Effect of solvents on propylene epoxidation over TS-1 catalyst

Solvents have an important effect on the epoxidation of propylene catalyzed by TS-1. The experimental results show that, in different solvents, the catalytic activity of epoxidation is in the following order: methanol > 2-propanol > 2-butanol > acetonitrile > acetone > tetrahydrofuran. Based on the reaction mechanism, the effects of solvents on the epoxidation were studied from eight aspects, which included the electronic effect, the steric effect, the polarity of solvent, the effect of solvent on sorption and diffusion of reactant, the oxidation of alcohol, the etherification of PO, the deactivation of TS-1 and the solubility of propylene in the solvents. The electronic effect, steric effect and the polarity of solvent were considered to be the main aspects. This work may provide theoretical guidance for choosing solvents for these kinds of reactions and also may serve as basis for further industrialization. __________ Translated from Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2007, 47(9): 116–120 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版]     

WO3/SiO2催化剂上2-丁烯与乙烯歧化制丙烯

采用浸渍法制备了WO₃/SiO₂催化剂,对其进行了UV-Vis DRS和NH₃-TPD表征。将WO₃/SiO₂作为催化剂,以乙烯和2-丁烯为原料制备丙烯,考察了反应温度、质量空速等因素对歧化反应的影响。实验结果表明,催化剂的最佳WO₃担载量为8 %;以8%WO₃/SiO₂ 为催化剂,在反应温度473K~573K、压力3.0MPa、质量空速1.6h^-1下,2-丁烯的转化率可保持在80%以上,丙烯的选择性大于89.2%。经过140h的稳定性实验,2-丁烯的转化率和丙烯的选择性略有下降,适当的提高反应温度（由473K增加到513K）可以恢复催化剂的活性。新鲜催化剂表面存在四面体、八面体六价钨物种和体相WO₃,适当还原的W物种是歧化活性物种;W负载在催化剂表面引入了新的强酸中心,同时明显增加了总酸量。     

Kinetics of epoxidation of propylene over TS-1 in isopropanol

The intrinsic kinetics of propylene epoxidation with H₂O₂ catalyzed by TS-1 in isopropanol/water system was investigated. A kinetic model was established in accordance with the proposed reaction mechanism. Based on the experimental data, parameters were estimated, indicating that the Eley-Rideal model fits precisely the experimental data. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Highly Effective Propylene Epoxidation over TS-1／SiO2 Hydrothermally Treated

The propylene epoxidation over TS-1/SiO2 catalyst hydrothermally treated was investigated. It was found by EPR characterization that two types of Ti (IV)-superoxide radicals,A (gz=2.0271; gy=2.0074; gx=2.0010) and B (gz=2.0247; gy= 2.0074; gx= 2.0010), were observed for TS-1/SiO2. The superoxo species A converted to B after TS-1/SiO2 catalyst was hydrothermally treated. The results show that over TS-1/SiO2 catalyst hydrothermally treated at 170℃, about 95% conversion of H2O2 with above 94% PO selectivity is obtained during continuous running for 300 h under the conditions of reaction temperature 45℃, 0.5 h^-1 WHSV of propylene.     

Au／TS-1@Mesosilica双功能催化材料的制备及其催化丙烯直接环氧化性能

设计制备了一种新型微孔介孔复合核壳结构钛硅分子筛TS-1@Mesosilica（TS-l@Ms）,核为MFI结构钛硅分子筛TS-1,壳层为以非离子表面活性剂P123为模板剂组装形成的介孔氧化硅．壳层氧化硅具有三维蠕虫状孔道结构,有利于微孔和介孔部分的连通及反应物和产物的扩散．通过沉积沉淀法将金纳米粒子负载在壳层介孔孔道,和TS-1中的钛活性中心协同,形成适合于C3H6和H2、O2直接气相环氧化制备环氧丙烷（PO）的双功能催化材料．实验结果表明,Au／TS-1@MS在空速8000mLg-h、温度473K条件下连续反应132h,活性和选择性没有明显下降,丙烯转化率保持在3．7％左右,PO选择性87％以上．     

