6,6'-Substituent effect of BINOL in bis-titanium chiral Lewis acid catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones

By the accommodation of modified BINOLs as chiral ligands, enantioselectivities in the bis-titanium chiral Lewis acid catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-diphenylmethyl nitrones and methacrolein could be improved.     

Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrones and acrolein with a bis-titanium catalyst as chiral Lewis acid

A mu-oxo-type chiral bis-Ti(IV) oxide (S,S)-1 can be successfully utilized in the asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between various nitrones 2 and acrolein to give the corresponding isoxazolidines with high to excellent enantioselectivities. For instance, the reaction between nitrone 2 (R = t-Bu) and acrolein in the presence of 10 mol % of bis-Ti(IV) catalyst (S,S)-1 in dichloromethane at -40 degrees C gave the corresponding endo cycloadduct with 97% ee.     

Computer-assisted design of asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between dimethylvinylborane and chiral nitrones

This report describes a theoretical study of the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between dimethylvinylborane and different chiral nitrones, aimed at identifying the requisite structural features to achieve high levels of selectivity. Excellent regioselectivities towards the formation of the 5-borylisoxazolidines are computed in all cases due to the presence of a strong secondary orbital interaction between the boron of the vinylborane and the oxygen of the nitrones. While these transition structures show [3+3] character, 4-boryl regioisomeric structures have classical [3+2] character with weak carbon-boron secondary orbital interactions. Endo transition structures leading to the favoured products adopt chair-like conformations only, unlike their exo counterparts, which exhibit either boat or twist-boat structures. Placing a stereocentre adjacent to the nitrone nitrogen appears to be an effective strategy to stereodiscriminate the anti and syn approaches of the dipolarophile.     

Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of a chiral nonracemic glyoxylic azomethine imine

The reactivity of a chiral nonracemic glyoxylic azomethine imine has been investigated. This species reacts with a wide range of dipolarophiles, with a complete regio- and facial stereoselectivity. The introduction of an electron-withdrawing substituent on the ylide leads to a lower endo selectivity with electron-withdrawing dipolarophiles, but to an improved exo selectivity with styrene derivatives when compared to the reactivity of aliphatic- or aromatic-substituted ylides.     

Asymmetric cyclization of unsaturated aldehydes catalyzed by a chiral lewis acid

A highly enantioselective cyclization of prochiral unsaturated aldehydes has been accomplished with a chiral zinc reagent derived from dimethylzinc and ($\text{R}$)-(+)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol.     

Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of chiral carboxyloyl nitrile oxides to cycloalkenes

Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of chiral carboxyloyl nitrile oxides derived from (2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam, (1R)-8-phenylmenthol, N,N-dicyclohexyl-10-sulfamoyl-(2R)-isoborneol, and 7,7-dimethylnorbornane-(1S,2R)-oxazolidinone to four cycloalkenes, leading to the corresponding 2-isoxazolines in both moderate yields and diastereoselectivities, are presented. All cycloadducts were converted into the corresponding alcohols, which were used for the determination of enantiomeric purity via chiral gas chromatography. In the case of the six-membered ring cycloadduct, the absolute configuration was determined by X-ray analysis.     

Synthesis and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of a new enantiopure cyclic nitrone

A new enantiopure cyclic nitrone has been efficiently synthesized from a d-glyceraldehyde derivative. Its 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to different classes of dipolarophiles show complete antifacial selectivity, furnishing highly functionalized enantiopure bicyclic isoxazolidines.     

Intramolecular low-temperature 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrones: synthesis of chromano-heterocycles

In contrast to the reported facile intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of in-situ generated nitrone on heterocyclic systems, reactions of 2-(N-allyl/crotyl/cinnamyl-anilino)-3-formylchromones with N-phenyl-/methylhydroxylamine under comparable conditions, afford fused isoxazolidines only in low to moderate yields; the corresponding amides derived from rearrangement of in situ generated nitrones are formed as major products. However, when reactions were carried by stirring the reactants at an ice-cold temperature in dichloromethane, highly stereoselective intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions lead to novel fused isoxazolidines in high yields (80-90%).     

