湖北江陵九店战国墓出土墨的科学分析

湖北江陵九店战国墓M56出土墨为我国早期制墨原料和工艺研究提供了重要的实物资料,但出土至今一直未对其进行分析和研究,关于墨类型、墨中添加剂及胶结物等信息尚未知。为此,应用傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪（FTIR）、透射电镜（TEM）和热裂解气相色谱质谱法（Py-GC/MS）对江陵九店战国墨的形貌特征和化学成分进行科学分析和研究。结果表明：(1) 红外光谱在1595 cm-1附近有烟炱C═C骨架振动吸收峰,另有羧酸羰基C═O（1 716 cm-1）和醇类物质中C-O（1 031和1 092 cm-1）键的伸缩振动,以及表面OH,COOH中O-H（3 421 cm-1）的伸缩振动,表明江陵九店战国墨中含有羧酸和醇类物质;(2)在透射电镜下对墨的形貌特征和颗粒大小均匀性进行分析,结果表明江陵九店战国墨颗粒近圆形,边缘光滑,大小分布不均匀,与松烟墨的特征相似;(3)应用热裂解气相色谱质谱法（Py-GC/MS）对江陵九店战国墨的化学成分进行分析,检测出一系列多环芳烃类化合物（PAHs）、松木类物质燃烧化合物（惹烯、脱氢松香酸甲酯等）、樟脑和雪松油类的芳香化合物（α-柏木烯, β-雪松烯、花侧柏烯、雪松醇）等,其中PAHs的相对含量及松木燃烧化合物表明江陵九店战国墨为松烟墨。另外,Py-GC/MS检测结果表明江陵九店战国墨中有樟脑和雪松油添加剂。研究认为,我国在战国时期已有用樟脑和雪松油作为添加剂于松烟墨的制造中。     

浙江小黄山与河南贾湖遗址出土新石器时代前期陶器化学组成的WDXRF分析研究

利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(energy disperse X-ray fluorescence,EDXRF)对浙江嵊州小黄山与河南舞阳贾湖两处新石器时代前期遗址出土陶器的主量元素化学组成进行了分析测定.结果显示,这两处遗址出土陶器的化学组成地域特征明显,与贾湖遗址相比,小黄山遗址陶器具有我国南方陶瓷器普遍存在的“高...     

Application of a portable XRF spectrometer for classification of potash glass beads unearthed from tombs of Han Dynasty in Guangxi,China

Thirty‐seven glass beads excavated from the Han Dynasty tombs in Hepu county, Guangxi, China, were analyzed using a portable X‐ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometer. Reference sample Corning glass D is used to check precision and accuracy of the equipment for major and minor components. The results of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and PXRF are compared to evaluate the quality of equipment for trace elements. Combined with the contents of Al₂O₃ and CaO, a new criterion of subgroup division for potash glass based on the levels of trace elements (Rb and Sr) is proposed. The correlations of Rb and K, Rb and Al, and Sr and Ca are discussed. It is thought that saltpeter was the main flux used to produce potash glasses of different groups. The positive correlation between Rb and Al, and Rb and K indicates that potassium aluminosilicate minerals may be used as raw minerals for potash glasses of group II. The results indicate that the levels of Rb and Sr can be very helpful in subgroup definition and provide useful clues to the raw materials used for glassmaking and provenance study of the potash glass found in Guangxi, China. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

安徽枞阳出土西周至战国时期青铜器的矿料来源研究

采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS),对枞阳境内出土西周至战国时期青铜器和汤家墩遗址出土炼渣中的铜颗粒进行微量元素原位无损分析,以探讨枞阳县境内出土青铜器的铜矿来源。结果表明,枞阳汤家墩遗址冶炼铜金属颗粒中的Co,As,Sb,Ag和Bi等元素含量较高,其微量元素特征不同于铜陵和铜绿山的冶炼金属铜;从西周至战国时期,枞阳青铜器所用铜矿来源比较稳定,主要来自汤家墩遗址周边的枞阳县境内,有少量器物的铜矿可能来自长江以南的铜陵地区;LA-ICP-MS可用于青铜器和古铜矿冶遗址炼渣中所夹杂铜颗粒的微量元素原位无损分析,从而为利用炼渣探讨古矿冶遗址冶炼金属产品的微量元素特征奠定了基础,对探讨三代青铜器的矿料来源研究具有重要的应用价值。     

In situ analysis of stratified glass eye beads from the tomb of Marquis Yi of the Zeng State in Hubei Province,China using XRF and micro‐Raman spectrometry

