ZnO:Ga晶体对硬X射线的时间及能量响应

 介绍了ZnO:Ga晶体对重复频率快脉冲硬X 射线的时间响应,利用X射线荧光分析仪测量了ZnO:Ga晶体对10～100 keV硬X射线的能量响应。结果表明:ZnO:Ga晶体对硬X射线响应的上升时间为316 ps,半高宽为440 ps;对40 keV以上的X射线的能量响应很平坦。该晶体可以作为一种新颖的硬X射线探测元件。     

15～600 keV脉冲硬X射线能谱测量

介绍了基于吸收法的脉冲硬X射线能谱测量的基本原理及设计思路,完成了探测器及吸收片的选型,设计了射线准直系统,研究了散射对测量的影响,以12路PIN探测器阵列及铜、铝吸收片为测量核心部件研制了脉冲硬X射线能谱测量系统。实验测量了真空环境下"闪光二号"加速器串级二极管产生的脉冲硬X射线强度,获得了不同衰减程度的实验波形,通过解谱获得了脉冲硬X射线的能谱,光子最高能量约600 keV,平均能量约89.1 keV,与理论计算的结果比较符合。     

聚龙一号丝阵负载Z箍缩硬X射线能谱测量

为获取聚龙一号实验装置负载放电产生硬X射线的能谱分布,设计了一套7通道硬X射线能谱仪。介绍了这套多通道硬X射线能谱仪的测谱原理、主要参数及根据测量结果回推光源辐射能谱的解谱算法。在聚龙一号装置丝阵负载物理实验中对测量系统进行考核,获得了信噪比较高的测量波形。利用最大熵方法进行解谱,获得了丝阵负载产生的硬X射线能谱分布,辐射能段主要集中在200~500 keV附近,且1 MeV以上光子份额较低。     

脉冲硬X射线能注量测量技术

阐述了全吸收法测量脉冲硬X射线能注量的基本原理,选择了光电管配合硅酸镥(LSO)闪烁体作为探测系统的核心部件,研制了脉冲硬X射线能注量测量系统.利用该系统测量了"闪光二号"加速器产生的脉冲硬X射线强度,结合灵敏度的实验标定结果,计算得到了脉冲硬X射线的能注量.在连续5发次的实验中,能注量平均测量结果为35.9 mJ/cm2,根据实测剂量和能谱计算得到的能注量为39.8 mJ/cm2,两者的结果比较一致.     

非圆截面环流器硬X射线辐射强度的绝对测量

本文给出了逃逸电子在孔拦上轰击出的硬X射线能谱及其辐射强度,描述了硬X射线闪烁谱还原成能谱的分析处理法,并对NaI(T1)探测器的绝对光峰效率进行了测量。     

HL-1装置硬x射线辐射剂量测量

一、引言 多年来,从事受控核聚变的研究人员相继对环形磁约束装置的硬X射线辐射做了许多深入的实验研究,因为逃逸电子是高温等离子体的必然产物,通过逃逸电子产物——硬X射线的研究,便可得知等离子体的行为。但是,装置的硬X射线辐射剂量却直接影响到周围环境及工作人员的身体健康。高能X射线通过物质时,主要以光电效应,康普顿散射和电子对效应损失能量,进入生物组织后,X射线能量在其中转移、吸收乃至最终导致组织损伤。随着实验的进展,人们对硬X射线辐射剂量日益关心。为此,1987年,我们在HL-1装置实验运行期间(近旁的电子回旋共振加热系统未投入工作),测量了装置的硬X射线辐射剂量。     

化学气相沉积金刚石探测器测量辐射驱动内爆的硬X射线

金刚石探测器具有响应快、灵敏度高、动态范围大、平响应、击穿电压高、抗辐射等优点, 广泛运用于X射线测量. 利用化学气相沉积方法制备的光学级金刚石, 采用金属-金刚石-金属结构研制了X射线金刚石探测器. 在8ps激光器上的探测器响应性能考核表明, 整个探测器系统的响应时间为444 ps, 上升时间为175 ps, 载流子寿命为285 ps. 将探测器应用于神光Ⅲ原型装置的内爆物理实验硬X射线测量, 分别测量得到以注入黑腔的激光转化为主和靶丸内爆产生为主的硬X射线能流, 测得的峰值信号分别正比于激光总能量和反比于靶丸CH层厚度. 关键词： CVD金刚石探测器 硬X射线 激光能量     

