油浴润滑高速枢轴承摩擦系数变载荷测量方法

提出高速枢轴承摩擦系数变载荷测量方法并设计了试验装置,测量得到枢轴承在不同转速下的摩擦系数。各试验枢轴在相同转速下,摩擦系数测量值差别明显,这源于边界润滑的随机性和复杂性;但是各轴摩擦系数均随转速升高而降低,测量平均值在0.09~0.05之间,这表明随枢轴承转速升高,流体动压效应增强,薄膜润滑降低了轴尖与宝石接触概率。通过对轴承摩擦损耗的计算来分析测量方法的可靠性,并将该方法应用于螺旋槽油膜轴承,测得其摩擦系数在0.017~0.014之间。     

渤、黄海的底摩擦系数

利用伴随法，根据32个验潮站的水位观测资料来优化渤、黄海的底摩擦系数．所作的一系列数值模拟实验表明；利用伴随方法优化渤、黄海的底摩擦系数能够有效地减少数值模拟结果与观测结果的差异．     

性别和解剖部位对人体皮肤摩擦性能的影响

为了研究性别和解剖部位对人体皮肤的摩擦特性的影响,采用1种便携式皮肤摩擦测试仪测量了6个不同解剖部位的皮肤摩擦系数.结果表明:前额、前臂伸侧、前臂屈侧和手背的皮肤摩擦系数个体差异较小,而脸颊和手掌的皮肤摩擦系数个体差异较大.女性脸颊、手掌的皮肤摩擦系数大于男性(P0.05);女性前臂伸侧、前臂屈侧的皮肤摩擦系数小于男性(P0.05);前额、手背的皮肤摩擦系数不存在性别差异(P0.05).不同解剖部位之间的皮肤摩擦系数有显著差异(P0.05),无论男、女性,解剖部位按照摩擦系数大小排序一致为:脸颊手掌前额手背手臂屈侧手臂伸侧.试验提供了1种从摩擦学角度了解皮肤品质的方法.     

新型皮肤摩擦特性测量装置的实验研究

研制出新型皮肤摩擦特性测量装置并用于测量人及动物体内、外皮肤的摩擦特性,在不同试验参数下测定了皮肤与假肢接受腔材料之间的摩擦系数.结果表明:该装置法向加载精度高达99.59%;在相同试验条件下测得猪体外皮肤摩擦系数的重复性较好;在人体上、下肢不同部位,只有手掌部位皮肤与其它部位的摩擦系数有显著性差异(P＜0.005);在控制法向载荷和往复移动频率2种模式下得到兔体内皮肤摩擦系数的试验结果具有可比性,摩擦系数随着法向载荷的增加而降低,随着往复移动频率的增加而增大;用该装置摩擦前后其皮肤组织结构有明显变化.     

环境因素对步进摩擦系数的影响

为了减少滑摔事故的发生率,结合常见的步进摩擦配副材料和工况条件,采用Mark II止滑试验机研究了环境因素对步进摩擦系数的影响。结果表明：单一因素和因素间的相互作用对步进摩擦系数都有影响。在所有影响因素中,试验条件的影响最显著。干态下的摩擦系数最大,油态下的摩擦系数最小,且接近于零,其他几种润滑态的摩擦系数区别不大。因素之间的相互作用表明当试验条件一定时,上下试样的摩擦系数基本保持相同的变化趋势,但此规律会随试验条件的改变而发生变化。摩擦系数的变化归因于材料的表面特性和液体的润滑效应。     

用外加电压控制摩擦力的机理与技术

用外加电压控制金属摩擦学磨损是摩擦领域很有发展前景的新技术之一，能够有效地降低干摩擦下金属间的摩擦与磨损，但国内外有关的研究报道却还少见．因此，利用特制的球－盘式摩擦磨损试验机，对几种配对金属的摩擦自生电势和摩擦力进行了测量，揭示了摩擦自生电势与摩擦力的相关性，并且考察了外加电压对金属间摩擦力的影响，发现在外加电压与摩擦自生电势相抵消时的摩擦系数最低，比无外加电压时的摩擦系数低１２％～２６％     

Tire-ice model development for the simulation of rubber compounds effect on tire performance

The material properties of the rubber compounds, which are highly dependent on temperature, have a vital role in the tire behavior. A comprehensive study on the effect of the rubber properties on tire performance, for different temperatures, as well as different road conditions is required to adequately predict the performance of tires on ice.In this study, a theoretical model has been developed for the tire-ice interaction. The temperature changes obtained from the model are used to calculate the height of the water film created by the heat generated due to the friction force. Next, the viscous friction coefficient at the contact patch is obtained. By using the thermal balance equation at the contact patch, the dry friction is obtained. Knowing the friction coefficients for the dry and wet regions, the equivalent friction coefficient is calculated. The model has been validated using experimental results for three similar tires with different rubber compounds properties. The model developed can be used to predict the temperature changes at the contact patch, the tire friction force, the areas of wet and dry regions, the height of the water film for different ice temperatures, different normal load, etc.     

