等离子体断路开关装置上的多丝Z箍缩初步实验

 开展了基于等离子体断路开关的脉冲功率源驱动多丝Z箍缩负载初步实验，实验中采用了2根或4根钨丝组成的环形阵列，其中钨丝的直径分别为7 mm和20 mm。利用高速扫描摄影获取钨丝电爆炸和箍缩过程中等离子体自发光的物理图像。实验结果表明：导通电流为105 kA的等离子体断路开关将67%~78%的电流转换至金属丝阵负载上，负载电流上升沿为84~110 ns。高速扫描相机观察到了钨丝电爆炸形成晕等离子体及其向轴线箍缩和后期向外膨胀的物理过程。     

真空中金属丝电爆炸数值模拟研究

利用金属丝电爆炸物理数学模型对电爆炸物理过程开展了数值模拟,研究了不同直径铝丝电爆炸特性,进一步分析了金属丝内沉积能量、电压击穿时刻、电压峰值随金属丝直径的变化规律,并与相关实验数据作了对比。     

真空及空气中金属丝电爆炸特性研究

开展了铝丝在真空和空气环境中的电爆炸特性研究.从金属丝电爆炸的电压、电流波形得到了金属丝内的沉积能量,并基于以上电参数特征分析了电爆炸产物的状态,获得了空气中铝丝电爆炸电流暂停时间随初级储能电容充电电压的变化规律.真空和空气中铝丝电爆炸在电压击穿时刻的沉积能量分别为2.8和6 eV/atom.采用波长为532 nm、亚纳秒激光探针对金属丝电爆炸物理过程开展了高时空分辨率的阴影和纹影诊断.阴影图像清晰地展示了不同气氛环境中高密度电爆炸产物的膨胀过程,根据光学诊断图像分析了高密度丝核沉积能量的结构和空气中铝丝电爆炸产生的激波的膨胀轨迹.真空和空气环境中高密度电爆炸产物的平均膨胀速度分别为1.9和3 km/s.基于实验数据和输运参数模型,估算了金属丝在电压击穿时刻的温度.     

并联金属丝提高电爆炸丝沉积能量的数值模拟

对于低气压或真空环境中的电爆炸丝,因丝沿面击穿会过早终止能量沉积过程,使丝中沉积能量(Ed)大大低于金属丝完全汽化时所需能量(Es).本文提出并联金属丝法延缓沿面击穿时刻以提高电爆炸丝沉积能量.对电流上升时间为几十纳秒、幅值约为1 kA级作用下的金属丝电爆炸过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明,在电爆炸丝两端并联一定尺寸的金属丝可降低爆炸丝端电压上升率,从而推迟电压上升过程中沿面击穿时刻,显著提高丝中沉积能量和过热系数.     

双层丝阵Z箍缩电流分配实验研究

负载内外层电流分配是决定双层丝阵Z箍缩内爆动力学模式的关键因素. 在"强光一号"装置上, 利用微型磁探针系统定量测量了双层钨丝阵三个重要径向位置点的电流, 获得了其在驱动电流开始上升至驱动电流达到峰值之前20ns这一阶段内的时间演化行为. 实验使用的双层钨丝阵负载高度为20mm、单丝直径为3.8μm、内/外层丝阵直径分别为8mm/16mm. 对比了内/外层丝根数分别为42/21和21/42时电流分配的差异. 结果表明: 驱动电流上升过程中, 内外层丝阵的电流均逐步增大, 外层丝阵电流份额逐渐减小, 而内层丝阵电流份额逐渐增大; 内层丝阵最大电流份额未超过50%; 内/外层丝根数为21/42的负载外层电流较大. 关键词： Z箍缩 双层丝阵 电流分配     

X-ray backlighting of two-wire Z-pinch plasma using X-pinch

Two 50-μm Mo wires in parallel used as a Z-pinch load are electrically exploded with a pulsed current rising to 275 kA in 125 ns and their explosion processes are backlighted using an X-pinch as an x-ray source.The backlighting images show clearly the processes similar to those occurring in the initial stages of a cylindrical wire-array Z-pinch,including the electric explosion of single wires characterised by the dense wire cores surrounded by a low-density coronal plasma,the expansion of the exploding wire,the sausage instability (m=0) in the coronal plasma around each wire,the motion of the coronal plasma as well as the wire core toward the current centroid,the formation of the precursor plasma column with a twist structure something like that of higher mode instability,especially the kink instability (m=1).     

