Light transformers with photon multiplication

Conclusions Crystal phosphors with photon multiplication in the optical range can be used as efficient light transformers. Their use in mercury-free luminescent gas-discharge lamps is especially promising. Analysis of the present position as regards neon discharges indicates that by using phosphors with _t=2–3 it might be possible to create light sources with an efficiency of 30–50 1m/W which would operate solely under outdoor lighting conditions. Evaluation of the prospects of developing light transformers with _t=2–3 indicates that this problem is solvable in principle.We are grateful to the staff of the Ionic Crystal Physics Sector of the Institute of Physics and Astronomy, AS Estonian SSR, and especially to G. Liid'ya, R. Kink, N. Lushchik, I. Meriloo, N. Rooze, and R. Milenina for taking part in our discussions of the problem of transformers with photon multiplication. We also wish to thank V. V. Fedorov and F. A. Butaeva of the All-Union Scientific Institute of Lighting Engineering, who drew our attention to the importance of developing luminophors with>1 for new light sources.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 127–133, January, 1969.     

Dielectric properties of mica at shf

The tangent of the loss angle and dielectric permeability are measured along the cleavage plane in natural phlogopite and muscovite in the frequency range 3–36.8 GHz. A maximum in the loss angle tangent in phlogopite was observed at a frequency of 5 GHz, connected with the presence of interpacket pellicular water.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 88–92, May, 1973.     

Japanese efforts on coated conductor processing and its power applications: New 5 year project for materials and power applications of coated conductors (M-PACC)

Five years of Japanese national project (FY2003–FY2007) was ended last spring with remarkable success. The national project was originally aimed for development of coated conductors which have high superconductivity performance and long length enough to fabricate high temperature superconducting (HTS) electric power devices. Preliminary research and development of HTS electric power devices were carried out as well. A series of R&D results will be summarized and reviewed in this paper.The new 5 years Japanese national project has started last June (FY2008–FY2012) to develop HTS electric power applications including SMES, cables and transformers and to develop/produce coated conductors satisfying the requirements from the respective power devices. Collaborative R&D efforts by national laboratories, universities and private companies have been started with the supports of NEDO and METI.The accomplishment of the previous project will be summarized and the plans and goals of the new project will be presented in this paper.     

N Chemical Shift Tensor Magnitude and Orientation in the Molecular Frame of Uracil Determined via MAS NMR

The potential of heteronuclear MAS NMR spectroscopy for the characterization of ¹⁵N chemical shift (CS) tensors in multiply labeled systems has been illustrated, in one of the first studies of this type, by a measurement of the chemical shift tensor magnitude and orientation in the molecular frame for the two ¹⁵N sites of uracil. Employing polycrystalline samples of ¹⁵N₂ and 2-¹³C,¹⁵N₂-labeled uracil, we have measured, via ¹⁵N–¹³C REDOR and ¹⁵N–¹H dipolar-shift experiments, the polar and azimuthal angles (θ, ψ) of orientation of the ¹⁵N–¹³C and ¹⁵N–¹H dipolar vectors in the ¹⁵N CS tensor frame. The (θ_NC, ψ_NC) angles are determined to be (92 ± 10°, 100 ± 5°) and (132 ± 3°, 88 ± 10°) for the N1 and N3 sites, respectively. Similarly, (θ_NH, ψ_NH) are found to be (15 ± 5°, −80 ± 10°) and (15 ± 5°, 90 ± 10°) for the N1 and N3 sites, respectively. These results obtained based only on MAS NMR measurements have been compared with the data reported in the literature.     

Simultaneous formation of contacts and diffusion barriers for VLSI by rapid thermal silicidation of TiW

The formation of (Ti_xW_1–x)Si₂/(Ti_xW_1–x)N, by rapid thermal processing of Ti_xW_1–x on Si in an N₂ ambient is investigated. An activation energy of 1.7 eV is obtained for silicide formation. A distinct snow-ploughing of As atoms is observed during silicide formation whereas the interfacial B concentration decreases with increasing silicide formation temperature. The diffusion barrier properties of the (Ti_xW_1–x)Si₂/(Ti_xWi_1–x)N stack in contact with Al is investigated upon post-metal annealing. No interaction between the layers is found for temperatures as high as 475°C after 60 min. The improved thermal stability of the (Ti_xW_1–x)N layer in contact with Al is attributed to nitrogen blocking of the grain boundaries.     