A total of 46 stratified glass eye beads in Hubei Provincial Museum, Wuhan, China were analyzed in situ by means of portable X‐ray fluorescence and Raman spectrometers. These beads were excavated from the famous tomb of Marquis Yi of the Zeng State, which was dated back to the early Warring States Period (433 bc or little late), in Hubei Province. It is determined that most of these elegant glass beads belong to the typical soda‐lime‐silicate glasses with low contents of MgO and K₂O. The colorants used within these beads are attributed to two types: antimony‐based compound opacifiers/colorants and the transition metals in their oxidized state such as Co, Cu, and Fe ions. According to their characteristics of typology, chemical composition, and micro‐crystals within samples, we classified them into three subtypes and evaluated the possible relations among them. In addition, through comparing with the similar contemporary samples unearthed from Xu Jialing Tomb (5th–4th century bc ) in Henan Province, we discussed the provenance of these stratified glass eye beads and relative issues briefly. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nondestructive analysis of jade artifacts from the Cemetery of the Ying State in Henan Province,China using confocal Raman microspectroscopy and portable X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy and portable X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy were used nondestructively to characterise 18 intact jade artifacts from the Cemetery of the Ying State in Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China. These jade artifacts date from the early to the middle of the Western Zhou Period (the mid‐11^th to the mid‐9^th century BC). Thirteen jade artifacts made of tremolite and two jade artifacts made of actinolite were discriminated from each other by their hydroxyl stretching modes, and a malachite pendant, a muscovite dagger‐axe, and a crystal pendant were also identified. Black graphite was analysed in three jade artifacts composed of tremolite, and the mineralization temperatures were estimated and compared. A red powder was found on the surface of all of the jade artifacts, and this was found to be cinnabar (HgS), which is thought to have been added to the tomb environments during burial ceremonies. The chemical compositions and the possible provenances of the jade artifacts are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

芦山4.20地震的一段学校疏散录像——初步分析及其对应急避险的统计物理模型的意义

真实灾害情境下的人群撤离录像对约束应急避险的统计物理模型具有不可取代的意义.文章分析了中央电视台《新闻联播》播出的2013年4月20日芦山地震时一段教室疏散的视频,讨论了其对应急避险模型的意义.与2008年汶川地震的情况比较,似可看出受过应急训练的人群与未受过训练的人群在撤离时有不同的表现.     

On the use of exact modal analysis techniques in the design of damping devices for multi-conductor overhead power lines,Part I: The control of Aeolian vibration

A mathematical model of a multi-conductor overhead power line with spacer-dampers is presented. Advanced methods of exact modal and response analysis, requiring no more than single-precision computational accuracy, are used to develop a method for spacer-damper design which requires no more computational power than that of a standard microcomputer. In this paper an outline is presented of the application of this method to the control of Aeolian vibration by using self-damping spacers, and in the companion paper (Part II) subconductor oscillation is considered.     

Dynamic Theory of Die Swell for Entangled Polymeric Liquids in Tube Extrusion: Correlations of Total and Ultimate Extrudate Swell Effects to Growth Time, Shear Stress and Aspect Ratio Under the Free States

利用挤出胀大动力学理论研究稳态剪切流下HDPE 和PBD液体的挤出胀大行为,建立了自由动态下线团回复和挤出胀大增长时间的回复机制和动力学. 结果表明在自由回复过程中自由线团回复和挤出物胀大增长可分为两个区域(瞬间和推迟区)、三个增长阶段(瞬间、推迟和最终阶段). 证明了自由线团回复和挤出胀大增长可表征为增长时间、剪切应力和长径比的函数。从而从动力学理论推倒出了三种挤出胀大效应(瞬间、推迟和最终)同分子结果参数和挤出操作条件间的相关性. 并建立了总合(TESE)和最终(UESE)两组挤出胀大效应的普适方程.     

On the accuracy of classical, semiclassical and quantum methods in collision line broadening calculations: Comparative analysis for C2H2-Ar, He systems

