Resonance Raman spectra of electrons solvated in liquid alcohols

Resonance Raman spectra of electrons solvated in liquid methanol, ethanol, and n-propanol are presented. At least five distinct solvent modes exhibit resonantly enhanced scattering, including the OH torsion, CO/CC stretches, the OH in-plane bend, methyl deformations, and the OH stretch. The 200-350 cm-1 frequency downshift of the OH stretch indicates a strong H-bond interaction between the electron and the hydroxyl group. The multiple modes including alkyl vibrations that are coupled to the electronic transition of the solvated electron reveal the extension of the electron's wavefunction into the alkyl solvent environment.     

Resonance Raman spectrum of the solvated electron in methanol: simulation within a cluster model

The microsolvation of the CH(3)OH(2) hypervalent radical in methanol clusters has been investigated by density functional theory. It is shown that the CH(3)OH(2) radical spontaneously decomposes within methanol clusters into protonated methanol and a localized solvated electron cloud. The geometric and electronic structures of these clusters as well as their vibrational frequencies have been characterized. Resonance Raman intensities, associated with the s --> p transition of the unpaired electron, have been estimated for CH(3)OH(2)M(n) (M = CH(3)OH, n = 1-3) clusters. It is shown that with increasing cluster size the simulated spectra converge toward the resonance Raman spectrum of the solvated electron in methanol measured recently by Tauber and Mathies (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3414). The results suggest that CH(3)OH(2)M(n) clusters are useful finite-size model systems for the computational investigation of the spectroscopic properties of the solvated electron in liquid methanol.     

Headspace gas chromatographic separation of toxic organic impurities from air

Summary To determine toxic organic compounds (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone) in air a method was developed for their headspace gas chromatographic analysis with preconcentration in n-butanol (alcohols) and in n-pentanol (ketones). The distribution coefficients of analytes in the air-absorbent system have been measured: 1051 (MeOH), 5630 (EtOH), 6773 (n-PrOH), 307 (Me₂CO), 580 (MeCOEt), 1035 (MeCOBu-i). The minimum detectable level (mg m⁻³) was determined as low as 0.9 (MeOH), 4.0 (EtOH), 0.9 (n-PrOH), 0.2 (Me₂CO), 0.1 (MeCOEt), 0.4 (MeCOBu-i). The method was effectively used for gas effluent air control in the workplace and in the atmosphere. Presented at the 21^st ISC held in Stuttgart, Germany, 15^th–20^th September, 1996     

2-乙酰基-1-甲基吡咯激发态结构动力学及溶剂效应的共振拉曼光谱和密度泛函理论计算

获取了覆盖紫外光谱中A带和B带吸收的共7个不同激发波长的共振拉曼光谱, 并结合密度泛函理论方法研究了2-乙酰基-1-甲基吡咯(2-Ac-NMP)的A带和B带电子激发和Franck-Condon区域结构动力学. 在TD-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)计算水平上, A带和B带吸收的跃迁主体为π→π^* . A带和B带共振拉曼光谱分别指认为13个振动模式和8个振动模式的基频、泛频和组合频, 其中C＝O伸缩振动(ν₈)、C3-C4-C5不对称伸缩振动+C2-C6伸缩振动(ν₁₄)及环上CH面内摇摆(ν₁₈)对拉曼光谱强度贡献最大, 表明2-Ac-NMP的S_π激发态结构动力学主要沿反应坐标展开. 考察了溶剂对共振拉曼光谱强度模式的影响, 结果表明, 在同一溶剂中, 随激发波长由长变短, C＝O伸缩振动模(ν₈)的强度呈现出由强变弱再变强的现象. 这种变化规律与Franck-Condon区域S_n/S_π态混合或势能面交叉相关, 并受溶剂的有效调控.     

