The long spacing l of lamellar crystals of linear polyethylene increases with the crystallization temperature Tc. For low degrees of supercooling, the ratio Δl/ΔT is around 0.5 nm K?1 for PE single crystals obtained from solution in xylene. In the restricted situation where only conduction in the crystallization vessel is involved, a heat transfer analysis shows that about 20 s is needed to change by 5 K the crystallization temperature Tc in a cylindrical vessel of 1.5 mm radius. Such rapid change of the crystallization temperature induces a sharp increase or decrease of the thickness of the single crystals. After conventional shadowing with palladium–gold alloy, the steps on the crystals are observed by conventional bright-field electron microscopy. A pioneering work was performed in this way by Bassett and Keller in 1962. Our technique allows one to determine both the shape and the dimensions of single crystals or twinned crystals of polyethylene as a function of the time of crystallization, and therefore give the quasi-instantaneous growth rates at various times. 相似文献
The non-isothermal crystallization and melting of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were observed by means of differential scanning calorimetry and compared with those of ordinary high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The crystallization temperature (Tc) and melting point (Tm) of UHMWPE were found to be higher thanTc andTm of HDPE, and the latent heat of crystallization (δHc) and fusion (δHm) of UHMWPE are smaller thanδHc andδHm of HDPE. The results were explained in terms of the theory of polymer crystallization and the structure characteristics of UHMWPE. The relationships between the parameters (Tc,TT,δHc andδHm) and the molecular weight (M) of UHMWPE are discussed. Processing of the experimental data led to the establishment of four expressions describing the above relationships. 相似文献
Summary: Exfoliated and intercalated polyethylene/montmorillonite (PE/MMT) nanocomposites with high MMT content were prepared by in situ polymerization. The isothermal crystallization kinetics of the nanocomposites were analyzed with Lauritzen–Hoffman regime theory. Regime III crystallization, which is difficult to observe in linear polyethylene, appears in the PE/MMT nanocomposites. The broader temperature range of regime III crystallization in PE/MMT nanocomposites shows that the mobility and reptation ability of the PE chains are greatly reduced by the MMT, especially in the intercalated nanocomposite.
Plots of ln K/n + U*/R(Tc − T0) against 1/Tc(ΔT)f for the intercalated and exfoliated PE/MMT nanocomposites. 相似文献
The self‐complementary, ethylene‐linked U*[ca]A(*) dinucleotide analogues 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 , and 18 , and the sequence‐isomeric A*[ca]U(*) analogues 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 , and 30 were obtained by Pd/C‐catalyzed hydrogenation of the corresponding, known ethynylene‐linked dimers. The association of the ethylene‐linked dimers was investigated by NMR and CD spectroscopy. The U*[ca]A(*) dimers form linear duplexes and higher associates (K between 29 and 114M ?1). The A*[ca]U(*) dimers, while associating more strongly (K between 88 and 345M ?1), lead mostly to linear duplexes and higher associates; they form only minor amounts of cyclic duplexes. The enthalpy–entropy compensation characterizing the association of the U*[cx]A(*) and A*[cx]U(*) dimers (x=y, e, and a) is discussed. 相似文献
Being a disubstituted δ-valerolactone synthesized by the telomerization of carbon dioxide with 1,3-butadiene, 3-ethylidene-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (EVL) contains a six-membered ring and two unsaturated groups. This report describes the synthesis of an amphiphilic graft copolymer by the combination of thiol-ene click polymerization and ring-opening grafting reaction of EVL, ethyldithiol (EDT), and methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG-OH). The alternating copolymer of P(EVL-alt-EDT) with 17.9 wt% CO2 content and weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 7 kg/mol was prepared by means of the free radical thiol-ene click polymerization of EVL with EDT initiated by 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone under UV irradiation. The following alcoholysis of the lactone ring of P(EVL-alt-EDT) backbone by mPEG-OH is catalyzed by 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene, producing the amphiphilic graft copolymer P(EVL-alt-EDT)-g-PEG750 with Mw of 12 kg/mol. The polymers are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectra, size exclusion chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. The one-pot orthogonal strategy is a new utilization of EVL in synthetic polymers and it is significant to the carbon dioxide transformation. 相似文献
