分子马达与布朗马达

综述了有关分子马达,主要是肌球蛋白马达和动蛋白马达的实验研究进展情况,并对理论模型,特别是近年来广为流行的布朗马达模型作了介绍和评论。最后展望了这一领域的发展前景及其所面临的挑战性问题。     

新型分子器件--分子马达

分子马达是人们为了得到纳米尺度的机械部件所设计合成的一种新型复合体系,目前化学家们正采用逐渐组装即“自下而上‘的方法对其进行探索研究,以分子结构和运动特点为标准可将现有分子马达分为分子转子、分子传动装置、分子开关、分子梭、分子转门、分子棘齿等几类。文章介绍了在双键分子体系的研究中Ｋｏｕｍｕｒａ等人的开创性工作以及Ｋｅｌｌｙ等人在三叶轮分子体系的研究方面所取得的突破性进展,同时还展望了分子马达的发展     

分子马达动力学

分子马达是一类将化学能转化为机械能的微小机器. 对二维模型的研究表明, 非保守力在体系与外界能量交换中发挥重要作用. 四态模型较好地反映了马达力学化学过程的各个状态及相应的构象变化. Motor protein is a kind of small machines that convert chemical energy to mechanical works. It is revealed from the study of the two dimensional model that the non conservative impulsive force plays a significant role in the exchanging process of energy. A four state model characterizing the coupling of mechanical and chemical processes of molecular motor is also discussed.     

分子马达肌球蛋白动力冲程研究进展

生命在于运动,机体的一切活动,从肌肉收缩、细胞内部的运输、遗传物质（DNA）的复制、一直到细胞的分裂等等,追踪到分子水平,都是源于具有马达功能的蛋白质大分子做功推动的结果,因此它们称为分子马达或马达蛋白。到目前为止,已有上百种的分子马达被确定,它们在生物有机体内执行着各种各样的生物功能。分子马达都是沿着相应的蛋白丝运动,这些蛋白丝起着轨道的作用。对于真核细胞,最常见的为肌球蛋白马达（Myosin）,     

分子马达的三态周期跳跃模型

研究了在一维三态周期跳跃模型下分子马达的定向运动 .对于给定的任意初始分布 ,得出了与时间有关的几率分布的解析表达式 ,包括到达稳态之前的所有的瞬态过程 ,由此可获得马达在各个时刻的漂移速度v、扩散系数D以及描述马达随机性质的随机参数r(randomnessparameter ) .同时还计算了马达到达稳态所需要的特征时间 .并把计算结果同实验进行了比较 .     

基于冲击力模型的分子马达动力学分析

从分子马达输运特点和实验现象出发,建立满足朗之万方程的冲击力模型,分析分子马达定向输运的动力学行为.研究发现:在合适的冲击力和噪声强度的共同作用下,分子马达可以稳定的梯跳跃迁运动和有效的输运;分子马达在轨运动的方向由冲击力的方向决定;另外,虽然在不同的噪声强度时平均速度都不为零,但是整个分子马达系综的高效输运对噪声强度有一定的选择性;系综的平均速度随着负载力的增大而减小,甚至会产生反方向的运动.     

分子马达的调节机制

细胞维持生命就需要不断与外界进行物质交换,并且在细胞内部也频繁地进行着物质交换。细胞内部高度分化,由不同的细胞器（如细胞核,高尔基复合体等）组成,我们将细胞器比做“工厂”,每个工厂都有自己独一无二的“产品”（货物）,细胞器是如何将产品分配给他们的“消费者”以及其他的工厂呢？在细胞内,运输货物的主要任务由分子马达（简称马达）家族中的肌球蛋白,驱动蛋白及动力蛋白来完成。马达完成运输的过程可分为三步：（1）识别货物并与货物结合;（2）沿着各自的“轨道”完成多个化学．力学循环,运输的过程中可能需要马达之间任务的交接;（3）将到达目的地时,识别目的地并将货物卸下。为了深入的介绍马达的调节机制,在内容上作了如下安排：1．介绍马达的基本概念及分类。2．介绍马达的结构及其运动特性。     