Accuracies of classical, semiclassical and quantum methods are comprehensively examined in calculations of impact line widths of C₂H₂ molecules perturbed by Ar and He. The field of comparative study covers both infrared absorption and Raman scattering lines of acetylene having rotational quantum number J=0-30 at temperatures 173 and 296 K. Calculations have been made by fully classical method and by three basic least approximate semiclassical methods, namely, Neilsen-Gordon (NG) method, peaking approximation (PA) and Smith-Giraud-Cooper (SGC) method. Most accurate ab initio potential energy surfaces (PES) of Yang et al. (1996) [21] and Mozsynski et al. (1995) [22] have been applied to model C₂H₂-Ar and C₂H₂-He interactions. The comparison has been made also with available experimental data and with the results of rigorous fully quantum-mechanical calculations within close coupling and coupled states approaches in identical conditions. Semiclassical methods are proved to be not so much accurate as it is generally believed since all they gave in the cases considered seriously underestimated results. The fundamental issue of the adequacy of simplified trajectories in collision broadening calculations is finally reasonably solved. In cases of C₂H₂-Ar and C₂H₂-He systems the use of the “exact” isotropic trajectories (i.e. driven only by the isotropic part of PES) is the main reason of failing of NG, PA and SGC methods. Thus the neglecting of back-influence of the RT exchange on the classical path is a principal defect of semiclassical methods. Finally, the application of simplified trajectories is recognized as inadequate and risky in broadening calculations for molecules having relatively small rotational constants when accurate ab initio PES are applied.     

A quenching fluoroimmunoassay for analysis of the pesticide propazine in an apolar organic solvent, reverse micelles of AOT inn-octane: Effect of the micellar matrix and labeled antigen structure

A simple way of directly observing antigen-antibody binding in a reverse micellar system,n-octane containing reverse micelles of aerosol OT (AOT), using the hydrophobic pesticide propazine as antigen, is described. We observed two processes during fluorescein-labeled propazine (FP)-antibody (Ab) interaction in reverse micelles: (1) quenching of the fluorescence of FP after mixing of Ab and FP (due immune complex formation) and (2) restoration of FP fluorescence after addition of excess propazine to the immune complex formed. We found that the quenching efficiency depends on both the properties of the reverse micellar system (surfactant concentration, hydration degreeW ₀ = [water]/[surfactant]) and the structure of the labeled antigen. A quenching fluoroimmunoassay of propazine both in apolar organic solvents and in water is developed. The method is homogeneous. The quenching time is 10–30 min, and the detection limit of propazine is 100 nM (20 Μg/L) in organic solvent and 10nM (2 Μg/L) in water. Propazine can be added to the reverse micellar system when dissolved in AOT/octane, or in an octane/chloroform mixture, or in chloroform. This makes possible the use of the analysis directly for pesticide extracts in nonpolar organic solvents.     

Beam‐size‐related phenomena and effective normalization in energy‐dispersive EXAFS for the study of heterogeneous catalysts,powder materials and the processes they mediate: observations and (some) solutions

The effects of focal spot size and the nature of powder samples (such as heterogeneous catalysts) on the quality of data obtainable from a dispersive EXAFS experiment are characterized at ID24 of the ESRF. Using examples of supported Pd catalysts, it is shown that, for a given photon flux, massive improvements in data quality can be achieved by increasing the size of the dispersive beam in the vertical, whilst concurrently applying a methodology to account for scattering effects emanating from the samples under study. These improvements are demonstrated using progressively practical and demanding examples. Questions regarding optimal beam dimensions for the study of such materials, how to counter undesirable effects that arise from the coherence of the source, how to obtain similar results consistently across the 5–30 keV bandwidth of ID24, and whether a methodology for simultaneous normalization in dispersive EXAFS is of significant utility in such circumstances are discussed.     

The A3Π(1) → X1Σ+ emission spectrum of ICl in the near infrared: Rotational analysis of bands in the v′ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, progressions and molecular constants for the X1Σ+ and A3Π(1) states by merging with absorption data

Ten bands of the A³Π(1) → X¹Σ⁺ emission system of I³⁵Cl, lying at wavelengths of 8180 – 10000 Å, have been analyzed rotationally in the ranges 0 ≤ v′ ≤ 4 and 6 ≤ v″ ≤ 9. Constants determined from least-squares fits of frequencies of individual bands are merged with constants derived from absorption data. RKR potentials for both states are reported, and the Franck-Condon factors for ICl (A-X) have been computed for 0 ≤ v′ ≤ 35 and 0 ≤ v″ ≤ 9.     