A small molecule (GMS-SA2) with one alkyl chain and two terminal carboxyl groups was synthesized successfully by the reaction of glyceryl monostearate
(GMS) with excess succinic anhydride (SA). Then, GMS-SA2 was used as a coupling agent to condensate with polyethylene glycols (PEG) of different molecular weight or polyethylene
glycol monomethyl ether (PEGm) in the presence of stannous octoate as catalyst and diphenyl ether as azeotropic agent. The
AB2 star-shaped miktoarm copolymers were obtained successfully and were characterized by 1H-NMR, DSC, GPC, XRD, FTIR and polarizing microscopy. The results of DSC and XRD measurements indicate that the crystallization
temperature and the melting temperature of the AB2 star-shaped miktoarm copolymers are different from those of the corresponding linear PEGs, because the existing of GMS-SA2 alters their crystalline growth velocity and the perfect degree of crystals. It is very important to control the crystal
morphology of star-shaped copolymers by introducing the miktoarm into the starshaped polymers and adjusting its content in
star-shaped polymers.
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Translated from Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2007, 28(7): 1365–1370 [译自: 高等学校化学学报] 相似文献
A small molecule core (TMP-SK3) with three terminal carboxyl groups was synthesized successfully by the reaction of 1,1,1-trihydroxymethylpropane with the
excessive sebacic acid diacetic anhydride (SK). Then, the core molecule was used as a coupling agent to condensate with polyethylene
glycols (PEG) of different molecular weights or polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (PEGm) in the presence of stannous octoate
as catalyst and diphenyl ether as an azeotropic agent to remove water. Thus, the three-arm star-shaped PEGs was obtained successfully
and characterized by 1H-NMR, DSC, GPC and XRD etc.. DSC measurements indicate that the crystallizing and the melting temperatures of the three-arm
star-shaped PEGs were different from those of the corresponding linear PEG because the existence of TMP-SK3 altered its crystallizing velocity and perfect degree of crystallization.
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Translated from Acta Polymerica Sinica, 2007, 9: 862–867 [译自: 高分子学报] 相似文献
It is shown that the long periods L in slow-cooled polyethylene materials obey the general law L = L0 + αrw, where rw is the weight average dimension of the coil before crystallization, and L0 is a parameter of the order of lc, the crystalline core thickness, which increases as the cooling rate V decreases. α is a parameter independent of M and V but decreasing with the number of long-chain branches per molecule. The two terms in the above relation are, respectively, the contributions of crystalline and amorphous layers. For cooling rates from 800°C/min to 0.2°C/min, it is shown that the temperature Tc of crystallization is constant; hence the change of morphology (long period, crystalline core thickness, crystallinity) cannot be explained by supercooling. The increase in long period and crystallite thickness in slow-cooled materials with decreasing cooling rate is interpreted in terms of annealing of the crystallized materials between the crystallization temperature Tc and the secondary transition temperature Tαc. Crystallization proceeds by a two-step process of solidification and annealing. During the annealing stage, the mobility of the chains in the crystalline phase is due to defects; the kinetics of thickening is then governed by the mobility (or nucleation) of the defects appearing above Tαc. In the proposed model of crystallization, the assumption that the energy of activation is proportional to Tαc explains the observed laws L ≡ lc ≡ log ta, where the annealing time ta is equal to (Tc ? Tαc)/V. The model applies also to polymers crystallized from the melt and subsequently annealed. 相似文献
Ultrahigh molecular mass polyethylene (UHMMPE) is filled with carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) by solution in the presence of maleic
anhydride grafted styrene-(ethylene-co-butylene)-styrene copolymer (MA-SEBS) as a compatibilizer. The UHMMPE/CNT composites
crystallized from melt were prepared at a cooling rate of 20°C min-1. The melting and crystallization behaviors of UHMMPE/ CNT composites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry.
