Structures of Organo Alkali Metal Complexes and Related Compounds

The investigation of the reactivity and structure of organometallic compounds of alkali metals has experienced a blustering development in the last decades. This class includes compounds that are especially important for our understanding of chemical bonding and also quite simple, for example methyl alkali metal complexes, whose structures have been unequivocally determined. Organometallic compounds of alkali metals (and also magnesium) generally exist as ion aggregates whose properties can be significantly modified through solvation by, for example, ether or amines. Important advances in the synthesis of new compounds, especially those of the heavier alkali metals, have been based on these results. It was long believed that the alkali metals had little tendency to undergo coordination and that their coordination chemistry would offer few surprises. This picture has now changed completely. Results from crystal structure investigations have revealed a variety of often surprising structure types (rings, heterocubanes, chains, layers, etc.) not only with the organometallic compounds but also with the amides, imides, alkoxides, phenoxides, enolates, and even halides. A comparison reveals interesting similarities between compounds that appear to be so different and leads to a general classification of the structure types possible with C, N, O, and halo ligands.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Complexes of 3,5-Dinitropyrazolyl-4-carboxylate

The synthesis and crystal structures of 3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazolyl-4-carboxylic acid (H₂dnpzc) and its four complexes with Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ are reported in this paper. Ca(dnpzc) · 5H₂O exhibits a 1D polymeric structure, whereas Ba(dnpzc) · 4H₂O possesses a 2D structure. The structure of Na₂(dnpzc) · 4H₂O consists of 2D layers of [Na(dnpzc)]^–_n and 1D chains of [Na(H₂O)₃]⁺_n. K₂(dnpzc) · H₂O has a true 3D structure. It was observed that the doubly deprotonated ligand (dnpzc^2–) can act as a versatile bridge to form polymeric structures by varying combinations of its 8 potential donor atoms (two carboxy O atoms, two pyrazolyl N atoms and four nitro O atoms). Particularly in the structure of K₂(dnpzc) · H₂O, all the 8 donor atoms of dnpzc^2– take part in the coordination and as many as 10 potassium atoms are connected by one ligand.     

Synthesis and X‐ray Crystal Structure of Bis[oxamide dioximato‐κ2N,N′](oxamide dioxime‐κ2N,N′)cobalt(III) Perchlorate Hexahydrate

Co(OAc)₂ reacts with oxamide dioxime (H₂oxado) in water in the presence of ClO₄^– ions to produce [Co(Hoxado)₂(H₂oxado)]ClO₄ · 6H₂O ( 1 ), where Hoxado^– is the anion of H₂oxado, derived from the deprotonation of one of the two hydroximinic groups, and in which oxidation of Co^II to Co^III (in air) had occurred. 1 is the first example of a salt in which the cation, [Co(H₂oxado)₃]³⁺, is doubly deprotonated to generate the chiral cation, [Co(Hoxado)₂(H₂oxado)]⁺. The central cobalt cation is pseudo‐octahedrally coordinated by six nitrogen atoms. In the solid state, the complex cations form centro‐symmetric dimers via O–H ··· O bridges. The bulk structure is consolidated by an extended three‐dimensional network of O–H ··· O and N–H ··· O bridges that interconnect the ionic constituents and the water molecules.     

Nickel(II) Complexes of 1‐Alkyl‐1‐azonia‐3,5‐diaza‐7‐phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane – Synthesis and Solid‐State Structures

Complexes [NiI₃(mpta)₂]I ( 1 ) and [NiI₃(ppta)₂]I ( 2 ) have been synthesized by reaction of nickel(II) halide salts with ‐1‐methyl‐1‐azonia‐3,5‐diaza‐7‐phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]decane iodide (mpta⁺I^?) and 1‐(n‐propyl)‐1‐azonia‐3,5‐diaza‐7‐phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]decane bromide (ppta⁺Br^?) respectively. The crystal structures of compounds 1 and 2 are described and are similar, with both compounds crystallizing in monoclinic space groups. The geometry about both nickel atoms is that of a trigonal bipyramid with the cationic phosphine ligands found in the axial positions and the iodide ligands arranged in the equatorial plane.     

