. The collimator is combined with an optical scanner and a fine beam deflector to test and verify the PAT performance of the inter-satellite laser communication terminal in a full physical manner.     

地铁列车客室车门自动试验装置研制与应用

介绍了一种地铁车门自动试验装置,用于车辆组装完成后的车门调试试验。地铁车门试验是地铁电气静态调试试验的重要组成部分,而车门性能的优劣将直接影响到乘客的安全。针对地铁车门系统在车辆上的布置规律,综合各车门系统供货厂家的电气接口特点,制作车门自动试验装置,该试验装置可根据试验要求向地铁车门系统发送开门、关门、零速等指令,并实时采集各车门的开关、故障等总线信息,对车门状态进行显示、存储。通过使用该试验装置简易明了的展示了地铁各车门装置并对数据进行存储,最终证明车门自动试验装置可以缩短试验时间,提高试验效率的同时增加了试验数据的可追溯性。     

采用低温面源黑体实现红外系统宽动态范围定标

针对大口径地基红外辐射测量系统在辐射定标时存在定标时间长、成本高和设备机动性差等缺点,提出一种仅采用低温面源黑体实现红外系统宽动态范围定标的方法.首先对红外系统中的衰减片进行标校,测量其实际透过率并计算其辐射量;然后采用低温面源黑体在两个积分时间下分别进行辐射定标,根据定标结果解算系统响应率、杂散辐射和探测器自身偏置;结合标校获得的衰减片特性对低温定标结果进行外推,即可获得宽动态范围定标结果.为验证该定标方法有效性,分别采用该方法和通用的高温黑体加大口径平行光管定标法,对Φ600mm红外系统进行宽动态范围辐射定标实验.实验结果表明:本文方法的宽动态范围定标误差小于10.25%,能够满足该系统的辐射定标精度要求.该方法只需要一个低温黑体即可实现红外系统的外场宽动态范围辐射定标,操作简单、实时性强,具有一定的应用价值.     

（n,2n）反应实验研究中的中子准直器设计

用3He球形4中子探测器,通过直接反应法可以对核素的（n,2n）反应截面进行测量。在此类实验中,要求对中子束进行很好的准直。好的准直器设计要求能够提高样品处的中子注量率的均匀性,同时保证中子束流边缘处的下降幅度,能够降低低能中子所占份额。本工作采用FLUKA和MCNPX对圆柱形准直器、单锥形准直器及三种不同斜率的双锥形准直器对中子注量率的均匀性和低能中子所占份额进行了对比研究,结果表明,低斜率的双锥形准直器可以满足实验对这两方面的要求。同时,在有样品和无样品两种条件下,对探测系统经由这五种不同准直器准直后的中子束流的响应做了对比,结果显示,经过低斜率的双锥形准直器准直的中子束流,探测系统在有样品时表现为较高的计数率,在无样品时表现为较低的本底。除此之外,对准直器出口处的斜率对准直效果的影响也做了比较。最终中子准直器选用为这种低斜率的双锥形准直器,材料选用为紫铜、不锈钢、聚乙烯和铅。准直孔开口处直径为2.64 cm,长度为137 cm,经准直后样品处的中子束斑直径为3.2 cm。     

红外成像系统NETD参数测试算法及应用研究

噪声等效温差(NETD)是表征红外成像系统灵敏度的关键参数,也是评估红外成像系统性能的重要参数之一,应用广泛。通过对红外成像系统3D噪声、信号传递函数(SiTF)、NETD等参数测试方法、算法和流程研究,给出一种基于视频文件的3D噪声离线对比测试方法和一种SiTF线性区自动判断计算斜率算法,在此基础上针对某型技术保障装备国产化光电检测平台开发了配套应用软件功能模块。实现了通过计算单位均方根噪声所对应的SiTF斜率值,分析得出系统NETD参数值的功能。以某型热像仪为被测对象,开展了测试结果重复性和一致性试验,并与美国Optikos公司I-SITE红外整机测试系统进行了对比测试。实验结果表明开发的NETD参数测试功能模块测试精度和重复性满足设计要求,具有较高实用价值,已进行了工程应用。     

红外热像仪扫描器光学MTF的测试

叙述并探讨用数字傅里叶分析法测量红外热像仪扫描器光学ＭＴＦ的方法,该方法采用热像仪调试用的靶标和反射式平行光管及热像仪实际 ＳＰＲＩＴＥ探测器和输出电路,并得用扫描器自身的扫描获得线扩展函数,采用离散傅里叶变换法进行计算,具有设备简单、易操作和计算快捷的特点。     

Design of Double Cassegrain reflective mirrors for optical system of IR cameras

IR optical systems such as Petzval doublet refractive lenses or Cassegrain reflective mirrors are either expensive or poor in image quality. Taking advantage of the low cost of reflective mirrors, here we present an optical design of Double Cassegrain reflective mirrors consisting of two sets of Cassegrain reflectors facing each other symmetrically. This symmetry also cancels many aberrations besides the chromatic aberration-free nature of reflective mirrors. Design results show that this system is better than Cassegrain reflectors in aberration correction and image resolution, but cheaper than Petzval doublet refractive lenses systems in price. IR cameras with this optical system could be widely used for body temperature measurement and security check.     

