X射线晶体学结合电子晶体学在复杂无机晶体结构解析中的应用

自然界中的材料,比如无机材料,有机材料,生物材料等等,均有其独特的物理和化学性质。而材料的性能又与材料的结构息息相关,只有充分了解了材料的结构,才能更加深入的研究材料性质。因此,材料结构的确定在化学、物理、生物等学科中的显得尤为重要。X射线晶体学作为传统的结构解析技术仍然是目前最重要的结构解析手段,但是对于复杂结构,X射线衍射晶体学解析结构也存在一些不足,往往需要其他技术手段相补充才能完成复杂结构的结构解析。电子晶体学虽然起步比X射线晶体学晚,但是,经过近几十年的发展,已经是结构解析领域一个非常重要的手段。本文将主要介绍X射线晶体学结合电子晶体学在复杂无机晶体结构解析中的应用。     

粉末衍射技术解析青蒿素晶体结构方法学比对研究

以粉末X射线衍射技术(PXRD)表征有机物晶体结构为目的,选取我国第1个全新药物青蒿素(Artemisinin)验证粉晶解析有机物晶体结构方法的合理性。粉晶解析结果为正交晶系,P212121空间群,a=23.98223±0.01624,b=9.42480±0.00645,c=6.34589±0.00439,α=β=γ=90°,Z=4,V=1434.693;单晶解析结果为正交晶系,P212121空间群,a=23.9564(9),b=9.3224(5),c=6.3205(3),α=β=γ=90°,P212121,Z=4,V=1411.55(17)3;两者所确定分子非氢结构键长、键角、二面角的相关系数分别为0.9921、0.9833和0.9997,晶胞参数基本吻合,分子构型相似。结果表明,粉晶X射线衍射技术可以求得较为准确的青蒿素晶胞参数及晶胞内分子构型。     

Low-Temperature Crystal Structure of S-camphor Solved from Powder Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Data by Simulated Annealing

The ordered, low-temperature crystal structure of the pure enantiomer of camphor (C₁₀H₁₆O) has been solved from high-resolution powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction data. The structure is orthorhombic, space group P2₁2₁2₁, Z=8, with a=8.9277(2) Å, b=27.0359(5) Å, and c=7.3814(1) Å at 100 K. The structure was solved by autoindexing of the pattern, space group determination, and then optimization of the positions and orientations of the two independent molecules in the unit cell by simulated annealing. The molecular structure obtained from the restrained Rietveld refinement shows reasonable agreement with that optimized from ab initio molecular orbital calculations. In the crystal structure, the molecules are aligned antiferroelectrically and weak C-H…O hydrogen bonds link together the independent molecules.     

Molecular Structure of Silatrane Determined by Gas Electron Diffraction and Quantum-Mechanical Calculations

The geometry of silatrane HSi(OCH₂CH₂)₃N has been determined by gas electron diffraction, ab initio calculations, and vibrational spectroscopy of crystal. Using the scaled force field from DFT calculations the amplitudes and perpendicular corrections were calculated. It was assumed that the silatrane molecule has C ₃ symmetry. The following values (r _g bond lengths in Å and _a bond angles in deg. with three standard deviations from the least-squared refinements using a diagonal weight matrix) are: SiN 2.406(27); NC 1.443(7); OC 1.399(11); SiO 1.648(3); CC 1.504(15); NSiO 78.8(21); SiOC 128.1(11); SiNC 105.4(14); CCO 117.0(26); CCN 108.2(30); CNC 113.2(17); OSiO 116.3(13). The 5-membered rings are flattened. The sum of its bond angles is equal to 537.5(42). It is shown that a very large difference is found for Si—N distance from ab initio and DFT calculating.     

L-精氨酸·氟硼酸加合物的X射线粉末衍射分析

采用X射线粉末衍射法对L-精氨酸·氟硼酸加合物进行了分析.数据收集范围在2θ角从7°到80°(共64个观测点).采用最小二乘法对该加合物粉末衍射的晶胞参数进行了计算,实验表明:该加合物为正交晶系,空间群P212121,晶胞参数a=0.50702(6)nm,b=1.37288(12)nm,c=1.64880(15)nm,V=1.147713nm3;Z=4;ρ=1.52g/cm3,粉末衍射分析的结果与单晶结构数据相吻合.     

The Crystal Structure of Trimethyl Borate by Neutron and X‐ray Powder Diffraction

The crystal structure of one of the simplest organoboron compounds, trimethyl borate does not appear to have been determined hitherto. The compound is of interest for the study of π‐donor ligands and their interaction with the π‐acceptor behavior of trigonal boron and the consequences of such interactions on molecular structure. We used powder neutron (with isotopically labeled material) and X‐ray diffraction to determine the crystal structure of trimethyl borate at 15 K and 200 K (neutron) and 200 K (X‐ray). The material is hexagonal (Z = 2) with a = b = 6.950(8) Å and c = 6.501(3) Å at 15 K. The unit cell volume is 272.00(1) ų. The space group is P6₃/m (SG 176) at 15 K and 200 K. This is the first crystal structure solved on the Neutron Powder Diffractometer (NPDF) at the Lujan Center.     