Infrared plus vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy of neutral and ionic methanol monomers and clusters: new experimental results

We present new observations of the infrared (IR) spectrum of neutral methanol and neutral and protonated methanol clusters employing IR plus vacuum ultraviolet (vuv) spectroscopic techniques. The tunable IR light covers the energy ranges of 2500-4500 cm(-1) and 5000-7500 cm(-1). The CH and OH fundamental stretch modes, the OH overtone mode, and combination bands are identified in the vibrational spectrum of supersonic expansion cooled methanol (2500-7500 cm(-1)). Cluster size selected IR plus vuv nonresonant infrared ion-dip infrared spectra of neutral methanol clusters, (CH(3)OH)(n) (n=2,[ellipsis (horizontal)],8), demonstrate that the methanol dimer has free and bonded OH stretch features, while clusters larger than the dimer display only hydrogen bonded OH stretch features. CH stretch mode spectra do not change with cluster size. These results suggest that all clusters larger than the dimer have a cyclic structure with OH groups involved in hydrogen bonding. CH groups are apparently not part of this cyclic binding network. Studies of protonated methanol cluster ions (CH(3)OH)(n)H(+) n=1,[ellipsis (horizontal)],7 are performed by size selected vuv plus IR photodissociation spectroscopy in the OH and CH stretch regions. Energies of the free and hydrogen bonded OH stretches exhibit blueshifts with increasing n, and these two modes converge to approximately 3670 and 3400 cm(-1) at cluster size n=7, respectively.     

Reversible and irreversible vapor-induced guest molecule exchange in spin-crossover compounds

Spin-crossover (SCO) complex [Fe(tpa)(NCS)(2)] (tpa = tri(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) crystallized in two solvate forms, yellow [Fe(tpa)(NCS)(2)]·X [Fe:X = 1:1; X = n-PrOH (complex is named as n-PrOH), i-PrOH (i-PrOH), CH(2)Cl(2) (CH(2)Cl(2)), CHCl(3) (CHCl(3)), MeCN (MeCN)] and red [Fe(tpa)(NCS)(2)](2)·Y [Fe:Y = 2:1; Y = MeOH (MeOH), EtOH (EtOH)], respectively. Between the two forms, interesting solvent-vapor induced in situ reversible and irreversible guest molecule exchanges, [Fe(tpa)(NCS)(2)]·X ? [Fe(tpa)(NCS)(2)](2)·Y, occurred in the solid state followed by dramatic color changes as well as distinct structural and SCO behavior transformations. Comprehensive studies on structures and SCO behaviors associating guest exchanges have been conducted by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, PXRD, IR, elemental analysis, and magnetic measurements, respectively. This discrete molecular system shows unique solvent-dependent SCO behavior related to the nature of solvent molecules; the distinct color changes during guest exchange originate from the alternations of electronic states of the guest-sensitive Fe(II) centers, providing an effective route to fine-tune and optimize materials' properties by systematic structural perturbation, or serving for detection of toxic gases, such as CH(2)Cl(2) and CHCl(3).     

Syntheses, structures and properties of a series of non-heme alkoxide-Fe(III) complexes of a benzimidazolyl-rich ligand as models for lipoxygenase

The treatment of Fe(ClO(4))(2)·6H(2)O or Fe(ClO(4))(3)·9H(2)O with a benzimidazolyl-rich ligand, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis[(1-methyl-2-benzimidazolyl)methyl]-1,2-ethanediamine (medtb) in alcohol/MeCN gives a mononuclear ferrous complex, [Fe(II)(medtb)](ClO(4))(2)·?CH(3)CN·?CH(3)OH (1), and four non-heme alkoxide-iron(III) complexes, [Fe(III)(OMe)(medtb)](ClO(4))(2)·H(2)O (2, alcohol = MeOH), [Fe(III)(OEt)(Hmedtb)](ClO(4))(3)·CH(3)CN (3, alcohol = EtOH), [Fe(III)(O(n)Pr)(Hmedtb)](ClO(4))(3)·(n)PrOH·2CH(3)CN (4, alcohol = n-PrOH), and [Fe(III)(O(n)Bu)(Hmedtb)](ClO(4))(3)·3CH(3)CN·H(2)O (5, alcohol = n-BuOH), respectively. The alkoxide-iron(III) complexes all show 1) a Fe(III)-OR center (R = Me, 2; Et, 3; (n)Pr, 4; (n)Bu, 5) with the Fe-O bond distances in the range of 1.781-1.816 ?, and 2) a yellow color and an intense electronic transition around 370 nm. The alkoxide-iron(III) complexes can be reduced by organic compounds with a cis,cis-1,4-diene moiety via the hydrogen atom abstraction reaction.     

Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of trimethylarsine oxide

The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of trimethylarsine oxide are examined theoretically using the Gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of eight types of motion (As-C stretch, As=O stretch, C-H stretch, C-As-C bend, As=O bend, H-C-H bend, CH3 wag, and CH3 twist) utilizing the C3v symmetry of the molecule. Calculations were performed at the Hartree-Fock, DFT(B3LYP), and MP2 levels of theory using the standard 6-311G** basis. Calculated infrared intensities and Raman activities are reported.     

Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of triethynylmethylsilane

The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of Triethynylmethylsilane (CH3Si(CCH)3) are examined theoretically using the Gaussian98 set of quantum chemistry codes. Each of the vibrational modes was assigned to one of nine types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (Si-C stretch, C triple bond C stretch, C-H stretch, C triple bond C-H bend, Si-C triple bond C bend, C-Si-C bend, H-C-H bend, CH3 wag, and CH3 twist) utilizing the C3v symmetry of the molecule. A set of uniform scaling factors was derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.     

Fourth overtone spectra of OH oscillators in simple alcohols

Fourth overtone (v = 5) spectra of the OH stretch of eight alcohols are reported. Well resolved bands are observed for different conformations of the hydroxyl group about the CO bond axis. Many of the bands exhibit coarse rotational structure, in contrast to overtone bands of CH oscillators in comparable sized hydrocarbons and benzene. Deuteration of the carbon skeleton of methanol, 2-propanol and t-butanol reveals additional structure in the OH overtone spectra.     

Homogeneous catalysis of O-silylation reactions using octacarbonyldicobalt(O)

Octacarbonyldicobalt(O) has been used to catalyze the reaction of R₃SiH (R = Et and EtO) with R′OH (R′ = Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, and t-Bu). The reaction of MeOH with (EtO)₃SiH, in toluene at 27 °C, was first-order with respect to the catalyst, to the silane, and to the alcohol. The order of reactivity of the alcohols was MeOH > EtOH > n-PrOH > i-PrOH > t-BuOH, reflecting the steric effect associated with the size of the organic group. Addition of triphenyl phosphine (Ph₃P) to the reaction mixture slowed down the reaction. The reaction proceeds faster if nonpolar solvents are used, and the rate of the reaction is very sensitive to temperature.     

Resonance Raman intensity analysis of the excited-state proton-transfer dynamics of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the charge-transfer/proton-transfer absorption band

Resonance Raman spectra were obtained for 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (OHBA) in cyclohexane solution with excitation wavelengths in resonance with the first charge-transfer/proton-transfer (CT/PT) band absorption. These spectra indicate that the Franck-Condon region photodissociation dynamics have multidimensional character with motion predominantly along the nominal C=CH in-plane bend+ring deformation modes (nu9, nu10, nu14, nu16, nu18, nu19, nu20, nu26, nu30, nu31, and nu35) accompanied by a smaller amount of motion along the nominal C=O stretch mode (nu7), the nominal C=C-C(=O) in-plane bend modes (nu33 and nu37), and the nominal ring C-O-H in-plane bend modes (nu9 and nu14). A preliminary resonance Raman intensity analysis was done, and these results for the OHBA molecule were compared to results previously reported for the 2-hydroxyacetophenone (OHAP) molecule. Several proton-transfer tautomers in the ground and excited states were predicted from the results of B3LYP/cc-PVTZ, UB3LYP/cc-PVTZ, and CASSCF/cc-PVDZ level of theory computations. The differences and similarities between the CT/PT band resonance Raman spectra and the vibrational reorganizational energies for the OHBA molecule relative to those for the OHAP molecule are briefly discussed.     