考虑转速影响的滚珠丝杠副摩擦系数计算与试验研究

针对目前滚珠丝杠副摩擦系数选取多以轴承经验值为依据的现状,基于滚珠丝杠副的结构特点建立滚珠与滚道的运动学及动力学模型,得到滚珠丝杠副摩擦系数与预紧力及摩擦力矩之间的关系,并推导出滚珠丝杠副摩擦系数计算公式.通过新型设计的预紧力可调机构可实现对双螺母滚珠丝杠副预紧力的任意加载与实时监测.利用该机构,结合摩擦力矩测量系统便可实现对滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩和预紧力的直接测量,从而计算不同预紧力和转速下的实际摩擦系数.由于测量系统转速限制,试验在转速400 r/min以下的低速条件进行,最终得到摩擦系数随转速与预紧力的变化规律,并给出了滚珠丝杠副低速下摩擦系数的选用范围.通过试验得到合理的滚珠丝杠副摩擦系数取值对今后研究其摩擦特性有着重要的意义.     

游泳衣料的表面摩阻测量

本文介绍用二维激光流速仪对游泳衣料的局部表面摩阻作对比性实验的一组测量结果.由于游泳衣表面为具有高度柔弹性的粗糙壁面,所以表面摩阻系数的值由离壁面稍远的对数律层的速度分布求得.实验结果表明,不同衣料的表面摩阻的差别可达90%左右,国产的单向弹性奥纶游泳衣的表面摩阻系数最小.由此可知,这种具有纵向纹理的衣料对于减少水对运动员的阻力最为有利.     

激光表面织构化对GCr15钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

本文利用Nd:YAG固体脉冲激光对GCr15钢样品表面进行了微坑织构化处理,考察了激光表面织构参数对其摩擦性能的影响,同时通过扫描电镜等对磨斑表面进行了分析.结果表明:与光滑面试样相比,经织构化处理的样品表面在干摩擦条件下虽然摩擦系数较高,但表现出了较好的抗磨性能;在贫油润滑条件下,织构面的摩擦系数与磨损均明显小于光滑面;在低载低速下较小孔径织构面摩擦系数较小,随着速度及载荷的增大,较大孔径织构面表现出更好的摩擦学性能.采用Stribeck曲线探讨了织构化表面与光滑面在贫油润滑下的润滑机理,结果表明织构面在试验条件下均保持油膜流体润滑状态.     

On the frequency behaviour,stability and isolation properties of dry friction oscillators

This paper proposes a new approach to the frequency responses of one-degree-of-freedom oscillators subject to periodic excitations in presence of mixed dry-viscous friction. The idea is to get free from the analysis of one fixed system by letting the physical parameters cover their own whole ranges and investigating the various behavioural aspects of wide classes of oscillators. The existence, uniqueness and stability of the steady-state solutions are analysed in detail, assuming different coefficients of static and sliding friction. The possible arising of motions characterized by anti-periodic asymmetry or multi-stick oscillations is enlightened and maps of the system behaviour are presented. A study on transmissibility shows the favourable features of dry friction isolators in the high-frequency range.     

体外预应力梁摩擦效应的非线性分析

构造了简单的体外预应力梁的摩擦单元,摩擦单元位于转向块和体外筋之间的角平分线上,能模拟转向块和体外筋之间的有摩擦或无摩擦滑移。考虑混凝土、钢筋和体外筋应力-应变的非线性关系,采用梁截面弯矩-轴力-曲率的三折线模型,探讨了体外预应力梁的性能。对简支梁和连续梁的不同因素进行计算,包括不同摩擦系数、不同体外筋和钢筋面积、不同偏心距以及对称和非对称荷载形式。计算结果表明,对于简支梁和对称荷载下的连续梁,承载力的摩擦效应可以忽略,最大预应力增量和挠度的摩擦效应不宜忽略,最小预应力增量的摩擦效应明显;对于非对称荷载下的连续梁,承载力、最大和最小预应力增量以及挠度的摩擦效应不可忽略。     

高速运动条件下玄武岩摩擦系数的实验研究

在MM－1000型摩擦磨损试验机上采用不同试验条件对玄武岩试件进行了高速摩擦试验研究,结果表明：摩擦表面载荷、运动速度以及摩擦速度以及摩擦表面特性等因素均对摩擦系数产生影响;摩擦系数随载荷的增大呈现减小趋势;对于饱和吸水试件,摩擦系数随运动速度增大持续降低;在其它试验条件下,饱和吸水试件的动摩擦系数比干燥试件明显要低。     

增强纤维对陶瓷基摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用热压烧结法制备纤维增强陶瓷基摩擦材料,研究了钢纤维、钢纤维/莫来石纤维、莫来石纤维、钢纤维/硅酸铝纤维以及硅酸铝纤维增强陶瓷基摩擦材料的摩擦磨损特性.研究结果表明:不同纤维对陶瓷基摩擦材料摩擦系数的影响较为复杂.相比较添加单一纤维增强摩擦材料的情况,钢纤维增强的试样具有较好的耐磨性能,其次为莫来石纤维增强的试样,硅酸铝纤维增强的试样表现出最差的耐磨性能,钢纤维/莫来石纤维和钢纤维/硅酸铝纤维增强试样的磨损均低于相应的陶瓷纤维增强的试样;在高温下以莫来石纤维增强的试样,其磨损形式以磨粒磨损为主,而以硅酸铝纤维和钢纤维/硅酸铝纤维增强的试样的主要磨损形式为黏着磨损,钢纤维和钢纤维/莫来石纤维增强的试样的磨损属于磨粒磨损和黏着磨损.     