Synthesis,Crystal Structures,Thermal and Magnetic Properties of New Selenocyanato Coordination Polymers with Pyrazine as Co‐Ligand

Reaction of iron(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) selenocyanate with pyrazine in water at room temperature leads to the formation of the isotypic new ligand‐rich 1:2 (1:2 = ratio between metal and co‐ligand) compounds [M(NCSe)₂(pyrazine)₂]_n (M = Fe ( 1 ), Co ( 2 ), Ni ( 3 )). The crystal structure of 2 was determined by X‐ray single crystal analysis and those of 1 and 3 were refined from X‐ray powder data with the Rietveld method. In their crystal structure the metal(II) cations are coordinated by four pyrazine co‐ligands, which connect them into layers, and two terminally N‐bonded selenocyanato anions in a distorted octahedral arrangement. The terminal coordination mode of the selenocyanato anions was further emphasized by IR spectroscopic investigations. On heating, all compounds decompose in a single heating step without the formation of ligand‐deficient intermediates like previously reported for related thiocyanato compounds. Magnetic measurements of compound 1 show a long‐range antiferromagnetic ordering with an ordering temperature of T_N = 6.7 K, which must be mediated by the aromatic π‐system of the pyrazine ligand, whereas 2 and 3 show only Curie–Weiss behavior with antiferromagnetic exchange interactions.     

Synthesis,Structures, and Antibacterial Activities of Four Similar 1D Metal-organic Polymers with Different Metal Ions

Four similar 1D metal-organic polymers [Cd(impc)₂(H₂O)₂]_n ( 1 ), [Co(impc)₂(H₂O)₂]_n ( 2 ), [Mn(impc)₂(H₂O)₂]_n ( 3 ), and {[Cu(impc)₂] · [jy2H₂O}_n ( 4 ) based on an asymmetric 5-(1H-imidazole-l-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid (Himpc) were prepared hydrothermally and structurally characterized. According to the frontier molecular orbital (FMOs) calculations, the photoluminescence of 1 should be assigned as the n→π* transition. The antibacterial properties of 1 – 4 were studied. 1 exhibited good antibacterial activities towards B. subtilis and S. aureus with the smallest MIC value of 2 μg · mL^–1. Compared with Co^II, Mn^II and Cu^II ions, the polymer with Cd^II ion has the better antibacterial activity. Our work preliminarily reveals that the metal ions also have different influences on antibacterial activities of complexes.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of LiZn13

By simultaneous deposition of zinc and lithium onto a cooled sapphire substrate, LiZn₁₃ was obtained for the first time. It crystallizes in the NaZn₁₃ structure type (Fmc, a = 1234.92(6) pm, R_p = 5.4 %, R_wp = 6.9 %, structure analysis with the Rietveld‐method). Single‐phase LiZn₁₃ forms from a hexagonal Li_0.07Zn_0.93 alloy, deposited at –196 °C, during heating up to room temperature. Above room temperature LiZn₁₃ decomposes.     

钕钇异核谷氨酸配合物的合成及晶体结构

在水溶液中合成发钕钇异核谷氨酸配合物［（Ｎｄ４／３Ｙ２／３（Ｇｌｕ）２（Ｈ２Ｏ）８）４］（ＣｌＯ４）１６．１０Ｈ２Ｏ的单晶，并测定其结构。晶体属单斜晶系，Ｐ２１空间群，晶胞参数：ａ＝１．１０３７（５）ｎｍ，ｂ＝１．６７１０（５）ｎｍ，ｃ＝２．００８６（１０）ｎｍ，β＝１０２．８０（４）°，Ｖ＝３．６１２（３）ｎｍ＾３，Ｚ＝１，Ｄｃ＝２．０７９ｇ／ｃｍ＾３。最终偏差因子Ｒ＝０．０５８。钕和钇对中心位     

Synthesis and Structural Investigation of a Complete Series of Brightly Colored Alkali Metal 1,3-Dimethylviolurates

A complete series of alkali metal 1,3-dimethylviolurates M(Me₂Vio) was synthesized and fully characterized. The title compounds M(Me₂Vio)(H₂O) [M = Li ( 3 ), Na ( 4 )], K(Me₂Vio)(H₂O)_0.5 ( 5 ) and M(Me₂Vio) [M = Rb ( 6 ), Cs ( 7 )] were prepared by neutralizing 1,3-dimethylvioluric acid (= HMe₂Vio; 2 ) with 1 equiv. of the corresponding metal hydroxides MOH. The resulting salts exhibit striking colors ranging from orange-red ( 3 ) through purple ( 4 , 5 ) to bright blue ( 6 , 7 ). In contrast to the monohydrate 4 , the classical synthesis of sodium 1,3-dimethylviolurate from 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid and NaNO₂ afforded the purple trihydrate Na(Me₂Vio)(H₂O)₃ ( 4a ). All new compounds have been fully characterized by their IR and NMR (¹H, ¹³C) spectra as well as elemental analyses. X-ray crystal structure determination revealed that the title compounds exist as one- (Li, Na), two- (K, Cs), or three-dimensional (Rb) coordination polymers in the solid state.     