HT-6B托卡马克装置上的硬X射线起伏测量

用NaI(Tl)晶体闪烁探测器和金硅面垒型半导体探测器,在HT-6B托卡马克装置上对X射线起伏进行了相关测量。观测了硬X射线发射和起伏锯齿波形。实验证实:在2—25kHz频区内的硬X射线起伏也是MHD扰动所致。 关键词：     

强光一号装置单氘丝中子发射实验研究

 介绍了利用飞行时间技术测量Z箍缩装置单氘丝中子发射。实验发现，Z箍缩中子发射过程中,伴随产生很强的硬X射线，利用铝丝阵产生硬X射线的实验，建立较好的硬X射线屏蔽,大大减弱了它的辐射强度。所采用的双闪烁探测器中子探测系统，进行了3个发次的单氘丝负载实验，确认产生了聚变氘氘中子。4172发次实验测量结果表明，中子产额1.5×10⁹，中子能量为(2.45±0.26) MeV。实验结合分幅照相数据分析认为，峰电流和负载未能很好匹配，等离子体存在不稳定现象。     

脉冲硬X射线能注量测量系统结构设计

确定了利用全吸收法测量硬X射线能注量的技术方案,阐述了能注量测量的基本原理。结合实际测量环境,选择光电管和高密度硅酸镥闪烁体作为测量系统,分析了各个测量组件参数的影响因素。利用蒙特卡罗程序模拟了硬X射线在闪烁体中能量沉积的轴向分布,并计算了光子的透射率,据此确定了硅酸镥闪烁体的厚度为20 mm。完成了准直系统和电磁屏蔽系统的设计,增加了信噪比。     

5~88keV能区硬X光能谱精密测量

利用滤波荧光(FF)法建立了5~88keV能区硬X光能谱测量系统,对闪烁探测器的灵敏度进行了精密标定,不确定度好于10%。通过研究干扰产生的原因,改善系统屏蔽,有效地排除了干扰,提高了系统的信噪比;通过更换大电流的光电倍增管,改变准直光阑的尺寸和滤片的厚度,将测量系统的线性动态范围从4提高到104。在神光Ⅲ原型物理实验中定量给出Au平面靶硬X光谱,实现硬X光能谱的精密测量。     

Hard X-ray generation from microdroplets in intense laser fields

Microdroplets of 15-μm diameter are subjected to ultra-short laser pulses of intensities up to 10¹⁵Wcm⁻² to produce hot dense plasma. The hot electrons produced in the microdroplet plasma result in efficient generation of hard X-rays in the range 50–150keV at an irradiance as low as 8×10¹⁴Wcm⁻². The X-ray source efficiency is estimated to be about 2 ×10⁻⁷%. A prepulse that is about 11ns ahead of the main pulse strongly influences the droplet plasma and the resulting X-ray emission. For a similar laser prepulse and intensity, no measurable hard X-ray emission is observed when the laser is focused on a solid target of similar composition and this indicates that liquid droplet targets are best suited for hard X-ray generation in laser–plasma interactions.     

Monte carlo study of a hard x-ray concentrator

Summary The sensitivity limits of hard X-ray (> 10 keV) detectors of the current generation are reviewed and the need for a new generation of instruments based on photon concentration is justified. A hard X-ray concentrator based on Bragg diffraction technique is proposed. Such an instrument has been simulated with Monte Carlo methods and the expected performances of a particular configuration are evaluated. The proposed instrument concept is shown to be very promising in the energy range from 10 keV up to about 80 keV. To speed up publication, the proofs were not sent to the authors and were supervised by the Scientific Committee.     

Opportunities for resonant elastic X-ray scattering at X-ray free-electron lasers

X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (FELs) are beginning to deliver a revolution in X-ray experiments, thanks to their ultra-bright (peak brightness exceeding 10³³ photons/s/mm²/mrad²/0.1%BW), ultrashort (down to a few fs), spatially coherent X-ray pulses. Presently operational facilities cover wide spectral ranges, from the VUV and soft X-ray wavelengths of FLASH in Hamburg (down to 4.2 nm), to the hard X-rays delivered by the LCLS in Stanford (wavelengths of 0.15 nm or shorter). The basic properties of the new sources are briefly reviewed, and the impact on resonant scattering experiments is discussed. The perspective of investigating ultrafast magnetism, and, more generally, the time-dependent response of strongly correlated electron systems, in a pump-and-probe mode at the L edges of 3d transition metals, would be very attractive. In the hard X-ray range, the very recent proposal of self-seeded X-ray FELs, with 10⁻⁵ intrinsic bandwidth, tunable wavelength, 100 fs pulses and number of photons per pulse of order 10¹² also opens exciting possibilities for resonant scattering.     