Theoretical study of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrone and fulminic acid with substituted ethylenes

Molecular orbital calculations were performed to examine the electronic effects involved in the regioselectivity in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrone and fulminic acid. The substituted ethylene dipolarophiles were selected to represent a range of electron-donating/withdrawing abilities: amino, methyl, carbaldehyde (both in the s-cis and the s-trans conformations), and nitrile. The reactions were all asynchronous, with early transition sites. The regioselectivity was correlated with the ability of the substituent to donate or withdraw electrons. With electron-donating substituents, the substituent was directed preferentially to the oxygen end of the dipole and this shifted toward the other regioisomer as the electron-withdrawing ability of the substitutent increased. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 1795–1804, 1998     

Stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of a chiral nitrone derived from erythrulose. An experimental and DFT theoretical study

We have investigated several 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of a chiral nitrone prepared from L-erythrulose. While cycloadditions to carbon-carbon multiple bonds of dipolarophiles such as ethyl acrylate, ethyl propiolate, or dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate were poorly stereoselective, reaction with acrylonitrile provided predominantly one diastereomeric adduct. Furthermore, the regioselectivity exhibited by the two structurally similar dipolarophiles ethyl acrylate and ethyl propiolate was found to be opposite. The molecular mechanisms of these cycloadditions have thus been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) methods with the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G and 6-31+G basis sets. A simplified achiral version of nitrone 1 as the dipole, and methyl propiolate or acrylonitrile as the dipolarophiles, were chosen as computational models. The cycloadditions have been shown to take place through one-step pathways in which the C-C and C-O sigma bonds are formed in a nonsynchronous way. For the reaction with methyl propiolate, DFT calculations predict the experimentally observed meta regioselectivity. For the reaction with acrylonitrile, however, the predicted regioselectivity has been found to depend on the computational level used. The calculations further indicate the exo approach to be energetically favored in the case of the latter dipolarophile, in agreement with experimental findings. The main reason for this is the steric repulsion between the nitrile function and one of the methyl groups on the nitrone that progressively develops in the alternative endo approach.     

Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of chiral sulphinylethenes with 1-methyl-3-oxido-pyridinium and some nitrones

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of (R)-(+)-p-tolyl vinyl sulphoxide 1 with 1-methyl-3-oxidopyridinium 6 proceeded in a diastereoselective manner to afford the exo and endo cycloadducts 11a,b and 12a in 36%, 7% and 29% yield, respectively. The absolute configuration of 11a was determined by its transformation to (1S)-(−)-2-tropanol (−)-15. Attempts to the cycloaddition of the sulphinylethenes 17–19 with the pyridinium 6 were nsuccessful under several conditions. The reaction of the sulphoxide 20 with pyrroline 1-oxide 21 gave an inseparable mixture of products. The cycloaddition of 20 with 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-oxide22 afforded a mixture of four adducts in ca. 90% yield. High level of diastereoselectivity was achieved for the endo cycloaddition affording the adduct 23 in 33% isolated yield. The absolute configuration of 23 was confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The stereochemical course of the reaction was discussed based on the absolute configuration of the products.     

Asymmetric inverse electron-demand 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of ynolates with a chiral nitrone derived from l-serine leading to β-amino acid derivatives

Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of lithium ynolates with a nitrone derived from Garner’s aldehyde is described. The cycloadducts, 5-isoxazolidinones, were obtained in good yields with high diastereoselectivity. Alkylation of the intermediates, the 5-isoxazolidinone enolates, was also achieved with high selectivity, the products of which were converted into the enantiomerically pure β-amino acids, β-lactams, and γ-lactams. In our cycloaddition, lithium ynolates proved to be much better as nucleophiles than lithium enolates.     

Iron and ruthenium Lewis acid catalyzed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between nitrones and enals

The single coordination-site transition metal Lewis acids [CpM(BIPHOP-F)][SbF6] (M = Fe, Ru) catalyze the [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition reaction between reactive nitrones and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes to give chiral isoxazolidines with ee values of 75 to >96%. The stereochemistry of the major enantiomer is consistent with an endo approach of the nitrone to the Calpha-Si-face of the enal in the s-trans conformation in the (R,R)-catalyst site. The absolute configuration is based on an X-ray structure determination.     

Silver acetate-catalysed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of imines and chiral acrylamides

N-Metallated azomethine ylides were generated by the reaction of arylidene glycine imines with AgOAc and triethylamine. These azomethine ylides undergo cycloaddition to chiral acrylamides with excellent diastereoselectivity. The configuration of two of the cycloadducts was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.     

Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of α,β-unsaturated nitriles with nitrones catalyzed by chiral-at-metal rhodium or iridium complexes

The aqua complexes (S_M,R_C)-[(η⁵-C₅Me₅)M{(R)-Prophos}(H₂O)](SbF₆)₂ (M = Rh, Ir; (R)-Prophos = 1,2-bisdiphenylphosphino propane) catalyze the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (DCR) of nitrones with α,β-unsaturated nitriles with low-to-moderate enantioselectivity. The involved catalysts [(η⁵-C₅Me₅)M{(R)-Prophos}(α,β-unsaturated nitrile)](SbF₆)₂, isolated as mixtures of the (S_M,R_C)- and (R_M,R_C)-diastereomers, have been fully characterized, and the molecular structure of the complexes (S_Rh,R_C)-[(η⁵-C₅Me₅)Rh{(R)-Prophos}(cis-2-pentenenitrile)](SbF₆)₂ and (S_Ir,R_C)-[(η⁵-C₅Me₅)Ir{(R)-Prophos}(acrylonitrile)](SbF₆)₂ has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The (R)-at-metal epimers isomerize to the (S)-at-metal counterparts. Diastereopure (S_M,R_C)-[(η⁵-C₅Me₅)M{(R)-Prophos}(α,β-unsaturated nitrile)](SbF₆)₂ complexes catalyze the above-mentioned DCR in a stoichiometric manner with up to 97% ee. The results make clear the influence of the metal configuration on the catalytic stereochemical outcome. The catalysts can be recycled without significant loss of either activity or selectivity.     

Enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones catalyzed by optically active cationic cobalt(III) complexes

[reaction: see text] The optically active beta-ketoiminato cationic cobalt(III) complexes were employed as efficient Lewis acid catalysts for the enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with nitrones. Excellent endo selectivities and high enantioselectivities were achieved in the cycloaddition reaction of 1-cyclopentene-1-carbaldehyde and the nitrones derived from 2-halobenzaldehyde.     

Theoretical study of reactant activation in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of cyclic nitrones to free and Pt-bound nitriles

[reaction: see text] 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of the cyclic nitrones CH2(CH2)2CH=NO (N1), CH2CH2OCH=NO (N2), CH2-OCH2CH=NO (N3), and O(CH2)2CH=NO (N4) to organonitriles, RCN-both free (R = CH(3), CF(3)) and ligated to Pt(II) and Pt(IV) (in the complexes trans-[PtCl(2)(NCCH(3))(2)] (1) and trans-[PtCl(4)(NCCH(3))(2)] (2))-was investigated extensively by theoretical methods at different levels of theory. The effectiveness of two types of dipolarophile activation (by introducing a strong electron-acceptor group R and by coordination to a metal center) was analyzed and compared. The influence of factors such as the nature of the cyclic nitrone and the nature of the solvent on the reactions was also studied. The reactivity of dipoles and dipolarophiles increases along the series N4 < N1 approximately N3 < N2 and CH(3)CN < CF(3)CN < 1 < 2; the latter demonstrates that the coordination of RCN to a Pt center provides an even higher activation effect upon cycloaddition in comparison with the introduction of a strong electron-acceptor group R such as CF(3). A higher reactivity of the cyclic dipole N1 in comparison with acyclic nitrones (e.g., CH(3)CH=N(CH(3))O) is interpreted to be a result of its exclusive existence in a more strained and hence more reactive E- rather than Z-configuration. The activation and reaction energies have been calculated at different basis sets and levels of theory, up to MP4(SDTQ), CCSD(T), and CBS-Q. The activation energies are weakly sensitive to a change of the correlated methods. The consideration of the solvent effects results in the increase of the activation barriers, and such enhancement is less pronounced for the nonpolar or low polar solvents. The cycloadditions to CH(3)CN and CF(3)CN were found to be nearly synchronous, but these reactions involving 1 and 2 are clearly asynchronous. Moreover, the reaction of N2 with 2 proceeds via a very early acyclic transition state, while for all other reactions the transition states have a cyclic nature.     

Improved catalysis of nitrone 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions by solving the aggregation issue of the DBFOX/Ph-transition metal complexes

A new method has been demonstrated to solve the aggregation issue of metal complex catalysts; Steric protection of the metal center of catalysts was effective in the cases of DBFOX/Ph-transition metal complexes by structural modification of chiral ligand. The new ligands have been successfully applied to the nitrone cycloadditions to a variety of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Excellent enantioselectivities up to 99% ee have been demonstrated in the reactions at room temperature with a catalytic loading of 2 mol %.