神奇的生物酶——旋转分子马达

 生命是美丽的,美丽因生命而存在,生命因美丽而永恒。生命科学以其特有的魅力吸引人们参与到对它的研究中来,研究生命科学、向生命学习将是本世纪生命科学研究的特色。众所周知,ATP(三磷酸腺苷)作为生物体内的能量货币,其合成作用是生物世界中最普遍的化学反应,其水解反应所释放的能量为系统提供了驱动力,使得分子马达沿着轨道做定向运动。到目前为止,人类制造的任何一部宏观机器都无法同分子马达运动的连续性、高效性以及运动中各个部分所表现出的协调性相比。     

分子马达肌球蛋白Ⅵ研究进展

生命体的一切活动，从肌肉收缩、细胞内部的运输、遗传物质（DNA）的复制、一直到细胞的分裂等等，追踪到分子水平，都是源于具有马达功能的蛋白质大分子做功的结果，它们称为分子马达（molecular motor）。具体到细胞内的物质运输，生物体主要依靠两种细胞骨架系统——微管和微丝，以及与之相关的马达蛋白。微管、微丝和马达蛋白组成的系统就好比细胞内的交通网络，不断进行着货物的运输，动力由三磷酸腺苷（ATP）水解所产生的能量来提供，其运转效率比一般的马达高得多，有的甚至接近100％。长距离的胞内运输主要是由沿微管运动的驱动蛋白（kinesin）和动力蛋白（dynein）承担，而短距离的运输可能需要在微丝上运动的肌球蛋白（myosin）。     

驱动马达定向运动的随机动力学模型

本文在非对称周期势中考虑驱动马达的机械化学耦合,基于布朗马达的工作原理,利用MATLAB数值模拟驱动马达在一定实验条件下的运动特征.我们首先模拟了单个驱动马达的位移和速度随时间变化的图像,然后分别计算了多个驱动马达运动的平均速度,最后计算了不同负载力条件下马达运动速度的系综平均值.模拟结果表明驱动马达在定向运动中存在等...     

Insight into the chemomechanical coupling mechanism of kinesin molecular motors

Kinesin is a two-headed biological molecular motor that can walk processively on microtubule via consumption of ATP molecules. The central issue for the molecular motor is how the chemical energy released from ATP hydrolysis is converted to the kinetic energy of the mechanical motion, namely the mechanism of chemomechanical coupling. To address the issue, diverse experimental methods have been employed and a lot of models have been proposed. This review focuses on the proposed models as well as the qualitative and quantitative comparisons between the results derived from the models and those from the structural, biochemical and single-molecule experimental studies.     

A non-Markov ratchet model of molecular motors：processive movement of single-headed kinesin KIF1A

A fluctuating ratchet model of non-Markov process is presented to describe the processive movement of molecular motors of single-headed kinesin KIF1A,where the fluctuation perturbation to the local potential is introduced and the detailed ATPase pathway of the motor is included. The theoretical results show good quantitative agreement with the previous experimental ones.     

Model for processive movement of myosin V and myosin VI

Myosin V and myosin VI are two classes of two-headed molecular motors of the myosin superfamily that move processively along helical actin filaments in opposite directions. Here we present a hand-over-hand model for their processive movements. In the model, the moving direction of a dimeric molecular motor is automatically determined by the relative orientation between its two heads at free state and its head‘s binding orientation on track filament.This determines that myosin V moves toward the barbed end and myosin VI moves toward the pointed end of actin.During the moving period in one step, one head remains bound to actin for myosin V whereas two heads are detached for myosin VI: the moving manner is determined by the length of neck domain. This naturally explains the similar dynamic behaviours but opposite moving directions of myosin VI and mutant myosin V (the neck of which is truncated to only one-sixth of the native length). Because of different moving manners, myosin VI and mutant myosin V exhibit significantly broader step-size distribution than native myosin V. However, all the three motors give the same mean step size of -36nm (the pseudo-repeat of actin helix). All these theoretical results are in agreement with previous experimental ones.     