The results showed that onset melting temperature (Tm) and degree of crystallinity (Xc) of UHMMPE/CNT composites crystallized from solution are higher than those from melt due to the larger crystalline lamellar
thickness. The onset crystallization temperature (Tc) of UHMMPE/CNT composites tends to shift to higher temperature region with increasing CNT content in the composites. Tm and
Tc of UHMMPE phase in UHMMPE/CNT composites decrease with the addition of MA-SEBS. Moreover, the crystallization rate of UHMMPE
phase in UHMMPE/CNT composite is increased due to the introduction of CNTs. MA-SEBS acts as compatilizer, enhances the dispersion
of CNTs in the UHMMPE matrix. Thereby, the crystallization rate of UHMMPE phase in UHMMPE/CNT composite is further increased
with the addition of MA-SEBS.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
The crystallization kinetics of amorphous Cu50Ti50 has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under non-isothermal conditions. The curves at different linear heating rates (2, 4, 8 and 16 K min–1) show sharp crystallization peaks. The crystallization peak shifts to higher temperatures with increasing heating rate. The Kissingers method of analysis of the shift in the transformation peak is applied to evaluate the activation energy (Ec). The KJMA formalism, which is basically developed for isothermal experiments, is also used to obtain Ec and the Avrami parameter (n).The DSC data have been analysed in terms of kinetic parameters, viz. activation energy (Ec), Avrami exponent (n) and frequency factor K0 using three different theoretical models. It is observed that the activation energy values derived from KJMA approach and modified Kissinger equation agree fairly well with each other. The activation energy values obtained from normal Kissinger method, and Gao and Wang expression underestimate the activation energy.The financial support provided by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi (Govt. of India) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
The application of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis to the polycondensation of diols and dialdehydes under oxidative conditions is herein presented for the synthesis of polyesters using fossil-based (ethylene glycol, phthalaldehydes) and bio-based (furan derivatives, glycerol, isosorbide) monomers. The catalytic dimethyl triazolium/1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene couple and stoichiometric quinone oxidant afforded polyester oligomers with a number-average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of 1.5–7.8 kg mol−1 as determined by NMR analysis. The synthesis of a higher molecular weight polyester (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) by an NHC-promoted two-step procedure via oligoester intermediates is also illustrated together with the catalyst-controlled preparation of cross-linked or linear polyesters derived from the trifunctional glycerol. The thermal properties (TGA and DSC analyses) of the synthesized oligoesters are also reported. 相似文献
Experimental evidence concerning the dependence of the intrinsic viscosity [η] on molecular weight M in the low molecular weight range (from oligomers to M = 5 × 104) has been collected in a variety of solvents for about ten polymers, i.e., polyethylene, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), polydimethylsiloxane, polyisobutylene, poly(vinylacetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, poly-α-methylstyrene, and some cellulose derivatives. In theta solvents, the constancy of the ratio [η]Θ/M0.5 extends down to values of M much lower than those predicted by current hydrodynamic theories. In good solvents, and on decreasing M, the polymers examined, with the exception of polyethylene and some cellulose derivatives, show a decrease in the exponent a of the Mark-Houwink equation [η] = KMa. This upward curvature gives rise to the existence of a more or less extended linear region where the equation [η] = K0M0.5 is obeyed. Below the linear range, i.e., for even shorter chains, the exponent a can increase, i.e., polydimethylsiloxane, or decrease below 0.5, i.e., poly(ethylene oxide), depending on the particular chain properties. These different dependences have been discussed in terms of: (a) variations of thermodynamic interactions with molecular weight; (b) variations of conformational characteristics (as for instance the ratio) 〈r02/nl2〉, where 〈r02〉 is the unperturbed mean square end-to-end distance and n is the number of bonds each of length l; (c) hydrodynamic properties of short chains. 相似文献