Estimation of Saturation Exponent from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Logs in Low Permeability Reservoirs

The resistivity experimental measurements of 36 core samples, which were drilled from low permeability reservoirs of southwest China, illustrate that the saturation exponents are not agminate, but vary from 1.627 to 3.48; this leads to a challenge for water saturation estimation in low permeability formations. Based on the analysis of resistivity experiments, laboratory nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements for all 36 core samples, and mercury injection measurements for 20 of them, it was observed that the saturation exponent is proportional to the proportion of small pore components and inversely proportional to the logarithmic mean of NMR T ₂ spectrum (T _2lm). For rocks with high proportion of small pore components and low T _2lm, there will be high saturation exponents, and vice versa. The proportion of small pore components is characterized by three different kinds of irreducible water saturations, which are estimated by defining 30, 40 and 50 ms as T ₂ cutoffs separately. By integrating these three different kinds of irreducible water saturations and using T _2lm, a technique of calculating the saturation exponent from NMR logs is proposed and the corresponding model is established. The credibility of this technique is confirmed by comparing the predicted saturation exponents with the results from the core analysis. For more than 85 % of core samples, the absolute errors between the predicted saturation exponents from NMR logs and the experimental results are lower than 0.25. Once this technique is extended to field application, the accuracy of water saturation estimation in low permeability reservoirs will be improved significantly.     

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract

The advent of X-ray computed tomographic (CT) imaging revolutionized the evaluation of a wide range of pathological conditions by producing thin tomographic sections through the body with remarkable anatomical detail. By the early 1980s, X-ray CT was an established imaging modality, and a second computer-based form of imaging was emerging from the research laboratory into the clinic. The second wave of the imaging revolution has been the development of NMR imaging (usually referred to as magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI) and its acceptance as the preferred modality for much neurological and musculoskeletal imaging. MRI's soft-tissue contrast and resolution is superior to that of other imaging techniques, the low NMR signal from bone renders it superior to X-ray CT in many cases for images of the head and spine, it has more varied contrast possibilities than CT, and can image in any plane without repositioning the patient. In spite of the high cost of purchase and installation, MR scanners are proliferating rapidly, and techniques and clinical applications for MR imaging continue to advance at an equally rapid rate.     

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Industry

It is the author's intention to demonstrate progress in the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in industry over a period of nearly 30 years.     

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies in Gases

There are several reasons why nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies in gases are important. At low pressures the interactions in the gas phase are essentially governed by two body collisions. It is therefore possible to study the intermolecular forces between two molecules approaching one another during collision from their influence on the chemical shifts of the nuclei of the molecules under considerations. The experimental measurements allow one to learn how the chemical shift is perturbed because of the presence of other molecules. This knowledge can then be transferred to interpret solvent effects in condensed phases and for detection of any solvent-solute interactions in such systems.     

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Polyhydroxylated Fullerene C60(OH)n

Polyhydroxylated fullerene C₆₀(OH)_n (with an estimated number of hydroxyl groups n = 38–44) synthesized from pure fullerene by mixing a benzene solution of C₆₀ with a NaOH aqueous solution in the presence of a catalyst was studied with ¹H and ¹³C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Possible features of the structure of a molecule shell were revealed from ¹H NMR data. The ¹³C spectrum showed a peak splitting with an increase in temperature, which is probably due to fullerenol isomers.

     

Two-Dimensional Frequency-Relaxation Nuclear Magnetic and Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopies

Russian Physics Journal -     

Estimation of Permeability by Integrating Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Logs with Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) Data in Tight Gas Sands

It has been a great challenge to determine permeability in tight gas sands due to the generally poor correlation between porosity and permeability. The Schlumberger Doll Research (SDR) and Timur–Coates permeability models, which have been derived for use with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, also lose their roles. In this study, based on the analysis of the mercury injection experiment data for 20 core plugs, which were drilled from tight gas sands in the Xujiahe Formation of central Sichuan basin, Southwest China, two empirical correlations between the pore structure index ( $ \sqrt {{K \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {K \varphi }} \right. \kern-0em} \varphi }} $ , defined by the square root of the ratio of rock permeability and porosity) and the R ₃₅ (the pore throat radius corresponding to 35.0 % of mercury injection saturation), the pore structure index and the Swanson parameter have been developed. To consecutively estimate permeability in field applications, based on the study of experimental NMR measurements for 36 core samples, two effective statistical models, which can be used to derive the Swanson parameter and R ₃₅ from the NMR T ₂ logarithmic mean value, have been established. These procedures carried out on the experimental data set can be extended to reservoir conditions to estimate consecutive formation permeability along the intervals with which NMR logs were acquired. The processing results of several field examples using the proposed technique show that the classification scale models are effective only in tight gas reservoirs, whereas the SDR and Timur–Coates models are inapplicable. The R ₃₅-based model is of significance in thin sands with high porosity and high permeability, but the predicted permeability curves in tight gas sands are slightly lower. In tight gas and thin sands, the Swanson parameter model is all credible.     

