X射线成像技术在医学中应用

文章介绍了在医学中广泛应用的二维X射线摄影屏-胶片系统及三维计算机断层扫描成像技术。并对二维X射线摄影技术的发展,例如数字减影血管造影（DSA）,计算机放射成像（CR）和直接数字化X射线摄影（DR）以及三维成像新技术,如螺旋计算机断层扫描技术（螺旋CT）,正电子发射体层/多层螺旋CT图像融合扫描装置（简称PET-CT）和相位衬度成像技术的原理和应用作了简单描述。医学图像后处理是现代医学图像设备不可或缺的组成部分,先验医学知识的融入使现代图像设备具有辅助诊断的能力。     

X射线成像技术在医学中应用

文章介绍了在医学中广泛应用的二维X射线摄影屏一胶片系统及三维计算机断层扫描成像技术。并对二维X射线摄影技术的发展，例如数字减影血管造影（DSA），计算机放射成像（CR）和直接数字化X射线摄影（DR）以及三维成像新技术，如螺旋计算机断层扫描技术（螺旋CT），正电子发射体层／多层螺旋CT图像融合扫描装置（简称PET-CT）和相位衬度成像技术的原理和应用作了简单描述。医学图像后处理是现代医学图像设备不可或缺的组成部分，先验医学知识的融入使现代图像设备具有辅助诊断的能力。     

基于X射线断层成像的逆向工程中轮廓序列分割算法的原理及实现

为了实现基于X射线断层成像(CT)的逆向工程中具有参数识别的三维图像重构, 提出了一种分割轮廓序列的新算法. 首先通过一定角度的射线法来得到轮廓间的嵌套关系,然后采用扫描一次关系矩阵生成轮廓树的方法实现层内轮廓定位, 最后运用轮廓间定量、定性的属性判定来完成层间的轮廓匹配. 通过实例, 本文提供的算法可以准确、快速地分割CT零件中的轮廓序列.     

基于可分离编码的高分辨X射线荧光成像技术研究

相比于传统基于毛细管或针孔的X射线成像系统,编码孔径成像系统具有结构简单、灵敏度高、扩展性强等优势,使其在X射线荧光成像中极具潜力.本工作应用新型编码孔径成像计算模型,设计了一种基于可分离编码的X射线成像系统.利用Geant4蒙特卡罗仿真对系统的性能进行了研究,并根据快速迭代收缩阈值算法进行了图像重建.模拟及分析结果显示,近场成像时,与传统基于卷积模型的成像系统不同,该系统的性能不受准直效应的影响.成像系统的空间分辨率约为65 μm,并能够准确地重建出不同能量的线源和形状复杂物体的图像.重建图像的质量受校准时所用X射线能量和物体发射X射线能量的影响,两者差异越小,重建图像的质量越高.三维重建结果显示,系统能够从单次获取的二维投影图像,正确地重建出物体与系统的距离,轴向空间分辨率约为1.1 mm.     

浅谈CT

 CT(ComputedTomography)是计算机断层摄影技术的简称,它是自X射线在医学领域应用以来一个划时代的成就,是近代飞速发展的计算机技术和X射线成像检查技术相结合的产物。CT的发展历程CT图像是通过数学重建技术完成的。早在1917年,奥地利数学家J.Radon就从数学理论上证明了二维或三维物体可以通过其无限多个投影的集合唯一地重建图像。1938年德国的CabrielFrank首先在X线诊断中用光子方法进行图像重建。     

X射线荧光CT成像中荧光产额、退激时间、散射、偏振等关键物理问题计算与分析

X 射线荧光 CT(X-ray fluorescence computed tomography,XFCT)是一种使用X射线荧光(X-ray fluorescence,XRF) 实现功能性成像的新技术,在生物医学成像中表现出较大潜力.但是,X射线穿过生物体的同时还会产生大量康普顿散射光子,对XRF信号的采集形成很强的背景噪声;因此,如何有效消除康普顿散射噪声对于提高XFCT成像质量至关重要.本文研究总结了 XFCT成像过程中涉及的物理过程,包括:荧光的产额、退激发时间、荧光发射角分布、荧光偏振态、康普顿散射角分布与散射光偏振态,并通过研究荧光与散射光物理性质的差异寻找去除康普顿散射噪声的方法.经过物理过程推导和分析计算,发现:1)高原子序数元素的K层荧光退激发时间极短,在现有探测器的时间分辨率条件下,无法分辨散射光与荧光;2) K层发射荧光的角分布各向同性,康普顿散射角分布在与入射光偏振方向附近取得最小值,而且入射光线偏振度越高,散射光的微分截面越小,偏振光源将有利于减少康普顿散射噪声;3) K层荧光线偏振度为零,而康普顿散射光子在一些散射方向上具有一定线偏振度,因此偏振态的差异可能用...     