The A3Π(1) ← X1Σ+ absorption spectrum of ICl: Rotational analysis of bands in the v″ = 2, 3, 4, 5 progressions (λ > 7000 Å) and a reexamination of published data for individual bands in the v″ = 0, 1, 2 progressions

Molecular constants are reported for the A³Π(1) and X¹Σ⁺ states of I³⁵Cl (0 ≤ v″ ≤ 5, 3 ≤ v′ ≤ 35) and of I³⁷Cl (v″ = 0, 11 ≤ v′ ≤ 32) from least-squares fits to individual bands. The constants are based on analyses of new bands photographed at $\text{λ > 7000}\text{A}\text{?}$ and on data previously reported in the literature. Attention is given to the choice of adequate models. The application of long-range theory to the levels of A³Π(1) near convergence indicates a homogeneous perturbation in addition to the heterogeneous perturbations established in previous work. However, there is no evidence of any discontinuities in the manifold of vibrational levels near v′ = 6 or 9 of the type suggested in previous work.     

Searches for anomalous coupling in top-quark interaction with the <Emphasis Type="Italic">W</Emphasis> boson and <Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis> quark,along with searches for quark-flavor-changing neutral currents,in an analysis of data from the CMS experiment

The results of searches for effects beyond the Standard Model in processes of single top-quark production in the CMS experiment are presented. Anomalous contributions of the vector and magnetic types in top-quark interaction with the W boson and b quark and quark-flavor-changing neutral currents in top-quark interaction with the c or u quark via gluon exchange were studied. The respective analysis was performed with the aid of Bayesian neural networks. No statistically significant deviations were found, and upper limits on anomalous couplings at a 95% confidence level were set.     

The B3Π(0+) → X1Σ+ emission spectrum of 79BrF and 81BrF in the range 6250–8700 Å: Rotational analysis of bands in the v′ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 progressions,and merged molecular constants for the X1Σ+ and B3Π(0+) states

Sixteen emission bands of the B³Π(0⁺) → X¹Σ⁺ systems of ⁷⁹BrF and ⁸¹BrF have been analyzed rotationally. Measured line frequencies are fitted by least-squares to determine the rotational constants and origin for each band. The least-squares results for 0 ≤ v′ ≤ 4 and 4 ≤ v″ ≤ 12 are merged with constants from previously reported B ← X absorption and X-state microwave data. RKR potentials for the two states and Franck-Condon factors and r-centroids for the BrF (B-X) system are reported.     

Infrared transitions of C2D6 from v 4 to the interacting system v 4+ v 6, v 4+ v8, v 3+ 2v 4: rotational analysis,and torsional splitting in the v 3+ 2v 4 and v 3+ v 4 states

The hot infrared transitions of C₂D₆ from the υ₄(A_1u ) to the υ₄ + υ₆(A_2g ) and υ₄ + υ₈(E _g ) vibrational states, observed from 960 to 1180 cm^?1, have been rotationally analysed on a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrum (full width at half-maximum about 0·0030 cm^?1). The vibration-rotation interactions affecting the upper vibrational states are very similar to those of the corresponding cold system. A strong x,y Coriolis interaction between υ₄ + υ₆ and υ₄ + υ₈, with K-level crossing, generates large displacements of the rotational components of both vibrational states, tuning them to additional local resonances in several spectral regions. Thus l resonances with Δl = ±2, Δk = ±1 occur within υ₄ + υ₈. A x,y Coriolis-type resonance between υ₄ + υ₈(?l,K ? 1) and υ₃ + 2υ₄(K) occurs at K = 11,12,13, and a further coupling of υ₄ + υ₈(+l,K + 1) and υ₃ + 2υ₄(K + 3) is most effective at K = 11 and 12. These resonances induce torsional splittings on the perturbed levels of υ₄ + υ₈ and allow us to determine the torsional splittings in the υ₃ + 2υ₄ state. The vibration-rotation constants of υ₄ + υ₆, υ₄ + υ₈ and υ₃ + 2υ₄, several interaction parameters and the torsional splitting of υ₃ + 2υ₄ have been determined by least-squares fit of 1391 observed transition wavenumbers, with an overall standard deviation σ = 0·75 × 10^?3 cm^?1. The vibrational wavenumbers found for the four torsional components of (υ₃ + 2υ₄)? υ₄ are υ(E_3d) = 1040·961 82(809)cm^?1, υ(A_3d) = 1041·218 27(865)cm^?1, υ(E_3s) = 1041·225 23(662)cm^?1 and υ(A_1s) = 1041·407 77(633)cm^?1. These are anomalous for both the order of the torsional components and the magnitudes of their separations. We believe that this is mainly due to the interactions of υ₃ + 2υ₄ with the torsional manifolds with υ₃ = 0 and υ₃ = 2, through the vibration-torsion Hamiltonian term (?V ₆/?q ₃)q ₃cos (6γ)]/2. The further observation of a few doublets of υ₈ and υ₃ + υ₄ at resonance provides information on the torsional splitting of the latter state.