分子氧气相环氧化丙烯反应的Ag-Cu-Cl/BaCO3催化剂:Cu和Cl负载量的影响

环氧丙烷(PO)是一种重要的有机化工中间体,可以用来生产聚氨酯、丙二醇和表面活性剂等化工产品,具有很高的工业应用价值.然而,目前PO的生产工艺仍然存在着环境污染、副产物、原料经济性等不足之处.考虑到环保、技术、资金等关键性问题,丙烯气相环氧化工艺是PO生产工艺未来的发展方向,利用分子氧作为氧化剂的丙烯气相环氧化反应是最理想、原子经济性最高的反应,也是当今催化界最具挑战性的课题之一.研究报道Ag基催化剂和Cu基催化剂催化丙烯气相环氧化反应可得到较好的催化性能.尽管Ag催化剂催化乙烯氧化制环氧乙烷反应已成功实现工业化,但是Ag催化剂催化丙烯环氧化反应得到的PO选择性低于10%,这是由于丙烯比乙烯多出的甲基中的α-H受双键影响变得非常活泼,C?H键易断裂,导致丙烯容易发生完全氧化反应生成CO2.因此,研究报道采用不同助剂对Ag催化剂进行改性以提高Ag基催化剂的催化性能.我们在前期研究中制备了Ag-CuCl2/BaCO3催化剂,当CuCl2的负载量为0.036 wt%Cu和0.040 wt%Cl时,催化剂具有最优的催化性能,可以得到1.3%的丙烯转化率和71.2%的PO选择性.适量CuCl2的改性使得催化剂表面吸附分子氧物种,同时抑制原子氧物种的形成,从而提高PO选择性.但是CuCl2作为前驱体有一个不足之处,就是引入的Cu和Cl的比例是恒定的,不可调节.因此,我们以Cu(NO3)2和NH4Cl作为Cu和Cl的前驱体,采用还原-沉积-等体积浸渍法制备Ag-Cu-Cl/BaCO3催化剂,分别通过调节Cu和Cl的负载量来进一步提高Ag-Cu-Cl/BaCO3催化剂的催化性能,采用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)等表征手段来研究催化剂中Cu和Cl的作用.研究发现,Cl负载量的提高更容易导致大尺寸Ag颗粒的形成,而Cu负载量的提高对Ag颗粒尺寸影响不大.适当的Cl负载量可抑制氧气在催化剂表面解离吸附形成原子氧物种,从而抑制了丙烯的完全氧化,提高PO选择性.过高的Cl负载量会导致催化剂发生Cl中毒,从而降低了催化性能.适当的Cu负载量有利于丙烯气相环氧化反应生成PO,但当Cu负载量过高时容易导致Cu物种发生聚集,更多原子氧物种吸附于Ag颗粒表面,有利于丙烯完全氧化反应生成CO2,降低了PO选择性.适当的Cu和Cl负载量使得催化剂表面吸附的分子氧物种和原子氧物种达到平衡,有利于丙烯气相环氧化反应.当Cu和Cl负载量分别为0.036 wt%和0.060 wt%时,Ag-Cu-Cl/BaCO3催化剂具有最优的催化性能,在200℃,0.1 MPa,3000h-1反应条件下可得到1.2%的丙烯转化率和83.7%的PO选择性.     

Effect of additive in feedstock on performance of Ag-MoO3/ZrO2 catalyst for propylene epoxidation by molecular oxygen

Summary The performance of the Ag-MoO₃/ZrO₂ catalyst for propylene epoxidation by molecular oxygen is influenced obviously by the composition of feedstock. As an additive in feedstock, the presence of organic chloride, CO₂, NO_x or H₂ at a suitable concentration can improve the catalytic performance of Ag-MoO₃/ZrO₂ catalyst for the propylene epoxidation.      

Vapor-phase synthesis of N-butylaniline from aniline and 1-butanol over Cu/SiO2 catalyst

The Cu/SiO2 catalyst prepared by incipient wetness method exhibited very high activity and selectivity for the vapor-phase synthesis of N-butylaniline from aniline and 1-butanol. When Cu loading was 0.70 mmol/g-SiO2 and the catalyst precursor was calcined at 500 ℃, 1-butanol conversion reached 99%, and the selectivity of N-butylaniline exceeded 97%.     

Vapor-phase synthesis of V-butylaniline from aniline and 1-butanol over Cu/SiO2 catalyst

The Cu/SiO2 catalyst prepared by incipient wetness method exhibited very high activity and selectivity for the vapor-phase synthesis of JV-butylaniline from aniline and 1-butanol. When Cu loading was 0.70 mmol/g-SiO2 and the catalyst precursor was calcined at 500 ℃, 1-butanol conversion reached 99%, and the selectivity of JV-butylaniline exceeded 97%.     