The rms-flux relation of Cyg X-2 in the horizontal branch

We have investigated the relation between the root mean square (rms) variability and the X-ray flux (rms-flux relation) of the Z source Cyg X-2, and as well the energy dependence based on the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations. We currently focus on the horizontal branch (HB), due to the negative correlation in flux of the soft and the hard X-rays. The rms-flux correlation has energy dependence as follows: positive at hard X-rays (above 10 keV) but negative at soft X-rays (below 10 keV). This provides a feature different from the previous one, and may be suggestive of different origins of X-rays below and above 10 keV. Nevertheless, the overall spectrum can be well fitted with a model consisting of a blackbody and Comptonization components, but the fitting results do not reveal any features around 10 keV that could account for such a change in the rms-flux relation.     

Fabrication of multi-scale structures with multiple X-ray masks and synchrotron hard X-ray irradiations

Synchrotron hard X-ray irradiation can be utilized in lithography processes to manufacture precise structures. Due to the difficulty of precise X-ray mask fabrication in hard X-ray lithography, this X-ray process has been used mainly to fabricate precise microstructures. In this study, a technology is proposed for fabricating novel multi-scale patterns that include submicron-scale structures using hard X-rays. The required X-ray masks for submicron-sized patterning are fabricated by a simple UV lithography process and sidewall metal deposition. Above all, thanks to the high penetration capability of hard X-rays with sub-nanometer wavelengths, it is possible to employ multiple masks to fabricate a variety of patterns. By combining each sub-micron X-ray mask with typical micro-sized X-ray masks, a unique X-ray lithography is performed, and various multi-scale structures are fabricated. The usefulness of the proposed technology is demonstrated by the realization of these structures.     

Surface roughness-aided hard X-ray emission from carbon nanotubes

Efficient low debris hard X-ray source based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) irradiated by intense, femtosecond laser over an intensity range of 10¹⁵–10¹⁷ W cm⁻² μm² is reported. The MWNT targets yield two orders of magnitude higher X-rays (indicating significant enhancement of laser coupling) and three orders of magnitude lower debris compared to conventional metallic targets under identical experimental conditions. The simple analytical model explains the basic experimental observations and also serves as a guide to design efficient targets to achieve low-debris laser plasma-based hard X-ray sources at low laser intensities suitable for multi-kHz operation.     

基于激光驱动等离子体X光源的X射线相衬成像

为了诊断惯性约束聚变(ICF)内爆靶丸球壳的多层信息,在神光Ⅱ激光器上对激光驱动等离子体X光源的相衬成像进行了研究。利用神光Ⅱ第9路激光驱动平面Ti靶获得X光源,在10μm的针孔约束下作为次级点光源对样品成像,用X光胶片记录。成功地将相衬成像技术应用于ICF实验,综合考虑成像放大倍数、分辨力、成像衬度和抑制烧蚀碎片等因素,选择合适的实验条件,成功获得了清晰的双层内爆靶丸球壳结构,空间分辨力优于10μm。     

6 MeV storage ring dedicated to hard X-ray imaging and far-infrared spectroscopy

The tabletop storage ring, 6 MeV MIRRORCLE, is dedicated to hard X-ray imaging as well as far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy. In spite of low electron energy, the 6 MeV MIRRORCLE generates hard X-rays ranging from 10 keV up to its electron energy and milliwatt order sub-millimetre range FIR rays. Bremsstrahlung is the mechanism for the hard X-ray generation. Images produced with 11× geometrical magnification display a sharply enhanced edge effect when generated using a 25 mm rod electron target. Bright far-infrared is generated in the same way using a conventional synchrotron light source, but with MIRRORCLE the spectral flux is found to be ∼1000 times greater than that of a standard thermal source. Partially coherent enhancement is observed in the case of FIR output.