快前沿直线脉冲变压器平台单丝电爆炸实验研究

基于前沿约100 ns、电流约100 kA的快前沿直线脉冲变压器（FLTD）平台,开展了单丝电爆炸相关实验研究。围绕FLTD平台搭建了激光探针和可见光分幅相机等离子体图像诊断系统,采用可见光PIN和XRD分别测量了单丝电爆炸的辐射特性。实验获得了不同时刻对应的W丝（15 m）和镀膜W丝（15 m W+2m 聚胺亚胺）电爆炸的物理图像,呈现了两种情况下金属丝融蚀过程以及等离子体不稳定性发展的过程。实验结果表明,镀膜能够增加电流初始阶段的能量馈入,进而改善金属丝的电爆炸特性。     

“强光一号”装置上部分Z箍缩实验结果的物理分析

从原子的电离能和维持等离子体所需能量出发，给出了估算任一元素材料，要产生任一壳层的X射线辐射，每个离子(原子)所需要的基本能量和要达到的内爆箍缩速度的方法.对“强光一号”加速器上典型的氪喷气和部分钨丝阵Z箍缩实验的电流和电压波形所蕴涵的丰富物理信息进行了分析，得到了电感和洛伦兹(Lorentz)力做功等物理量的变化规律以及负载参数变化对它们的影响.该电感与基于壳层模型计算出的电感有较大的差异.前者随箍缩开始而缓慢增大，甚至在箍缩到心和飞散后还在增大，最后大致稳定在100 nH附近.差异可能是由于壳层模型过于简化和电流电压的测点同负载有一定的距离而造成的.当丝阵直径为8 mm时，洛伦兹力做功最大；当丝阵直径相同时，丝数较大时，洛伦兹力做功也较大.同时还对该加速器的喷气和丝阵负载的线质量进行了优化，表明也是直径为8 mm的钨丝阵为最佳负载，这同实验的优化结果也一致.     

Plasma Blow-Off from Electrode Surfaces in the Presence of Vacuum-Ultraviolet Radiation

Experiments have been performed using a low-energy pulser (100 J electrical) to simulate the PITHON wire initiation process by exploding two stainless steel wires and thus providing a UV radiation source. The plasma boundary and density profie near the surface of a sample (electrode material) placed near the radiating wires was observed by taking both a shodowgraph and a hologram. The total energy radiated per wire ranged from 2.0 to 9.5 J/wire for peak currents of 13.5 and 25 kA/wire, respectively. The plasma density profile shows ne = 1.0 × 1018/cm3 near the surface of the sample and ne = 2 × 1016/cm3 near the plasma vacuum interface (plasma front). The final plasma front position has a linear dependence on the total incident energy density with the constant being 1.43 mm/(J/cm2), thus the average expansion velocity dependence on energy density is 1.02 cm/?s/ -J/cm2. Upon varying the sample material, the sample temperature, magnetic field, and the surface roughness, only the magnetic field and the rough electrode surface reduced the plasma front position by approximately a factor of two.     

Dynamics of mass transport and magnetic fields in low-wire-number-array Z pinches

The dynamics of mass transport were observed in a wire array implosion with multiframe laser probing. Plasma bubbles arise at breaks in the wires. Interferometry shows that the leading edge of the bubbles brings material to the axis of the array. The speed of this material was measured to be > or =3 x 10(7) cm/s during the wire array implosion. A shock was observed during the collision of the bubbles with the precursor. The Faraday effect indicates current flowing in breaks on the wires. The current switches from the imploding mass to the on-axis plasma column at the beginning of the x-ray pulse.     