ZrO2助剂对Co/SiO2催化剂在Fischer-Tropsch合成反应中稳定性的影响

采用TPR、XRD、XPS和H2脉冲吸附等表征手段考察了ZrO2助剂对Co/SiO2催化剂在Fischer-Tropsch(F-T)合成中稳定性的影响。结果表明,ZrO2的引入促进了钴物种在催化剂上的分散并明显抑制了该催化剂的失活;在反应过程中ZrO2起到结构助剂的作用,明显抑制了Co/SiO2催化剂上硅酸钴或水合硅酸钴物种的生成。     

NiB/SiO2非晶态合金催化剂用于糠醇加氢制四氢糠醇的研究

用化学镀方法制备了负载型NiB/SiO2非晶态合金催化剂,并采用ICP、BET、TEM、XRD等手段研究了NiB在SiO2表面的存在状态及非晶性质。研究了糠醇在该催化剂上加氢制备四氢糠醇的反应行为,考察了反应温度、压力、搅拌速度等因素对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,在2.0MPa、120℃、550r/min时,糠醇的转化率在99％以上,四氢糠醇的选择性可达100％。在此条件下和骨架Ni的催化性能相当。     

Hydroformylation of methyl-3-pentenoate over a phosphite ligand modified Rh/SiO2 catalyst

A phosphite ligand modified Rh/SiO2 catalyst has been developed for hydroformylation of internal olefins to linear aldehydes, which showed high activity and regioselectivity and could be separated easily by filtration after reaction in an autoclave. Effects of reaction temperature and syngas pressure on the performances of the catalyst in the reaction were also investigated.     

Al2（SO4）3／SiO2催化甲醇脱水合成二甲醚

采用浸渍法制备了不同负载量的Al2（SO4）3／SiO2催化剂．使用BET、XRD、FT—IR、异丙醇探针反应、NH3吸附量热和NH3吸附红外等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并测试了其在甲醇脱水合成二甲醚反应中的活性．BET、XRD和FT-IR结果表明,载体SiO2的表面积较高,随着Al2（SO4）3负载量的增加,样品的表面积逐渐降低,当Al2（SO4）3负载量高于20％时,样品表面开始出现晶相Al2（SO4）3．NH3吸附量热和NH3吸附红外结果表明,载体SiO2的酸性很弱,负载了Al2（SO4）3后,样品酸性大大增强,且酸性随着Al2（SO4）3负载量的增加先增强后减弱．样品表面同时存在B酸中心和L酸中心,但以B酸中心为主．Al2（SO4）3负载量为3％的样品的表面酸性最强,因而在甲醇脱水反应中表现出最高的反应活性,533K,甲醇转化率为83．5％,二甲醚选择性100％．     

苯乙烯在TiO2／SiO2催化剂上氧化制苯甲醛的研究

在TiO2/S iO2催化的苯乙烯氧化反应中采用空气作为氧化剂,苯乙烯被氧化,生成的苯甲醛和甲醛为主要产物.反应可以在低于100℃的温和条件下进行.在较低的苯乙烯转化率(18.0%)下,可以得到较高的苯甲醛选择性(95.0%).对于此反应,苯乙烯的转化率随催化剂中TiO2含量的增加而增加,但是苯甲醛的选择性随苯乙烯的转化率升高而下降.反应中还考察了加入的溶剂甲苯的体积含量、空气流速、液体流速和催化剂焙烧温度对该氧化反应的影响.在一定的反应条件下,实验发现加入甲苯的体积含量在20%时存在一个最佳值;空气的空速对反应的影响存在极限值,当空气的空速大于一定值(571 mL/g.h)时,不再影响反应的转化率和选择性;一般在液体(苯乙烯和甲苯)的流速增加时,苯乙烯的转化率下降同时苯甲醛的选择性增加.在催化剂的制备过程中,在具有不同TiO2含量的催化剂TiO2/S iO2上,苯乙烯的转化率随TiO2含量增加而增加,此时比表面是影响苯乙烯转化率的次要因素;但是在催化剂的组成相同时,比表面随焙烧温度增加而降低,此时比表面是影响苯乙烯转化率的主要因素,比表面减小导致催化活性降低.     

NH4H2PO4/SiO2: a recyclable,efficient heterogeneous catalyst for crossed aldol condensation reaction

Abstract

Crossed aldol condensation of aromatic aldehydes with cyclic ketones in the presence of catalytic amount of NH₄H₂PO₄/SiO₂ (as a safe, green, and cheap heterogeneous catalyst) under solvent-free condition afforded α,?-bis(substituted-benzylidene) cycloalkanones in high yields. This method is general with respect to all types of aromatic aldehydes and is an eco-friendly procedure. And the catalyst is easily prepared, stable, reusable, and efficient under the reaction conditions.     