Structural analysis of uniformly C-labelled solids from selective angle measurements at rotational resonance

We demonstrate that individual H–C–C–H torsional angles in uniformly labelled organic solids can be estimated by selective excitation of ¹³C double-quantum coherences under magic-angle spinning at rotational resonance. By adapting a straightforward one-dimensional experiment described earlier [T. Karlsson, M. Eden, H. Luhman, M.H. Levitt, J. Magn. Reson. 145 (2000) 95–107], a double-quantum filtered spectrum selective for Cα and Cβ of uniformly labelled l-[¹³C,¹⁵N]valine is obtained with 25% efficiency. The evolution of Cα–Cβ double-quantum coherence under the influence of the dipolar fields of bonded protons is monitored to provide a value of the Hα–Cα–Cβ–Hβ torsional angle that is consistent with the crystal structure. In addition, double-quantum filtration selective for C6 and C1′ of uniformly labelled [¹³C,¹⁵N]uridine is achieved with 12% efficiency for a ¹³C–¹³C distance of 2.5 Å, yielding a reliable estimate of the C6–H and C1′–H projection angle defining the relative orientations of the nucleoside pyrimidine and ribose rings. This procedure will be useful, in favourable cases, for structural analysis of fully labelled small molecules such as receptor ligands that are not readily synthesised with labels placed selectively at structurally diagnostic sites.     

Submillimeter Wave Quasioptical Isolators with a Semiconductor-Based Circular Dichroic Mirror

A quasioptical isolator is studied which takes advantage of using a circular dichroic mirror for the development of a most difference between the reflection coefficients of the orthogonal circularly polarized waves. The dielectric-semiconductor and semiconductor-metal versions of the circular dichroic mirror are examined. The test show that the isolator built around the ftoroplast/n-InSb mirror makes available the wave range 0.83–1.03 mm with forward loss 2.5–3.0 dB, reverse loss 15–21 dB, and VSWR 1.02–1.14, the longitudinal magnetic field is 1.3 kGs. The isolator with the n-InSb/metal mirror covers the 0.96–1.00 mm range and offers forward loss 2.5 dB, reverse loss 20–27 dB, and VSWR less than 1.2, with the longitudinal magnetic field 0.94 kGs. A possibility of the further advancement of the devices of this kind is shown.     

In Vivo Detection of N-Coupled Protons in Rat Brain by ISIS Localization and Multiple-Quantum Editing

Three-dimensional image-selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) was combined with phase-cycled ¹H–¹⁵N heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) transfer NMR for localized selective observation of protons J-coupled to ¹⁵N in phantoms and in vivo. The ISIS–HMQC sequence, supplemented by jump–return water suppression, permitted localized selective observation of 2–5 μmol of [¹⁵N_indole]tryptophan, a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin, through the ¹⁵N-coupled proton in 20–40 min of acquisition in vitro at 4.7 T. In vivo, the amide proton of [5-¹⁵N]glutamine was selectively observed in the brain of spontaneously breathing ¹⁵NH₄⁺-infused rats, using a volume probe with homogeneous ¹H and ¹⁵N fields. Signal recovery after three-dimensional localization was 72–82% in phantoms and 59 ± 4% in vivo. The result demonstrates that localized selective observation of ¹⁵N-coupled protons, with complete cancellation of all other protons except water, can be achieved in spontaneously breathing animals by the ISIS–HMQC sequence. This sequence performs both volume selection and heteronuclear editing through an addition/subtraction scheme and predicts the highest intrinsic sensitivity for detection of ¹⁵N-coupled protons in the selected volume. The advantages and limitations of this method for in vivo application are compared to those of other localized editing techniques currently in use for non-exchanging protons.     

Radiation sensitivity of natural organic matter: Clay mineral association effects in the Callovo-Oxfordian argillite

Clay-rich low-organic carbon formations (e.g., Callovo-Oxfordian argillite in France and Opalinus Clay in Switzerland) are considered as host rocks for radioactive waste disposal. The clay-organic carbon has a strong impact on the chemical stability of the clays. For this reason, the nature of the clay-organic carbon, the release of hydrophilic organic compounds, namely, humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) and the radiation sensitivity of the undisturbed host rock organics was investigated. The clay sample originates from Oxfordian argillite (447 m depth, borehole EST 104). HA and FA were extracted following the standard International Humic Substance Society (IHSS) isolation procedure. Synchrotron based (C-, K-, Ca-, O- and Fe-edge XANES) scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and FT-IR microspectroscopy was used to identify under high spatial resolution the distribution of clay-organic matter with different functionality using principal component and cluster analysis. The results show that in this old (Jurassic) geological formation, small parts of the organic inventory (1–5%) keeps the structure/functionality and can be mobilized as hydrophilic humic substance type material (HA and FA). Target spectra analysis shows best correlation for isolated humic acids with organics found in smectite-rich regions, whereas the extractable FA has better spectral similarities with the illite mixed layer minerals (MLM) regions. After radiation of 1.7 GGy under helium atmosphere the same rock sample area was investigated for radiation damage. Radiation damage in the smectite and illite–MLM associated organic matter is comparably low with 20–30% total oxygen mass loss and 13–18% total carbon mass loss. A critical dose d_c of 2.5 GGy and a optical density after infinite radiation (OD_∝) of 54% was calculated under room temperature conditions. C(1s) XANES show a clear increase in CC bonds especially in the illite–MLM associated organics. This results suggests a combination of the formation of CC bond due to crosslinking via polymerization and mass loss due to bond breaking (scissioning) in the main chain or in side groups of the organic macromolecules upon irradiation.     