用于X射线成像的非晶硒合金膜的制备和性能测试

在X射线诊断成像方面，非晶硒（a-Se)是最有前途的探测材料之一，通过实验研究了a-Se合金膜的制备方法，用飞行时间方法测量了载流子的漂移迁移率和寿命，讨论了对a-Se合金膜性能有重要影响的因子，通过对400μm厚a-Se合金膜X射线光电流的测量，确定了a-Se合金膜对X射线的光电响应特性。实验表明，a-Se合金膜具有线性的光电转换特性；灵敏度与场强有关。在10V／μm场强下，对于医疗诊断常用的轫致辐射X射线谱，用X射线在a-Se合金膜中产生一电子－－空穴对约需45eV的能量。     

一种优化区域知识先验的稀疏角锥束X射线发光断层成像方法

锥束X射线发光断层（CB-XLCT）成像是一种可在生物体外对早期肿瘤进行有效检测的新型医学成像技术。稀疏角CB-XLCT成像加速了CB-XLCT技术的实时成像转化进程。然而,相对于传统多角度成像,稀疏角CB-XLCT成像的逆问题病态性明显加剧,这对传统成像方法的有效扩展提出了挑战。基于稀疏非凸L_p（01范数和L₀范数的代表算法验证所提方法的有效性和稳健性。实验结果表明,所提方法不仅可有效求解稀疏角CB-XLCT成像逆问题,还具有良好的可扩展性。     

基于Swin-Transformer迭代展开的有限角CT图像重建用于PTCT成像

针对相对平行直线扫描CT(PTCT)图像重建存在的有限角伪影问题,提出一种学习局部和非局部正则项的深度迭代展开方法。该方法将具有固定迭代次数的梯度下降算法迭代展开到神经网络,利用具有坐标注意力（CA）机制的卷积模块和Swin-Transformer模块作为迭代模块交替级联部署,构成端到端的深度重建网络。卷积模块学习局部正则化,其中CA用于减少图像过平滑;Swin-Transformer模块学习非局部正则化,提高网络对图像细节的恢复能力;在相邻模块间,使用迭代连接（IC）增强模型提取深层特征的能力,提高每次迭代的效率。通过消融实验验证了网络各部分的有效性,并在两种类型的数据集上进行实验,结果证明了本文方法的效果。实验结果表明,本文方法在抑制PTCT重建图像有限角伪影的同时,能较好地保留重建图像细节,提高重建图像质量。     

基于非凸L_(1-2)正则子的锥束X射线发光断层成像EI北大核心CSCD

锥束X射线发光断层成像(CB-XLCT)是一种新型分子影像模态,对疾病的早期检测、靶向治疗以及药物研制等具有重要意义。然而,通过传统的压缩感知理论反演生物体内纳米目标的三维分布时,高维系统矩阵的强相关性会直接影响成像质量。基于非凸稀疏L_(1-2)正则子,将CB-XLCT的成像问题转化为一种新的稀疏重建模型。采用一种凸差分算法来解决非凸泛函最小化问题,在每一步凸差分子迭代中采用一种带自适应惩罚项的交替方向乘子法进行高效求解。设计了单目标数字鼠仿体、双目标数字鼠仿体以及真实在体老鼠实验验证提出算法的有效性和稳健性,并与五种常见正则子(L_(1/2),L_1,L_2,TV和L_0)进行对比和分析。实验结果表明,L_(1-2)正则子的成像性能最优,提出方法可以有效解决CB-XLCT的快速成像问题。     

Comparison of in vitro breast cancer visibility in analyser‐based computed tomography with histopathology,mammography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

High‐resolution analyser‐based X‐ray imaging computed tomography (HR ABI‐CT) findings on in vitro human breast cancer are compared with histopathology, mammography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging. The HR ABI‐CT images provided significantly better low‐contrast visibility compared with the standard radiological images. Fine cancer structures indistinguishable and superimposed in mammograms were seen, and could be matched with the histopathological results. The mean glandular dose was less than 1 mGy in mammography and 12–13 mGy in CT and ABI‐CT. The excellent visibility of in vitro breast cancer suggests that HR ABI‐CT may have a valuable role in the future as an adjunct or even alternative to current breast diagnostics, when radiation dose is further decreased, and compact synchrotron radiation sources become available.     