Theoretical study on the mechanism of the CH2F + NO2 reaction

Despite the importance of the Fluoromethyl radicals in combustion chemistry, very little experimental information on their reactions toward stable molecules is available in the literature. Motivated by recent laboratory characterization about the reaction kinetics of Chloromethyl radicals with NO2, we carried out a detailed potential energy survey on the CH2F + NO2 reaction at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and MC-QCISD (single-point) levels as an attempt toward understanding the CH2F + NO2 reaction mechanism. It is shown that the CH2F radical can react with NO2 to barrierlessly generate adduct a (H2FCNO2), followed by isomerization to b1 (H2FCONO-trans) which can easily interconvert to b2 (H2FCONO-cis). Subsequently, Starting from b (b1, b2), the most feasible pathway is the C--F and N--O1 bonds cleavage along with N--F bond formation of b (b1, b2) leading to P1 (CH2O + FNO), or the direct N--O1 weak-bond fission of b (b1, b2) to give P2 (CH2FO + NO), or the 1,3-H-shift associated with N--O1 bond rupture of b1 to form P3 (CHFO + HNO), all of which may have comparable contribution to the reaction CH2F + NO2. Much less competitively, b2 either take the 1,4-H-shift and O1--N bond cleavage to form product P4 (CHFO + HON) or undergo a concerted H-shift to isomer c2 (HFCONOH), followed by dissociation to P4. Because the rate-determining transition state (TSab1) in the most competitive channels is only 0.3 kcal/mol higher than the reactants in energy, the CH2F + NO2 reaction is expected to be rapid, and may thus be expected to significantly contribute to elimination of nitrogen dioxide pollutants. The similarities and discrepancies among the CH2X + NO2 (X = H, F, and Cl) reactions are discussed in terms of the electronegativity of halogen atom. The present article may assist in future experimental identification of the product distributions for the title reaction, and may be helpful for understanding the halogenated methyl chemistry.     

Reduction of NO2 in Flue Gas by CO and Propylene over CuO‐CeO2/SiO2 in the Presence of O2

Catalytic reduction of NO₂ with CO and/or propylene in the presence of NO and excess oxygen, a model mixture for flue gas, was studied over a series of CuO‐CeO₂/SiO₂ catalysts between 120–260 °C. The effect of HCl, an impurity in flue gas, on the activity of the catalysts was evaluated. It was found that a binary oxide catalyst, 2% CuO‐8% CeO₂/SiO₂, was active for the reduction of NO₂ by CO and/or propylene. CO was effective for selective reduction of NO₂ in the presence of NO and O₂ in a temperature window between 160–200 °C while propylene was effective at temperature higher than 200 °C. In the presence of HCl, the activity of the catalyst for reduction of NO₂ with CO was irreversibly deactivated. However, the activity for reduction of NO₂ with propylene was not influenced by HCl.     

Modification of Cr/SiO2 for the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in carbon dioxide

Summary Dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in carbon dioxide was investigated over promoted Cr/SiO2. The results showed that the catalysts were effective for the reaction and CO2 in the feed promoted the catalytic activity. XRD, TPR and microcalorimetric adsorption techniques were used to study the structure and surface acidity of the catalysts. It was found that the surface acidity decreased with the increase of K in the Cr/SiO2 and led to the increase of selectivity toward propylene. A propane conversion of 31% with 91% selectivity to propylene over the 5%Cr-0.4%K/SiO2 catalyst was observed at 923 K with CO2 /C3H8 molar ratio of 3.6.     

Cu/SiO2模型催化剂上甲醇部分氧化制氢反应研究

采用浸渍法，制备了不同组成的Cu/SiO2、Cu/Zn/SiO2催化剂，考察了Cu负载量及Cu/Zn比对甲醇部分氧化抽制氢（CH3OH|1/2O2→2H2 CO2）反应的影响，结果显示，当Cu的负载量为10％、Cu/Zn比为7：3时，催化剂活性最好。H2-TPR、XRD、XPS等表征结果表明，催化剂的制氢活性与Cu^0有关，而大量Cu^ 与Cu^2 的存在则不利于催化剂活性的提高。Zn助剂的引入，有利于分散Cu^0物种，提高催化剂的活性；但由于同时稳定了Cu^ 物种，导致Cu2O物种的大量生成，从而提高了催化剂的还原温度，抑制了Cu^0的氧化还原过程（Cu^2 →Cu^ →Cu^0或Cu^ →Cu^2 ），降低了催化剂的活性。因此，对于Cu/Zn/M催化剂，存在一个最佳的Cu/Zn比。