铜镍合金丝电爆炸放电特性与时空演化行为

脉冲电流驱动金属丝电爆炸可产生具有较高能量密度的等离子体,并伴随脉冲电磁辐射、强冲击波等效应,广泛应用于Z箍缩、电热化学武器、油气助采等领域;与纯金属相比,合金具备电阻率高、成分可调、相变复杂等特点,在电爆炸效应参数的调控方面具有很大潜力。开展了大气空气介质中铜、镍、铜镍（康铜）丝在微秒时间尺度电脉冲作用下电爆炸实验研究,通过放电参数与自辐射图像诊断,获取电爆炸过程放电参数与时空演变的特性规律,得到脉冲电流作用下合金电爆炸在相变与等离子体方面的特征。实验发现,在电爆炸早期,铜镍合金的高电阻率能够提高能量沉积效率:铜52%、镍74%、铜镍合金78%;而相爆开始后,合金丝负载则更接近纯镍丝负载性能。等离子体通道早期膨胀速率在5 mm/μs量级,随后迅速衰减;合金丝等离子体膨胀时间更久,击穿后平均电阻率上升缓慢,且等离子体辐射与金属爆炸产物在空间尺度上存在关联性。特别地,铜镍合金气溶胶分层同时具有横向和纵向特征（特征尺度10?1 mm）,但整体较铜气溶胶更为均匀。     

A novel controllable double-layer magnetic lattice with cold atoms

We propose a novel array of controllable double-well magnetic microtraps for cold atoms by using an array of square current-carrying wires and two additional bias magnetic fields. Arrays of double layer magnetooptical traps (MOTs) and Ioffe traps can be constructed by using same wire configurations and different currents and bias fields. Furthermore, the array of double-well magnetic microtraps can be continuously evolved as an array of single-well magnetic microtraps by reducing the currents in the wires. Our study shows that our scheme can be used to realize a controllable double-layer magnetic lattice with cold atoms, to form array of Bose-Einstein condensations (BECs), or to study atom interference, and so on.     

Suppression of the ablation phase in wire array Z pinches using a tailored current prepulse

A new wire array configuration has been used to create thin shell-like implosions in a cylindrical array. The setup introduces a ~5 kA, ~25 ns current prepulse followed by a ~140 ns current-free interval before the application of the main (~1 MA) current pulse. The prepulse volumetrically heats the wires which expand to ~1 mm diameter leaving no dense wire core and without development of instabilities. The main current pulse then ionizes all the array mass resulting in suppression of the ablation phase, an accelerating implosion, and no trailing mass. Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth in the imploding plasma is inferred to be seeded by μm-scale perturbations on the surface of the wires. The absence of wire cores is found to be the critical factor in altering the implosion dynamics.     

Formation of extended directional breakdown channels produced by a copper wire exploding in the atmosphere

Experimental data for switching initiated by the electrical breakdown of air gaps up to 1.9 m long with an arbitrary geometry that are produced by an exploding copper wire 90 μm in diameter are presented. At an initial voltage of 11 kV, the stored energy equals 100–2100 J. Two channel formation conditions are possible: explosion of a wire without electrical breakdown and electrical breakdown in a channel produced by an exploding wire with a delay (current pause) no longer than 250 μs. Current and voltage waveforms across the discharge gap, as well as the resistivity values, under the electrical breakdown conditions are shown. Mechanisms and conditions for streamer initiation at a mean electric field strength in the discharge gap of 5.3–17.0 kV/m are discussed. The geometrical dimensions of plasma objects in the forming channel, the run of the electrical current under breakdown, and the formation mechanism of wire explosion products are found from color microphotographs. The formation mechanism of large aerosols in the form of tiny spherical copper and copper oxide (CuO, Cu₂O) particles under wire explosion conditions is discussed.     