Crystal Structures of Actinomycin D and Actinomycin Z3

Untwinned single crystals of the actinomycins D and Z₃ that diffracted to atomic resolution could be obtained for the first time. Low-temperature data collection and a new ab initio method for solving the structures led to precise crystal structures which showed, for example, that the unit cell of actinomycin D contains three molecules, two of which are present in the form of a hydrogen-bridged dimer related by a pseudo-twofold axis (see picture).     

Four Transition Metal Coordination Polymers based on an Aromatic Multi‐carboxylic Acid as Ligand: Syntheses,Crystal Structures,and Fluorescent/Magnetic Properties

Four compounds, namely, [Zn(H₂L)₂ · 4H₂O] ( 1 ), [Cu(HL) · (H₂O)] · H₂O ( 2 ), [Ni₃L₂(bpy)₂ · 12H₂O] · 4H₂O ( 3 ), and [Co₃L₂(bpy)₂ · 12H₂O] · 4H₂O ( 4 ) [H₃L = 4, 4′‐[(5‐carboxy‐1, 3‐phenylene)bis(oxy)]dibenzoic acid], were synthesized under solvothermal conditions by employing a semi‐rigid aromatic multi‐carboxylic acid ligand (H₃L) and ancillary nitrogen ligand (bpy = 4, 4′‐bipyridine). X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that complexes 1 , 3 , and 4 show zero‐dimensional (0D) structures, which were further extended to distinct 3D supramolecular nets by extensive hydrogen‐bond interactions. However, in compound 2 , 1D chains of square‐shaped pores were linked together by HL^2– ligands to generate a 2D porous layer along the ac plane. Comparison of the structures indicated that not only the conformation of the functional ligand, but also the ancillary ligand helped in structural determination of the compounds. Compound 1 exhibited solid fluorescence emission originating from an intraligand π→π* transition. Magnetic susceptibility measurements demonstrated that compound 2 exhibited antiferromagnetic coupling between adjacent copper(II) ions, with the corresponding J values of –141.84 cm^–1. Furthermore, the thermal behaviors of the complexes 1 – 4 were studied by thermogravimetric analysis.     

Synthesis,Crystal Structures,and Thermal Properties of New Zinc(II) Thiocyanato Coordination Compounds

Reaction of zinc(II) thiocyanate with pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine leads to the formation of new zinc(II) thiocyanato coordination compounds. In bis(isothiocyanato‐N)‐bis(μ₂‐pyrazine‐N,N) zinc(II) ( 1 ) and bis(isothiocyanato‐N)‐bis(μ₂‐pyrimidine‐N,N) zinc(II) ( 2 ) the zinc atoms are coordinated by four nitrogen atoms of the diazine ligands and two nitrogen atoms of the isothiocyanato anions within slightly distorted octahedra. The zinc atoms are connected by the diazine ligands into layers, which are further linked by weak intermolecular S ··· S interactions in 1 and by weak intermolecular C–H ··· S hydrogen bonding in 2 . In bis(isothiocyanato‐N)‐bis(pyridazine‐N) ( 3 ) discrete complexes are found, in which the zinc atoms are coordinated by two nitrogen atoms of the isothiocyanato ligands and two nitrogen atoms of the pyridazine ligands. The crystal structure of bis(isothiocyanato‐N)‐tetrakis(pyridine‐N) ( 4 ) is known and consists of discrete complexes, in which the zinc atoms are octahedrally coordinated by two thiocyanato anions and four pyridine molecules. Investigations using simultaneous differential thermoanalysis and thermogravimetry, X‐ray powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy prove that on heating, the ligand‐rich compounds 1 , 2 , and 3 decompose without the formation of ligand‐deficient intermediate phases. In contrast, compound 4 looses the pyridine ligands in two different steps, leading to the formation of the literature known ligand‐deficient compound bis(isothiocyanato‐N)‐bis(pyridine‐N) ( 5 ) as an intermediate. The crystal structure of compound 5 consists of tetrahedrally coordinated zinc atoms which are surrounded by two isothiocyanato anions and two pyridine ligands. The structures and the thermal reactivity are discussed and compared with this of related transition metal isothiocyanates with pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine.     