Sectoral thermal emitter for testing of modern IR systems

The paper presents multi-sector stable IR grey body radiation source, that can be used for testing of MRT. Its main element is monolithic metal plate with a test pattern, made of material with high thermal conductivity. On the surface of the test plate the sectors of different emissivity are created during manufacturing process. As a result when viewed by a thermal camera those sectors exhibit thermal contrast depending mainly on the radiative properties of each sector. The value of thermal contrast between particular sectors can be adjusted by changing the temperature of a test plate with respect to ambient. The emissivity values of particular sectors have been calculated and the procedure of adjusting the thermal contrast has been described, as well as the technology used to create the test plate. The model of described emitter has been tested and the results of temperature values obtained from thermal camera were compared with theoretical, calculated figures. The proposed emitter is dedicated for testing and calibrating of modern observations IR systems.     

Application of movable collimators to the BEPC Ⅱ

BEPC Ⅱ is a double ring e+e-collider with high beam currents and luminosity,so the high beamrelated backgrounds may disturb the detector.In order to have a good quality of data taking,backgrounds should be kept at a level as low as possible.A series of collimators are designed and installed in both the e+and e-rings.Two of the collimators are horizontally movable,each for one ring,about 8 m upstream from the interaction point.Experiments have been done to identify the effectiveness of the movable collimators with different apertures and beam currents.The results show that the movable collimators are very effective and can reduce as much as about 50% of beam-related backgrounds.     

Optimum angle-cut of collimator for dense objects in high-energy proton radiography

The use of minus identity lenses with an angle-cut collimator can achieve high contrast images in highenergy proton radiography.This article presents the principles of choosing the angle-cut aperture of the collimator for different energies and objects.Numerical simulation using the Monte Carlo code Geant4 has been implemented to investigate the entire radiography for the French test object.The optimum angle-cut apertures of the collimators are also obtained for different energies.     

Development of an integrated optical system for warpage and hermeticity test of microdisplay

We have developed an integrated optical system to measure the warpage of a microdisplay product at post-packaging die-attach temperature and to test its hermeticity after manufacturing. This system is constructed based on the principle of Twyman/Green (T/G) interferometry and Newton interferometry. T/G interferometry is used to characterize warpage of the microdisplay's base-plate, while Newton interferometry is used to characterize the gap variance between face-plate and base-plate of the microdisplay. With these measurements, deformation and shape of the microdisplay can be comprehensively determined during its manufacturing process, which is critical for its quality test and reliability evaluation. Delicate mechanical system was designed to facilitate the optics integration and alignment. To evaluate the performance of the optical system itself, warpage of a sample was re-measured with Tailor–Hobson profilometer whose resolution is 10 nm, the results from these two testing systems agree well with each other. Some application examples of the integrated testing system were presented to verify its work efficiency.     

反射式光纤位移法检测轧辊磨损度中实用电路的设计

利用反射式光纤位移传感器的工作原理，通过对反射光强信号的检测，提出了一种用于轧辊磨损度在线非接触检测的光电检测法，并重点设计了用于反射式光纤位移法检测轧辊磨损度系统的实用电路。根据轧辊磨损度测量过程的特点及精度要求，阐述和分析了传感器电路系统的原理、组成及性能。理论和实验研究表明，该电路系统工作稳定，精确度和灵敏度均可满足实际要求。此电路系统稍加改进还可适用于类似条件下用反射式光纤位移法进行测量的其他系统。     

Design strategy for broadband or dual-band ultrathin imaging system

Using reflective multiple-fold approach can reduce bulk and weight compared with large high-quality optical systems and improved resolution and light collection compared with miniature conventional systems. Air-spaced concentric multi-reflection (ACMR) systems, where two reflective surfaces surround a hollow cavity, are useful for extended focal distance, achromatic aberration, useful for inexpensive, lightweight IR imagers and may lead to convenient designs for broadband or dual-band imagers. Design a camera, which spectral response 2?12 μm, with a total thickness of 30 mm, 130 mm effective focal length, ±4.2° FOV, 0.022 mrad resolution and 68 mm effective aperture, 96 mm outer aperture. Application can fit into the hull or wing of a micro-UAV aircraft, which weight and thickness are tightly constrained, for long range surveillance.