层析成像图像重建算法综述

介绍了层析成像技术的图像重建算法,并从正向问题数学模型的简化和反向问题数学模型的映射结构的角度比较了各种算法的特点和优劣。研究表明:用本质是线性算法的各种变换方法重建图像存在严重失真,而卷积滤波的引入可以使变换方法的重建效果有所改善;基于导数搜索的迭代算法对初始值依赖性强、收敛速度慢并且容易陷入局部最优解;基于Fourier变换的方法具有本质的局限性;小波变换则可以同时刻画图像时域和频域的细节特征;有限元法通过重建对象像素的智能划分可以简化正问题的复杂性;而具有物理背景的蒙特卡罗法、模拟退火法、遗传算法、粒子滤波法及神经网络法更适合于复杂且非线性的图像重建;智能化、仿生化、并行化以及各种算法的融合是层析成像图像重建算法的发展趋势。     

Optimization-based image reconstruction in x-ray computed tomography by sparsity exploitation of local continuity and nonlocal spatial self-similarity

The additional sparse prior of images has been the subject of much research in problems of sparse-view computed tomography(CT) reconstruction. A method employing the image gradient sparsity is often used to reduce the sampling rate and is shown to remove the unwanted artifacts while preserve sharp edges, but may cause blocky or patchy artifacts.To eliminate this drawback, we propose a novel sparsity exploitation-based model for CT image reconstruction. In the presented model, the sparse representation and sparsity exploitation of both gradient and nonlocal gradient are investigated.The new model is shown to offer the potential for better results by introducing a similarity prior information of the image structure. Then, an effective alternating direction minimization algorithm is developed to optimize the objective function with a robust convergence result. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations have been carried out both on the simulation and real data in terms of accuracy and resolution properties. The results indicate that the proposed method can be applied for achieving better image-quality potential with the theoretically expected detailed feature preservation.     

Preliminary quantitative analysis of myocardial fatty acid metabolism from fluorescent X‐ray computed tomography imaging

Fluorescent X‐ray computed tomography (FXCT) using synchrotron radiation reveals the cross‐sectional distribution of specific elements in biomedical objects. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of FXCT imaging to assess the myocardial metabolic state quantitatively. Hearts labelled with non‐radioactive iodine myocardial fatty acid agent 15‐p‐(iodophenyl)‐3‐methylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) from cardiomyopathic and normal hamsters were imaged. FXCT images were compared with optical microscope images. Myocardial fatty acid metabolism enhanced with BMIPP was clearly depicted by FXCT, which showed an almost homogeneous image for normal and a heterogeneous image for cardiomyopathic hearts. Morphological structures of the heart such as the left ventricle and myocardial wall were also visualized by FXCT. Optical microscopy showed no fibrosis in normal and slight interstitial fibrosis in cardiomyopathic hearts. In the case of cardiomyopathy, the area of significantly reduced BMIPP uptake was 39% in the short axis of the mid‐left ventricle in the FXCT image, whereas a slight interstitial fibrosis of around 12% was recognized by optical microscopy for the same slice. This result indicated that reduced BMIPP uptake was caused by the myocardial fatty acid metabolic abnormality, not by the fibrosis in cardiomyopathy. Thus, FXCT images might be used to assess the quantitative metabolic analysis in small animal models of heart diseases.     

基于射线模型的超声声速层析算法研究进展

得益于超声换能器硬件的进步和数据采集速度的提升,超声层析成像近年来得到了越来越多的关注,特别是在乳腺成像领域.超声层析成像中的声速图像分布可以为乳腺组织表征提供良好的定量分析数据,进而使得超声层析成像在乳腺癌的诊断方面有着良好的应用前景.目前,超声声速层析重建方法主要包括基于射线模型和全波模型的两大类算法.基于射线模型...     