Silver(I) Complexes with a Bulky Anthracene‐Based Dicarboxylic Ligand: Syntheses,Crystal Structures,and Luminescent Properties

To explore the influence of anthracene skeleton with a larger conjugated π‐system on the structures and properties of its complexes, two Ag^I–carboxylate complexes based on anthracene‐9,10‐dicarboxylate (L) were synthesized and characterized: [{[Ag(L)][Ag(dmpy)₂]}_∞] ( 1 ) and [{[Ag₂(L)(bipy)₂]}_∞] ( 2 ) (dmpy = 2,6‐dimethylpyridine and bipy = 4,4′‐bipyridine). Complex 1 has an interesting framework consisting of anionic chains {[Ag(L)]^–}_∞ and the mononuclear cationic units [Ag(dmpy)₂]⁺, which is further assembled to form networks along the different crystallographic directions by the intermolecular C–H ··· Ag hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Complex 2 takes a ladder‐like chain structure by incorporating 4,4′‐bipyridine (bipy) as a bridging co‐ligand, which is further interlinked to generate a planar network through interchain Ag–Ag bonding contacts. The steric bulk of anthracene ring in L may play an important role in the formation of 1 and 2 . Moreover, the luminescent properties of the 1 and 2 were investigated in detail.     

Synthesis,Characterisation and Crystal Structures of Two Bi‐oxadiazole Derivatives Featuring the Trifluoromethyl Group

The synthesis, characterisation, and crystal structure determination of the closely related compounds 3,3′‐bi‐(5‐trifluoromethyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole) and 5,5′‐bi‐(2‐ trifluoromethyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole) are reported. These two compounds are known for their bioactivity; however, in this study they serve as model compounds to evaluate the suitability of the heterocyclic oxadiazole ring system for energetic materials when the fluorine atoms in the exocyclic CF₃ groups are substituted successively by nitro groups. Quantum chemical calculations for the bi‐1,3,4‐ oxadiazole derivatives with difluoronitromethyl, fluorodinitromethyl, and trinitromethyl groups have been carried out and predict promising energetic performances for both explosive and propulsive applications.     

Synthesis,Crystal Structure,and Thermal Properties of Na5[SnS4]Cl·13H2O

Reaction of Na₂S with SnCl₄ · 5H₂O in aqueous alkaline sodium hydroxide solution leads to the formation of Na₅[SnS₄]Cl · 13H₂O ( 1 ). The compound crystallizes monoclinic in space group P2₁/m with two formula units in the unit cell. In the crystal structure the Na⁺ cations are octahedrally coordinated and are linked into layers by bridging water molecules, μ₃ bridging Cl^– anions and μ_1,1 bridging S atoms of [SnS₄]^4– anions. Extended hydrogen bonding interactions generate a three‐dimensional network. Investigations using differential thermoanalysis, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry shows that upon heating in open crucibles the water can be removed leading to the formation of the anhydrate that is stable at room temperature and does not transform back into compound 1 . Storage of the anhydrate in a desiccator over a water atmosphere leads first to formation of Na₄SnS₄ · 14H₂O followed by crystallization of the title compound. After longer storage times NaCl appears as a second crystalline phase. If the thermal measurements are performed in a self‐produced atmosphere, compound 1 transforms partly into Na₄SnS₄ · 14H₂O with an increasing amount of this phase with increasing temperature. Synthetic investigations reveal that crystallization of compound 1 sensitively depends on the water content of acetone, which is used for precipitation of 1 . Reacting Na₄SnS₄ · 14H₂O directly with NaCl afforded formation of complex mixtures.     

The Family of A6M2O6 Oxometalates: Synthesis and Crystal Structure Determination of Cs6Mn2O6, Magnetic Exchange within Dimeric Poly‐oxoanions,and Classification of Crystal Structures

The new compound Cs₆Mn₂O₆ was synthesized via the azide/nitrate route. According to single‐crystal X‐ray analysis (P1 ; a = 695.74(7), b = 733.24(7), c = 735.12(7) pm, α = 78.559(4), β = 62.685(3), γ = 88.788(4)°; 2705 independent data, R₁ = 0.041), the anionic part of the compound consists of dimeric Mn₂O₆ units, formed by edge sharing of two MnO₄ polyhedra of a shape intermediate between tetrahedral and square planar. The crystal structure is singular, however, can be related to several oxides of the same general formula by group‐subgroup symmetry descent. The magnetic properties of Cs₆Mn₂O₆ have been simulated by an antiferromagnetic dimer model of spin S = 2 entities, considering a small temperature dependence of the spin exchange parameters.     