Simulation of spatial multibody systems with friction

A formulation for modeling and simulation of friction effects in spatial multibody systems is presented. Constraint reaction forces on rigid bodies that are connected by joints that support friction are derived as functions of Lagrange multipliers, using D’Alembert’s principle. Friction forces acting on bodies are calculated as a function of joint geometry, constraint reaction forces that are functions of Lagrange multipliers, and relative velocities at constraint contact points that are determined by system kinematics. Friction forces are implemented in index 0 differential-algebraic equations of motion that are solved numerically using explicit and implicit numerical integration methods. Spatial examples are presented, yielding accurate results and demonstrating that the systems are not stiff, even in the presence of friction and stiction.     

界面接触特性对两种自组装分子膜摩擦特性的影响

利用多功能微摩擦磨损试验机，在不同滑动速度和载荷条件下，采用不同摩擦副分析了界面接触特性对自组装分子膜摩擦特性的影响，同时采用Lennard-Jone势对铜和镍与三氯十八硅烷(OTS)和3-氨基丙基-三甲氧基硅烷(APS)自组装分子膜之间的相互作用进行了比较。结果表明，镍同OTS和APS对摩的摩擦系数均大于铜同2种自组装分子膜对摩的摩擦系数，这是因为镍与自组装分子膜间具有较强的相互作用所致。铜和镍与OTS对摩的摩擦系数随滑动速度的增加而增大，随载荷增加而减小；铜与APS对摩的摩擦系数随滑动速度的增加而减小，载荷对摩擦系数的影响则很小；而镍与APS对摩的摩擦系数随滑动速度增加而增大，随载荷增加而减小．可以用分子弛豫来解释2种自组装分子膜的摩擦特性差异。     

碳化硼-碳化硼摩擦副的摩擦磨损特性研究

考察了热压碳化硼-碳化硼摩擦副在室温下的摩擦磨损特性,并采用X射线衍射仪测定了磨损表面的物相组成。结果表明：碳化硼-碳化硼摩擦副的摩擦系数随滑行距离和载荷的增加而减小,最低摩擦系数为0．09;在低载荷下初始阶段摩擦系数较高(0．3～0．4),磨损率极低,无法用表面轮廓仪测得,磨损表面X射线衍射分析表明,在摩擦过程中接触表面发生了摩擦化学反应,生成了B2O3和H3BO3等物质,从而使摩擦系数降低。     

System-size effect on the friction at liquid-solid interfaces

The friction at the liquid-solid interfaces is widely involved in various phenomena ranging from nanometer to micrometer scales. By the molecular dynamic(MD)simulation, the friction properties of liquid-solid interfaces at the molecular level are calculated via the Green-Kubo relation. It is found that the system size will influence the value of the friction coefficient, especially for the solid surfaces with the larger polar charge. The value of the friction coefficient decreases with the increase in the system size and converges at large system sizes. The large polar charge will lead to a significant friction coefficient. However, the diffusion of water molecules on this surface is almost a constant, indicating that the diffusion coefficient seems to be independent of the system size and polar charge. This work provides insights for the selection of the system size in modeling the frictional properties of hydrophobic/hydrophilic surfaces.     

A Linearized Method to Measure Dynamic Friction of Microdevices

We propose and evaluate a linearized method to measure dynamic friction between micromachined surfaces. This linearized method reduces the number of data points needed to obtain dynamic friction data, minimizing the effect of wear on sliding surfaces during the measurement. We find that the coefficient of dynamic friction is lower than the coefficient of static friction, while the adhesive pressure is indistinguishable for the two measurements. Furthermore, after an initial detailed measurement is made on a device type, the number of trial runs required to take the data on subsequent devices can be reduced from 200 to approximately 20.     

A hybrid scheme for simulation of planar rigid bodies with impacts and friction using impact mappings

This paper introduces numerical techniques necessary for the implementation of impact maps derived from an energetic impact law for rigid-body impacts with friction at isolated contact points. In particular the work focuses on methodologies for long-term simulation with behaviours such as dynamic transitions and chatter. The methods are based on hybrid event-driven numerical solvers for ordinary differential equations together with system states to deal with the transitions. A slender rod impacting a periodically oscillating surface is used as an example to illustrate implementation and methods. The numerical scheme for the rod system is used to show how symmetry can play an important role in the presence of friction for long-term dynamics. This will show that surface oscillations with low frequencies tend to lead to periodic motions of the rod that are independent of friction. For higher frequencies however the periodic solutions are not that common and irregular motion ensues.