Viscosity Correlations with Nuclear (Proton) Magnetic Resonance Relaxation in Oil Disperse Systems

Using nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance relaxometry (NMRR) was studied oil disperse systems. Dependences of NMR–relaxation parameters—spin–lattice T_1i, spin–spin T_2i relaxation times, proton populations P_1i and P_2i, and petrophysical correlations were received for light and heavy oils. Experimental results are interpreted on the base of structure-dynamical ordering of oil molecules with structure unit formation.     

核磁共振与相关诺贝尔奖

概要介绍了核磁共振原理及其应用，并对与之相关的诺贝尔奖也做了介绍．     

核磁共振高信噪比弱信号检测的理论与实验研究

基于小型射频线圈的核磁共振检测探头在波谱分析和成像研究中具有广泛的应用,如化学位移波谱分析、磁共振成像和勘探测井等技术领域。但是,由于外加静磁场作用下,自旋体系发生塞曼能级分裂后,高低能态之间的核自旋数量之差很小,普遍存在检测信噪比很低的问题,而且初级磁共振接收信号的质量受所用探头线圈电气参数的影响较大。研究结果表明,在特定的被测样品和接收线圈占空比以及静磁场等条件不变的情况下,检测信噪比与单位电流产生的射频磁场成正比,而与线圈高频电阻的平方根成反比。在永磁0.39Tesla主磁场条件下,研究了趋肤效应影响下小型螺线管线圈几何参数的优化设计方法。理论仿真和实际的测量结果表明,几何参数为线径0.5 mm、直径5.5 mm的10匝微螺线管线圈,在16.9 MHz谐振频率上,相对信噪比取得一个极大值点,对应的Q值约为199.8,与阻抗分析仪测得结果有较好的吻合,验证了该核磁共振检测线圈设计新方法是合理的。本文提出的基于线圈电磁特性的高信噪比检测探头设计方法,可推广到目前的质子密度成像、岩心弛豫谱分析等应用中。     

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: A Review and a Look at Its Use as a Probative Tool in Deamination Chemistry

Abstract

This year (2006) represents the 60th anniversary of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (discovered independently by Nobel laureates Edward Purcell and Felix Bloch). It is therefore appropriate and indeed valuable to reflect on how this versatile methodology has developed, expanded, and evolved into a cornerstone of chemical research since 1946. No doubt multiple reviews discussing various aspects of NMR technology will emerge over the course of this year, but the field has grown so exponentially since its inception that it would be impossible for a single review to meaningfully encompass all features of the NMR methodology. This work, therefore, is not meant to provide a comprehensive review of NMR spectroscopy (such an undertaking would prove unwieldy and is inapt in the current context). Instead, it will provide an overview of NMR spectroscopy including the basic principles of NMR (the NMR phenomenon, instrumentation, and spectral interpretation) the historical development of the field, and a few unique applications of the methodology. Finally, illustrations of the utility and application of NMR spectroscopy as a probative tool in the intriguing field of deamination chemistry will be examined. Among the examples highlighted are the elucidation of the mechanism of N‐nitrosoamide conversion to the trans‐diazotate ester, denitrosation under near‐neutral conditions, elucidation of the bond‐forming step of Friedel‐Crafts benzylation, and the identification of novel electronic (π?‐acceptor agostic‐type interaction) and steric (persisteric) effects.     

Nuclear (Proton) Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry Study of the Effect of Rotating Magnetic Field on the Emulsion Structure

Concentrated oil-in-water emulsions have been studied using nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry (NMRR). To characterize the size distribution of water droplets, correlations between NMRR data and integral droplets diameters have been established and used for data interpretation. The dependences of parameters of emulsion components have been obtained from proton relaxation data after rotating magnetic field application and sedimentation.     

全开放式单边核磁共振探测器及其应用

全开放式单边核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)系统具有成本低、易便携、可实时无损检测等特点.该文介绍了单边NMR探测器的发展,重点以德国亚琛工业大学Blumich教授团队研发的NMR-MOUSE(NMR mobile universal surface explorer)探测器为例,详细讨论了其硬件结构,探讨了单边NMR的测量方法,最后介绍了单边NMR探测器在波谱分析和生物医学等领域中的应用.     

一体化核磁共振数字接收机的设计

提出一种基于AD9874的数字接收机设计,其主要部件如放大器、混频器、数字解调器等都集成在单块芯片中,利用此一体化数字接收机可以大大简化核磁共振谱仪的设计. 最后给出了核磁共振的实验结果.     

核磁共振技术在生物质转化中的应用

生物质结构的精确分析研究有利于其各个组分的转化利用,而核磁共振（NMR）技术是生物质解聚及结构演变分析中重要的表征技术.本文主要介绍了¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、³¹P NMR和2D HSQC四种NMR技术在生物质结构、产物定性和定量分析、反应路径和催化解聚机理探究中的应用,然后讨论了NMR技术应用于生物质研究中存在的主要问题,并进行了展望.     

Quantum Logic Gates and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Pulse Sequences

There has recently been considerable interest in the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a technology for the implementation of small quantum computers. These computers operate by the laws of quantum mechanics, rather than classical mechanics and can be used to implement new quantum algorithms. Here we describe how NMR in principle can be used to implement all the elements required to build quantum computers, and draw comparisons between the pulse sequences involved and those of more conventional NMR experiments.