Periodic thermodynamics of laser-driven molecular motor

Operation of a laser-driven nano-motor inevitably generates a non-trivial amount of heat, which can possibly lead to instability or even hinder the motor＇s continual running. This work quantitatively examines the overheating problem for a recently proposed laser-operated molecular locomotive. We present a single-molecule cooling theory, in which molecular details of the locomotive system are explicitly treated. This theory is able to quantitatively predict cooling efficiency for various candidates of molecular systems for the locomotive, and also suggests concrete strategies for improving the locomotive＇s cooling. It is found that water environment is able to cool the hot locomotive down to room temperature within 100 picoseconds after photon absorption. This cooling time is a few orders of magnitude shorter than the typical time for laser operation, effectively preventing any overheating for the nano-locomotive. However, when the cooling is less effective in non-aqueous environment, residual heat may build up. A continuous running of the motor will then lead to a periodic thermodynamics, which is a common character of many laser-operated nano-devices.     

Dynamics of cooperative transport by multiple kinesin motors and diffusing microtubule-associated proteins

In eukaryote cells, cargos are often transported cooperatively by kinesin motors and nonmotor microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The prior in vitro experimental data showed that the velocity of the cargo transported by kinesin motors and Ndc80 (a member of MAP) proteins of truncated coiled-coil stalks decreases sensitively with the increase of the ratio of Ndc80 to motor number. However, the underlying mechanism of Ndc80 affecting sensitively the cooperative cargo transport by kinesin motors is unclear. To understand the mechanism, here we study numerically the cooperative cargo transport by kinesin motors and Ndc80 proteins. Our results showed that for the case of the motors and Ndc80 proteins with truncated short stalks, as used in the experiments, the calculated results reproduce quantitatively the prior experimental data. The mechanism of the cargo velocity decreasing sensitively with the ratio of Ndc80 to motor number is revealed. By contrast, for the case of the motors and Ndc80 proteins with full-length long stalks, the velocity of the cargo decreases slowly with the increase in the ratio of Ndc80 to kinesin number. Our results thus give an explanation of why the kinesin motors working in the cell have long stalks.     

Elastically coupled molecular motors

We study the influence of filament elasticity on the motion of collective molecular motors. It is found that for a backbone flexibility exceeding a characteristic value (motor stiffness divided through the mean displacement between attached motors), the ability of motors to produce force reduces as compared to rigidly coupled motors, while the maximum velocity remains unchanged. The force-velocity-relation in two different analytic approximations is calculated and compared with Monte-Carlo simulations. Finally, we extend our model by introducing motors with a strain-dependent detachment rate. A remarkable crossover from the nearly hyperbolic shape of the Hill curve for stiff backbones to a linear force-velocity relation for very elastic backbones is found. With realistic model parameters we show that the backbone flexibility plays no role under physiological conditions in muscles, but it should be observable in certain in vitro assays. Received: 27 November 1997 / Revised: 20 February 1998 / Accepted: 27 March 1998     

大力矩超声电机

本文综述了大力矩超声电机的应用和研究现状,分析了国内外大力矩超声电机实现的关键问题,展望了大力矩超声电机的应用前景。     

Light-driven molecular switches and motors

Technology is omnipresent in our modern-day society and it is hard to imagine a world without machines, computers or robots. One of the main current scientific challenges is the bottom-up construction of systems that represent nanosize analogues of switches, devices and motors. Our efforts in this area have focussed on the construction of devices based on sterically overcrowded alkenes. In this paper, we present our ongoing research on the construction of binary molecular switches, which has recently led to genuine molecular motors. The control of chirality in a molecular switching system allows interconversion between molecules of opposite helicity using different wavelengths of light. Such bistable chiral switches are of potential use in optical data storage and processing at the molecular level. The control of molecular chirality is even more subtle in the case of molecular motor systems. The exquisite control of chirality using light as an energy source has resulted in a controlled, repetitive 360° unidirectional rotation in two generations of molecular motor systems. Received: 21 January 2002 / Accepted: 11 February 2002 / Published online: 22 April 2002     

Deformation in cooperative molecular motors

We implement a model to represent the effect of the deformation of the backbone of a system of motor proteins while sliding on a track filament. This model incorporates a nearest neighbor interaction term among the motors for the deformation energy. Correlations induced by this term result in increased motor force for inter-particle distances small compared to the ratchet period. Received 20 February 2001 and Received in final form 31 May 2001