One- and two-dimensional C–H/N–H dipolar correlation experiments under fast magic-angle spinning for determining the peptide dihedral angle φ

A recently proposed ¹³C–¹H recoupling sequence operative under fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) [K. Takegoshi, T. Terao, Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 13 (1999) 203–212.] is applied to observe ¹³C–¹H and ¹⁵N–¹H dipolar powder patterns in the ¹H–¹⁵N–¹³C–¹H system of a peptide bond. Both patterns are correlated by ¹⁵N-to-¹³C cross polarization to observe one- or two-dimensional (1D or 2D) correlation spectra, which can be simulated by using a simple analytical expression to determine the H–N–C–H dihedral angle. The 1D and 2D experiments were applied to N-acetyl[1,2-¹³C,¹⁵N] -valine, and the peptide φ angle was determined with high precision by the 2D experiment to be ±155.0°±1.2°. The positive one is in good agreement with the X-ray value of 154°±5°. The 1D experiment provided the value of φ=±156.0°±0.8°.     

Use of radar methods in increasing sensitivity in emission spectral analysis. Part I. Use of correlation

Special scanning methods applied to line and continuous background cause these to build up according to different laws; a line of unvarying intensity is transformed to a train of video pulses (frequency 50 kc), while the background fluctuations remain purely random. Some characteristics are derived for the autocorrelation function; these enable one to use it to reduce the limit of detection in spectral analysis. The autocorrelation function is reported for the arc determination of Cr at concentrations of 5×10^–3, 5×10^–4, 5×10^–5, and 5×10^–6%. Calibration curves are given for these concentrations as determined by photographic and autocorrelation methods. The limit of detection by the photographic method is found to be about two orders of magnitude larger than that for the autocorrelation one.I am indebted to Professor N. A. Prilezhaeva and senior scientist N. G. Preobrazhenskii for valuable advice and discussions, and also to student V. I. Donin for assistance.     

Spectral analysis of complex gas mixtures by isotope dilution

A spectral technique for the analysis of complex gas mixtures by isotope dilution is described. The sensitivity of the hydrogen determination in complex mixtures amounts to 0.1% with a relative statistical error of 10%. In similar cases the sensitivity of the nitrogen determination is 0.5% with a relative statistical error of 7–8%. A technique for determining nitrogen and hydrogen simultaneously in complex gas mixtures with a double-slit diffraction monochromator was developed. The optimum operating conditions were established (electrode-less high-frequency discharge, pressure of 8–12 mm Hg, cooled quartz tube with an inside diameter of 1–2 mm for the discharge).The authors wish to thank Prof. A. N. Zaidel for his interest in the work and discussions of the results.     

Mössbauer study of martensitic transformation in Xe ion-irradiated type 304 austenitic stainless steel

Foil specimens of type 304 stainless steel have been irradiated with Xe⁺ ions in the range of 100–400 keV and 1×10²⁰–1×10²¹ ions/m² to elucidate the dynamics of the ion-induced martensitic phase transformation in stainless steel. It has been clearly shown by depth selective conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (DCEMS) that the ion-induced martensitic phase in type 304 stainless steel has grown from the surface to a depth dependent both on the ion energy and the fluence of the Xe⁺ ions. Especially, we observed by means of DCEMS that the extension of the martensitic phase into the interior of stainless steel has been induced with increasing ion energy. It is concluded from these results that the depth distribution of the ion-induced martensitic phase is stress-induced by the formation of the highly pressurized Xe⁺ inclusion in type 304 stainless steel.     

Suppression of secondary electron emission in a magnetic field

A method is considered for the reduction of the secondary emission coefficient by placing the collector surface at a small angle to a magnetic field. Experimentally, the secondary emission coefficient for stainless steel was reduced to 0.2 in the energy 0.6–2.5 keV of the incident electron beam.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, No. 12, pp. 16–21, December, 1984.The authors are grateful to A. N. Sharap for useful discussions and to G. A. Novosel' tsev for assistance in the preparation of the experiment.     