Experimental infrared spectra of Cl-(ROH) (R = H, CH3, CH3CH2) complexes in the gas-phase

Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectra for the chloride ion solvated by either water, methanol or ethanol have been recorded using an FTICR spectrometer coupled to a free-electron laser, and are presented here along with assignments to the observed bands. The assignments made to the Cl(-)/H(2)O, Cl(-)(CH(3)OH), and Cl(-)(CH(3)CH(2)OH) spectra are based on comparison with the neutral H(2)O, CH(3)OH, and CH(3)CH(2)OH spectra, respectively. This work confirms that a band observed around 1400 cm(-1) in the Cl(-)(H(2)O) spectrum is not due to the Ar tag in Ar predissociation spectra. The carrier of this band is, most likely, the first overtone of the OHCl bend. Based on the position of the overtone in the IRMPD spectrum, 1375 cm(-1), the fundamental must occur very close to 700 cm(-1) and observation of this band should aid theoretical treatments of the spectrum of this complex. B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,2pd) calculations are shown to reproduce the IRMPD spectra of all three solvated chloride species. They also predict that attaching one or two Ar atoms to the Cl(-)(H(2)O) complex results in a shift of no more than a few wavenumbers in the fundamental bands for the bare complex, in agreement with previous experiment. For both alcohol-Cl(-) complexes, the S(N)2 "backside attack" isomers are not observed and Cl(-) is predicted theoretically, and confirmed experimentally, to be bound to the hydroxyl hydrogen. For Cl(-)(CH(3)CH(2)OH), the trans and gauche conformers are similar in energy, with the gauche conformer predicted to be thermodynamically favoured. The experimental infrared spectrum agrees well with that predicted for the gauche conformer but a mixture of gauche and anti conformers cannot be ruled out based on the experimental spectra nor on the computed thermochemistry.     

ESI-MS studies of mixed-ligand Fe(II) complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline and 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione as ligands

In order to monitor the progression of the synthesis and the separation of novel mixed-ligand iron complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline, 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione, and NCS- as ligands all products were mass analyzed by electrospray ionization ion trap MS/MS. The spectra of methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN), water, and ethanol (EtOH) solutions were collected and the results were compared. It was detected under applied electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) conditions that MeOH, water, and EtOH formed solvent clusters around the free or complexed 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione. Owing to the solvent-ligand hydrogen-bond formation, the solvent-ligand clusters were formed in the polar protic solvents. The number of protic solvent molecules per complex ion in cluster depended on the number of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione ligands in the complex ion. Unlike MeOH, EtOH, or water, ACN was not involved in the formation of the solvent clusters with the iron complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione as ligand. We also showed that the NCS- group under certain solvent conditions served as a bidentate ligand.     

Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of diethynyldimethylsilane

The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of diethynyldimethylsilane are examined theoretically using the Gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. Each of the vibrational modes was assigned to one of nine types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (Si-C stretch, C[triple bond]C stretch, C-H stretch, C[triple bond]C-H bend, Si-C[triple bond]C bend, C-Si-C bend, H-C-H bend, CH3 wag, and CH3 twist) utilizing the C3v symmetry of the molecule. A set of uniform scaling factors was derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.     

Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of triethynylmethylgermane

The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of triethynylmethylgermane are examined theoretically using the Gaussian98 set of quantum chemistry codes. Each of the vibrational modes was assigned to one of nine types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis Ge-C stretch, C[triple bond]C stretch, C-H stretch, C[triple bond]C-H bend, Ge-C[triple bond]C bend, C-Ge-C bend, H-C-H bend, CH3 wag, and CH3 twist) utilizing the C3v symmetry of the molecule. Uniform scaling factors were derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.     

Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of triethynylmethylstannane

The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of Triethynylmethylstannane (SnCH(3)(CCH)(3)) are examined theoretically using the Gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. Each of the vibrational modes was assigned to one of nine types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (Sn-C stretch, C[triple bond]C stretch, C-H stretch, C[triple bond]C-H bend, Sn-C[triple bond]C bend, C-Sn-C bend, H-C-H bend, CH(3) wag, and CH(3) twist) utilizing the C(3v) symmetry of the molecule. A set of uniform scaling factors was derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.     

Electron trapping in polar-solvated zeolites

Of current interest in our laboratory is the nature of photoinduced processes in the cavities of zeolites completely submerged in polar solvents, or polar-solvated zeolites (PSZ). The present study addresses the nature of electron trapping in PSZ with emphasis on the zeolites NaX and NaY. Free electrons were generated by two-photon, pulsed-laser excitation of either pyrene or naphthalene included in zeolite cavities. Trapped electrons were monitored by diffuse transmittance, transient absorption spectroscopy at visible wavelengths. In anhydrous alcohols, electron trapping by Na(4)(4+) ion clusters was observed in both NaX and NaY. The resulting trapped electrons decayed over the course of tens of milliseconds. No evidence for alcohol-solvated electrons was found. More varied results were observed in solvents containing water. In NaX submerged in CH(3)OH containing 5% or higher water, species having microsecond lifetimes characteristic of solvated electrons were observed. By contrast, a 2 h exposure of NaY to 95/5 CH(3)OH/H(2)O had no effect on electron trapping relative to anhydrous CH(3)OH. The difference between NaX and NaY was explained by how fast water migrates into the sodalite cage. Prolonged exposure to water at room temperature or exposure to water at elevated temperatures was necessary to place water in the sodalite cages of NaY and deactivate Na(4)(4+) as an electron trap. Additional studies in NaY revealed that solvent clusters eventually become lower energy traps than Na(4)(4+) as the water content in methanol increases. In acetonitrile-water mixtures, electron trapping by Na(4)(4+) was eliminated and no equivalent species characteristic of solvated electrons in methanol-water mixtures was observed. This result was explained by the formation of low energy solvated electrons which cannot be observed in the visible region of the spectrum. Measurements of the rate of O(2) quenching in anhydrous solvents revealed rate constants for the quenching of ion cluster trapped electrons that were 2-4 times higher than that for pyrene triplets. In NaX, the rate constant in methanol was 10(4) times smaller than that in cyclohexane, showing greater inhibition of O(2) reactivity in the medium of PSZ. The results of this study point out the conditions under which Na(4)(4+) is active as an electron trap in PSZ and that water must be present in the sodalite cage to produce solvated electrons in the supercage.     

Shallow and deep trap states of solvated electrons in methanol and their formation,electronic excitation,and relaxation dynamics

We present condensed-phase first-principles molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the presence of different electron trapping sites in liquid methanol and their roles in the formation, electronic transitions, and relaxation of solvated electrons (e_met⁻) in methanol. Excess electrons injected into liquid methanol are most likely trapped by methyl groups, but rapidly diffuse to more stable trapping sites with dangling OH bonds. After localization at the sites with one free OH bond (1OH trapping sites), reorientation of other methanol molecules increases the OH coordination number and the trap depth, and ultimately four OH bonds become coordinated with the excess electrons under thermal conditions. The simulation identified four distinct trapping states with different OH coordination numbers. The simulation results also revealed that electronic transitions of e_met⁻ are primarily due to charge transfer between electron trapping sites (cavities) formed by OH and methyl groups, and that these transitions differ from hydrogenic electronic transitions involving aqueous solvated electrons (e_aq⁻). Such charge transfer also explains the alkyl-chain-length dependence of the photoabsorption peak wavelength and the excited-state lifetime of solvated electrons in primary alcohols.

Condensed-phase first-principles molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the presence of different electron trapping sites in liquid methanol and their roles in the formation, electronic transitions, and relaxation of solvated electrons.