X射线CT环形伪影去除方法

为去除X射线CT图像中的环形伪影,建立了一种投影数据预处理方法。该方法通过对各角度投影数据逐一进行分段多项式拟合的方式建立异常探元的备选校正因子集合,再根据备选校正因子的概率密度分布确定最可几校正因子。介绍了方法的物理依据、原理及其实现步骤,并分析了其在复杂条件下的适应性。结果表明:该方法对稀疏环形伪影、密集环形伪影以及伴随强噪声污染的CT图像环形伪影均可去除;与中值滤波等方法相比,可以更好地保持图像的空间分辨率。该方法可用于多材质检测对象CT图像的处理。     

A note on medieval microfabrication: the visualization of a prayer nut by synchrotron‐based computer X‐ray tomography

One of the most fascinating objects in the Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) is an early 16th century prayer nut. This spherical wooden object measures 4 cm in diameter and consists of two hemispheres connected with a small hinge so that it can be opened. The interior of the nut holds wood carvings with scenes from the life of Christ. These miniature reliefs show an incredible degree of finish with carving details well beyond the millimetre scale. In the present paper it is shown how synchrotron‐based computer X‐ray tomography revealed the structure and fabrication method of the bead. The central part of the relief was cut from a single piece of wood, rather than assembled from multiple components, underlining the extraordinary manual dexterity of its maker. In addition, a piece of fibrous material contained in the inner structure of the bead is revealed. This may have served as a carrier for an odorous compound, which would be in line with the religious function of the prayer nut.     

Fast and accurate X‐ray fluorescence computed tomography imaging with the ordered‐subsets expectation maximization algorithm

The ordered‐subsets expectation maximization algorithm (OSEM) is introduced to X‐ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) and studied; here, simulations and experimental results are presented. The simulation results indicate that OSEM is more accurate than the filtered back‐projection algorithm, and it can efficiently suppress the deterioration of image quality within a large range of angular sampling intervals. Experimental results of both an artificial phantom and cirrhotic liver show that with a satisfying image quality the angular sampling interval could be improved to save on the data‐acquisition time when OSEM is employed. In addition, with an optimum number of subsets, the image reconstruction time of OSEM could be reduced to about half of the time required for one subset. Accordingly, it can be concluded that OSEM is a potential method for fast and accurate XFCT imaging.     

Fast parallel algorithm for three-dimensional distance-driven model in iterative computed tomography reconstruction

The projection matrix model is used to describe the physical relationship between reconstructed object and projection.Such a model has a strong influence on projection and backprojection,two vital operations in iterative computed tomographic reconstruction.The distance-driven model(DDM) is a state-of-the-art technology that simulates forward and back projections.This model has a low computational complexity and a relatively high spatial resolution;however,it includes only a few methods in a parallel operation with a matched model scheme.This study introduces a fast and parallelizable algorithm to improve the traditional DDM for computing the parallel projection and backprojection operations.Our proposed model has been implemented on a GPU(graphic processing unit) platform and has achieved satisfactory computational efficiency with no approximation.The runtime for the projection and backprojection operations with our model is approximately 4.5 s and 10.5 s per loop,respectively,with an image size of 256×256×256 and 360 projections with a size of 512×512.We compare several general algorithms that have been proposed for maximizing GPU efficiency by using the unmatched projection/backprojection models in a parallel computation.The imaging resolution is not sacrificed and remains accurate during computed tomographic reconstruction.     

An algorithm for computed tomography image reconstruction from limited-view projections

<正>With the development of the compressive sensing theory,the image reconstruction from the projections viewed in limited angles is one of the hot problems in the research of computed tomography technology.This paper develops an iterative algorithm for image reconstruction,which can fit most cases.This method gives an image reconstruction flow with the difference image vector,which is based on the concept that the difference image vector between the reconstructed and the reference image is sparse enough.Then the l_2-norm minimization method is used to reconstruct the difference vector to recover the image for flat subjects in limited angles.The algorithm has been tested with a thin planar phantom and a real object in limited-view projection data.Moreover,all the studies showed the satisfactory results in accuracy at a rather high reconstruction speed.