Intra-cavity spectroscopy with diode lasers

A multi-mode diode laser with an external cavity is studied experimentally and theoretically for its application to intra-cavity spectroscopy. One facet of a typical Ga_0.89Al_0.11As laser diode was antireflection-coated by deposition of HfO₂ such that 10^–3 residual reflectivity was left over. This diode was placed in an external optical cavity. The emission spectrum of this diode laser is highly sensitive to any frequency-dependent loss in the cavity, and the detectivity of such a loss grows with the pump rate. Even close to threshold, the absorption at 780 nm of Rb atoms with a density of 5×10¹⁰ cm^–3 has been detected. An adequate model for diode lasers based on rate equations and including frequency-dependent gain saturation is developed and applied to the calculations of output spectra. The sensitivity of these spectra to intra-cavity absorption is determined by the overall cavity loss — which is rather high — and the fraction of spontaneous emission in the total emission, in contrast with dye lasers where it is limited by nonlinear mode coupling. Various criteria for the sensitivity are suggested. The smallest detectable absorption with a perfectly antireflection-coated laser is 10^–6 cm^–1. Improvement of the characteristics of the laser diode would increase the sensitivity.     

Reduction of core loss in non-oriented (NO) electrical steel by electroless-plated magnetic coating

An important issue in development of electrical steels for core-laminated products is to reduce core loss to improve energy conversion efficiency. This is usually obtained by tailoring the composition, microstructure, and texture of electrical steels themselves. A new technique to reduce core loss in electrical steel has been investigated. This technique involves electroless plating of magnetic thin coating onto the surface of electrical steel. The material system was electroless Ni–Co–P coatings with different thicknesses (1, 5, and 10 μm) deposited onto the surface of commercially available Fe–3% Si electrical steel. Characterization of deposited Ni–Co–P coating was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer. The deposited Ni–Co–P coatings were amorphous and composed of 56–59% Ni, 32–35% Co, and 8–10% P by mass. The effect of coatings on core loss of the electrical steel was determined using single sheet test. A core loss reduction of 4% maximum was achieved with the Ni–Co–P coating of 1 μm thickness at 400 Hz and 0.3 T.     

Multiparticle perturbation theory and an accurate calculation of parity nonconservation in cesium

A method of calculating higher-order correlation corrections, using Green's functions and the Feynman diagrammatic technique, is developed. A basis of the single-electron orbitals is computed using the relativistic Hartree-Fock method. The interaction of an atom with an external field is computed by solving the time-dependent Hartree-Fock equations. In the methodology presented, we consider all the second-order correlation corrections and the dominating classes of higher order diagrams: the screening of the Coulomb interaction of electrons, particle-hole interaction and mass operator iterations. The calculation of the energy levels, the intervals of hyperfine structure and the amplitudes of the allowed EI-transitions in C_s shows that the method developed ensures precision at the 0.1–1% level. A calculation of the parity nonconservation of the El-amplitude of the transition 6s–7s in Cs is produced. The result <6s¦D_z¦7s> = –(0.91 ± 0.01)·10^–11 i¦e¦a^B (–Q_W/N) is obtained.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 108–119, August, 1990.     

Generation of broadband squeezed states pumped by CW mode-locked pulses

Broadband high level squeezing was clearly observed from 100 kHz to 80 MHz using crystals Ba₂NaNb₅O₁₅ of 5 mm length, MgO:LiNbO₃ of 19 mm length and KNbO₃ of 5.8 mm length. Maximum noise reductions detected on a spectrum analyzer were –1.2 dB (–24%), –1.25 dB (–25%), and –1.8 dB (–34%) for the three crystals, respectively. The maximum squeezing is limited mostly by optical index damage of the parametric crystals. A detailed analysis of the beam parameters traced along the pump beam, squeezed vacuum, etc. is given. A detailed discussion on the evaluation of the initial squeezed level is given. A preliminary experiment with compressed laser pulses to avoid the optical damage is also described.     

On the influence of a TiN interlayer on DLC coatings produced by pulsed vacuum arc discharge: Compositional and morphological study

The influence of a TiN interlayer on DLC coatings grown on silicon (1 0 0), 316 stainless steel and KCl by using the PAPVD pulsed arc discharge technique is presented in this paper. The structure of the coatings was determined by means of FTIR through observation of the absorption band modes of CH₂ between 3100 and 2800 cm⁻¹ and representation of the sp³ and sp² carbon bonds, respectively. The sp³/sp² bonds ratio was calculated by using the base line method and producing a value greater than 1 which was a good prediction of high hardness. XPS analysis of the films was made; the wide spectrum showed the elemental composition of the films (Ti, N, C). A narrow spectrum of C1s at binding energy of 284.48 eV was obtained, and its deconvolution showed peaks of sp³, sp² and Ti–C. Ti–C bonds were formed due to diffusion of carbon atoms into a TiN matrix. The concentration for the XPS spectra was calculated by using the area under the curve of sp³ and sp² peaks. The morphology of the bilayer, including roughness, grain size and thickness was studied through SPM techniques.