以三乙烯二胺为配体的过渡金属配位化合物合成、晶体结构及荧光性质研究

采用混合溶剂热法合成出一系列以三乙烯二胺(简写dabco)为配体的新型过渡金属配位化合物[CdCl3H(dabco)2](1)、[CoCl3Hdabco](2)、[NiCl2(H2O)3Hdabco]Cl(3)和[CuCl3H(dabco)2]Cl·H2O(4)。对该系列化合物进行了元素分析、红外光谱以及热重分析表征,并通过X射线单晶衍射分析确定出晶体结构。结构解析表明:化合物1具有一维直链状分子结构;化合物2具有一维左螺旋状分子结构,化合物3具有一维右螺旋链状分子结构;化合物4具有二维平面网格状分子结构。对该系列化合物的荧光光谱研究结果表明,化合物1~4均具有较好的荧光性质。     

Synthesis,Crystal Structure,and Magnetic Property of New Trispin Ln(III)‐Nitronyl Nitroxide Complexes

Four Ln(III) complexes based on a new nitronyl nitroxide radical have been synthesized and structurally characterized: {Ln(hfac)₃[NITPh(MeO)₂]₂} (Ln = Eu( 1 ), Gd( 2 ), Tb( 3 ), Dy( 4 ); NITPh(MeO)₂ = 2‐(3′,4′‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate). The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that these complexes have similar mononuclear trispin structures, in which central Ln(III) ion is eight‐coordinated by two O‐atoms from two nitroxide groups and six O‐atoms from three hfac anions. The variable temperature magnetic susceptibility study reveals that there exist ferromagnetic interactions between Gd(III) and the radicals, and antiferromagnetic interactions between two radicals (J_Gd‐Rad = 3.40 cm^?1, J_Rad‐Rad = ?9.99 cm^?1) in complex 2 . Meanwhile, antiferromagnetic interactions are estimated between Eu(III) (or Dy(III)) and radicals in complexes 1 and 4 , and ferromagnetic interaction between Tb(III) and radicals in complex 3 , respectively.     

以三乙烯二胺为配体的过渡金属配位化合物合成、晶体结构及荧光性质研究

采用混合溶剂热法合成出一系列以三乙烯二胺（简写dabco）为配体的新型过渡金属配位化合物[CdCl₃H（dabco）₂]（1）、[CoCl₃Hdabco]（2）、[NiCl₂（H₂O）₃Hdabco]Cl（3）和[CuCl₃H（dabco）₂]Cl·H₂O（4）。对该系列化合物进行了元素分析、红外光谱以及热重分析表征,并通过X射线单晶衍射分析确定出晶体结构。结构解析表明：化合物1具有一维直链状分子结构;化合物2具有一维左螺旋状分子结构,化合物3具有一维右螺旋链状分子结构;化合物4具有二维平面网格状分子结构。对该系列化合物的荧光光谱研究结果表明,化合物1~4均具有较好的荧光性质。     

Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the First Quaternary Tantalum Thiogermanates,ATaGeS5 (A = K,Rb, Cs)

The new quaternary thiogermanates, ATaGeS₅ (A = K, Rb, Cs) were prepared with the use of halide fluxes and the crystal structures of the compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. The compounds are isostructural and crystallize in space group P\bar{1} of the triclinic system with two formula units in a cell of dimensions: a = 6.937(1) Å, b = 6.950(2) Å, c = 8.844(3) Å, α = 71.07(2)°, β = 78.56(2)°, γ = 75.75(2)°, V = 387.6(2) Å³ for KTaGeS₅; a = 6.996(3) Å, b = 7.033(3) Å, c = 8.985(4) Å, α = 70.33(3)°, β = 78.12(4)°, γ = 75.63(4)°, V = 399.6(3) Å³ for RbTaGeS₅; a = 7.012(4) Å, b = 7.202(3) Å, c = 9.267(5) Å, α = 68.55(3)°, β = 77.27(4)°, γ = 74.75(4)°, V = 416.2(4) Å³ for CsTaGeS₅. The structures of ATaGeS₅ (A = K, Rb, Cs) are comprised of anionic infinite two‐dimensional {}_\infty^2 [TaGeS₅^–] layers separated from one another by alkali metal cations (A⁺). Each layer is made up of tantalum centered sulfur octahedra and pairs of edge‐sharing germanium centered sulfur tetrahedra. The classical charge valence of these compounds should be represented by [A⁺][(Ta⁵⁺)(Ge⁴⁺)(S^2–)₅]. UV/Vis diffuse reflectance measurements indicate that they are semiconductors with optical bandgaps of ca. 2.0 eV.