Polymorph Identification and Crystal Structure Determination by a Combined Crystal Structure Prediction and Transmission Electron Microscopy Approach

Electron diffraction offers advantages over X‐ray based methods for crystal structure determination because it can be applied to sub‐micron sized crystallites, and picogram quantities of material. For molecular organic species, however, crystal structure determination with electron diffraction is hindered by rapid crystal deterioration in the electron beam, limiting the amount of diffraction data that can be collected, and by the effect of dynamical scattering on reflection intensities. Automated electron diffraction tomography provides one possible solution. We demonstrate here, however, an alternative approach in which a set of putative crystal structures of the compound of interest is generated by crystal structure prediction methods and electron diffraction is used to determine which of these putative structures is experimentally observed. This approach enables the advantages of electron diffraction to be exploited, while avoiding the need to obtain large amounts of diffraction data or accurate reflection intensities. We demonstrate the application of the methodology to the pharmaceutical compounds paracetamol, scyllo‐inositol and theophylline.     

Absolute Configuration of Pharmaceutical Research Compounds Determined by X‐ray Powder Diffraction

The absolute configuration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was determined by generating salts of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with counterions of known chirality, and determining the crystal structures by X‐ray powder diffraction. This approach avoids the (often tedious) growth of single crystals, and is successful with very limited quantities of material (less than 1 mg). The feasibility of the method is demonstrated on five examples, and its limitations are discussed as well.     

L-5-羟基色氨酸粉晶晶体结构解析

以50%甲醇溶液为提取溶剂,从加纳籽中提取L-5-羟基色氨酸(HTP),采用RP-HPLC获得纯度为99.5%样品,经80%甲醇溶液重结晶获得多晶粉末.利用X射线粉末衍射技术结合计算晶体学方法解析其粉晶晶体结构,模拟图谱与实验图谱的Rwp值为5.06%.结果表明:该晶体属单斜晶系,P2_1空间群,晶胞参数为a=13.69927 ±0.01967(A),b=5.34550 ±0.00756(A),c=7.88219±0.01129(A),a=y=90.00000°,β=86.25936±0.00359°,Z=2,V=579.973(A)~3,并在此基础上对其晶体生长特性进行了分析.     

基于透射电子显微镜的沸石分子筛结构研究进展

透射电子显微镜是解析沸石分子筛新结构、 分析结构缺陷和研究活性位点等的有力工具. 应用于分子筛研究的透射电子显微术总体上可以分为图像法和衍射法, 包括透射电子显微镜和扫描透射电子显微图像、 选区电子衍射和三维电子衍射, 通常结合其中的几种方法进行分析. 近年来, 随着电子显微镜硬件性能的不断提升, 特别是球差矫正器的广泛应用及各种适用于分子筛等电子束敏感材料的探测器和图像处理技术的不断革新, 在原子尺度观察分子筛的结构已成为可能. 此外, 利用原位电子显微镜技术研究分子筛的生长和催化反应机理也在逐步展开. 本文按电子显微镜方法分类, 综述了近些年基于电子显微镜的分子筛研究, 包括新结构解析、 手性确认和金属负载等的最新进展.     

Evolving Opportunities in Structure Solution from Powder Diffraction Data—Crystal Structure Determination of a Molecular System with Twelve Variable Torsion Angles

The genetic algorithm approach , in which a population of trial structures is allowed to evolve subject to well-defined procedures for mating, mutation, and natural selection, was employed to solve the complex molecular crystal structure of Ph₂P(O)(CH₂)₇P(O)Ph₂ directly from powder diffraction data. The structure solution reveals an interesting (perhaps unexpected) molecular conformation (see picture), which emphasizes the importance of allowing complete conformational flexibility of the molecule in the structure solution calculation.     

系列新铌酸盐A6n+[Bxm+Nb12-x]Nb4O42的合成及粉晶X射线衍射分析

０IntroductionNiobateshavemanykindsofstructures．TheseareperovskitetypeABO３（KNbO３），tungstenbronzetypeANb２O６（Ba２NaNb５O１５），chainandlamellartypes犤１～１１犦．SincethenewcompoundK６CrNb１５O４２withakindoftunnelstructureinthepotassiumniobatesystemwasfoundinourlaboratoryforthefirsttime犤１２犦，wehavesynthesizedaseriesofcompoundswiththesamestructure，forexample，K６FeNb１５O４２，K６Ni０．６７Nb１５．３３O４２，Ba６Cr４Nb１２O４２andBa６Ni２．６７Nb１３．３３O４２etc．T…     

ChemInform Abstract: The Molecular Structure of Hexaborane(12) in the Gas Phase as Determined by Electron Diffraction.

The structure of gaseous arachno-B6H12 (I) is determined, because geometrical parameters such as interatomic distances and angles are entirely lacking.     

Statistical Inference of Distribution of Crystal Size by X-Ray Powder Diffraction

We describe a method to calculate the distribution of sizes of fine crystals from pure powder-diffraction profile using a method of maximum entropy (MAXENT). We apply a Monte-Carlo technique of simulated annealing to seek a global minimum of the error surface in fitting this diffraction profile. We consider pure diffraction profile (instrument de-convoluted) of a powder specimen without lattice imperfection to a significant extent. Under these circumstances, the distribution of the pure diffraction profile can be attributed to the distribution of crystallite size. We applied this method to three cases of crystal sizes having a highly inhomogeneous distribution with certain noise-tolerance. The results agree well with synthetic data of diffraction.     

Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED) for Small‐Molecule Structure Determination

The development of new methods to analyze and determine molecular structures parallels the ability to accelerate synthetic research. For many decades, single‐crystal analysis by X‐ray diffraction (SXRD) has been the definitive tool for structural analysis at the atomic level; the drawback, however, is that a suitable single crystal of the analyte needs to be grown. The recent innovation of the crystalline sponge (CS) method allows the microanalysis of compounds simply soaked in a readily prepared CS crystal, thus circumventing the need to screen crystallization conditions while also using only a trace amount of the sample. In this context, electron diffraction for the structure determination of small molecules is discussed as potentially the next big development in this field.