中性原子的表面双磁光阱及其应用

提出了一种新的采用载流导线的表面双磁光阱(MOT)方案(即双U型导线磁光阱方案)。通过改变中间U型导线中的电流大小,即可将一个双磁阱连续地合并为一个单磁阱,反之亦然。详细计算和分析了上述双U型载流导线磁光阱方案的磁场及其梯度的空间分布,研究发现当导线中的电流为600 A,z方向均匀偏置磁感应强度为-4.0×10-3 T时,双U型导线方案产生的两个磁阱中心的磁场梯度约为1.5×10-3~2.5×10-3 T/cm,结合通常制备磁光阱时所用的三维粘胶(Molasses)光束即可在基底表面附近形成一双磁光阱。理论分析表明在弱光近似下,每个磁光阱中所能俘获的85Rb原子数约为106 量级,相应的磁光阱温度约为270μK。由于双磁光阱可以独立制备,所以双U型导线方案特别适用于制备双样品磁光阱,并用于研究双原子样品的冷碰撞性质。     

Study of a railgun plasma armature

An experimental and theoretical study of a railgun plasma is presented. The experimental results have been obtained by recording the voltage and current variations as well as the spectral emission of the plasma. The gas pressure, helium, or air in contact with the exploding foil has been varied from 0.1 to 2 MPa. The apparatus consisted of a test chamber simulating a railgun facility. To complete the study, some measurements of the plasma characteristics in the 500-kJ EMA 1 railgun system have been recorded. It is shown that the resistance of the plasma, which is 15 mΩ at 10 kA, decreases to 0.2 mΩ at 500 kA. These results indicate the effect of the energy flow to the walls and that of the ionization potential of the gas in contact with the exploding foil at lower currents     

Gain in the stability of NbTi composite superconductor doped by large-heat-capacity substance Gd<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript>S

The effect of internal doping of a NbTi composite wire by a large-heat-capacity substance (Gd₂O₂S ceramics) on the critical currents and stability against short thermal disturbances (with a typical time on the order of 1 ms) is studied experimentally and theoretically. The composite wire studied in this work is similar in design to conductors used in the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER). The additive introduced into the wire in an amount of 5 vol % raises its specific heat ninefold at 4.2 K. It is found that the critical current of the (NbTi + Gd₂O₂S) wire increases by 8–11% in comparison with a reference NbTi wire depending on the external magnetic field varying between 5 and 7 T. Although the potential of high specific heat is not utilized completely, the critical thermal energies of the doped wires are three to four times higher than those of the undoped (reference) wires at near-critical currents.     

Electrical explosion of conductors in the high-pressure zone of a convergent shock wave

The effect of the environmental pressure on the electrical explosion of a conductor (fine tungsten wire of diameter 30 μm) in an insulating liquid (distilled water) is studied. The pressure in the water is produced by exploding a multiwire array with the test conductor on its axis. Along with the experiment, the magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the explosion is carried out. It is shown that a high pressure produced in the explosion zone retards the electrical explosion of the conductor and, consequently, increases the explosion energy.     

Large enhancement of domain wall-induced anomalous magnetoresistance in ferrimagnetic Tb/Co wires: The effect of injecting spin Hall current

We demonstrated domain wall (DW)-induced anomalous magnetoresistance (MR) generated in asymmetric and symmetric ferrimagnetic Tb/Co multilayered, and Tb–Co alloyed wires. The extraordinary Hall effect (EHE)-induced circulating currents in the vicinity of DWs between longitudinal voltage probes are assigned to the anomalous MR. A large anomalous MR ~1.5% was obtained in the asymmetric Tb/Co multilayered wire. The large MR can be attributed to an addition of spin Hall current with a long coherence length from an adjacent Pt layer. These results open new possibilities for the use of ferrimagnetic multilayered wires beyond multi-function devices.     

平行面多金属钨丝Z箍缩实验研究

 利用“阳”加速器对平行面多金属钨丝（直径17 μm，丝间距1 mm，丝数3根或5根）负载进行了Z箍缩聚爆实验研究。在峰值为350 kA,上升沿约80 ns的电流作用下，使用针孔成像技术和X射线诊断技术，获得多钨丝等离子体融合图像及相应的软X射线辐射信号。对金属丝聚爆过程中负载电流变化对实验影响进行了分析，并探讨了引起聚爆过程中的等离子体柱腊肠型不稳定性、扭曲型不稳定性和“热点”及其周围弥散斑等现象的原因。