会聚光束法准直正支共焦非稳腔

介绍一种正支共焦非稳腔的新准直法。用耦合输出镜背面和具有一定焦距、口径的会聚光束,顺利完成了谐振腔准直,准直精度约10μrad。与凹面镜开小孔的准直方法相比,会聚光束法准直非稳腔,能滤掉耦合输出镜的零级反射光,使氦氖参考光束清楚显示谐振腔的准直和参量变化。     

验证主平面性质的实验

为使学生更好地理解主平面的性质,我在测节仪(连云港光仪厂出品)上安排了下达实验. 用40×显微镜物镜前片当作扩束镜,置于 He-Ne激光管前,再用 7×望远镜的物镜(口径=52 mm)作准直镜,以此所得粗平行光束作为本实验的光源。以两个薄透镜组成共轴球面系统简称(透镜组),基本参数见表一. 先以上述平行光束,在测节仪上按传统方法测定透镜组的基点,实验数据见表二. 为较准确地测出主平面的位置,激光束的准直调整是关键.如果经准直后的光束稍有发散或会聚,则通过透镜组后的会聚点就不是焦点,用摆杆找到的节点(主点)以及量出的焦距自然是不准确的.…     

高功率激光系统共轴鬼光束光斑大小及光强的计算

高功率激光系统中鬼光束对元件安全造成威胁 ,并导致主光束质量变坏 ,故鬼光束会聚点的位置和鬼光束会聚光斑光强的定量分析 ,对高功率激光系统安全运行非常重要。根据高斯光束在共轴有限孔径光学系统中的传输变换规律 ,得到了平行光束和同心光束在共轴光学系统中的光斑传输变换公式 ,进而计算了高功率激光系统典型结构单元鬼光束会聚点的位置和鬼光束会聚光斑的光强。结果表明 ,共轴光学系统中鬼点分布都在光轴上 ,单元件构成的系统在未考虑增益介质放大时 ,鬼光束会聚光斑的光强随鬼点阶次的升高下降较快 ,而多元件构成的系统则规律性不明显。     

分光计粗调遗留偏角的允许限度与分离偏角自准法

在运用自准法进行调整之前，通过目测粗调，使望远镜光轴的仰角及载物台上平面镜（即平行平面平晶）与分光计中心轴的夹角尽可能减小，使此二偏角均小于允许限度，这是很重要的一步，往往对全过程是否进展顺利影响极大．但是目测粗调毕竟是粗略的，必然存在遗留偏角．因此分析一下偏角的允许限度是必要的．如图1，设分光计中心轴铅直，a为望远镜准直用的出射平行光束偏离水平面的仰角，q为载物台上准直用的平面镜偏离中心轴的倾角．当平面镜随载物台旋转180后，反射光束与人射光束之夹角就由2变为，反射光的方向就改变了y—4p；由图2可知，…     

利用准直管法测凹透镜的焦距

介绍了利用准直管精确测量凹透镜焦距的方法，该方法借助一个焦距较长的凸透镜与被测凹透镜组成无焦系统，可以使准直管出射光束的张角发生改变；用一辅助凸透镜与一测微目镜进行平行光束的会聚，测出准直管玻罗板线对在辅助凸透镜焦平面上所成像的大小；经过相应计算可得到被测凹透镜的焦距。     

直线的包络在几何光学中的一个应用

直线的包络在几何光学中的一个应用张民（内蒙古电力学校呼和浩特０１００１０）１问题的提出几何光学中，对平行于主光轴的光束照射在球面反光镜上，其反射光线会聚于一点的前题条件是平行光束必须具有“近轴性”，否则，不能会聚在球面反光镜半径的一半处．在几何光学中...     

用激光散斑照相研究高温差自然对流换热

一、测量原理与方法 使用散斑照相测量加热竖板自然对流温度场的实验装置如图1所示。来自He-Ne激光器LS的光束经过聚焦透镜L1,针孔滤波器Al和准直透镜L2后,以一束准直平行光束通过测试段TS。前置放大透镜L_8将测试段成像在毛玻璃GG上。当激光束照射毛玻璃时,被毛玻璃粗糙表面所散射的光束会在空间形成     

圆柱体的空间圆锥光反射、折射与衍射

用准直或会聚激光束倾斜照射圆柱体时,其反射光、透射光(柱体透明时)、衍射光(柱体较细时)的叠加将形成以光束入射点为顶点的空间圆锥形光面(空间光锥),并且在垂直于柱体轴线方向的观察平面上投影成一圆形光环.空间光锥的形成与所选圆柱体材料及其粗细无关,只要其表面具有一定反射能力即可.空间光锥的锥角等于入射光束主光轴与圆柱体轴线夹角的2倍,与圆柱体和照射光束的直径大小及光波长无关.给出了对光纤及不同直径大小的玻璃和金属圆柱体的实验观察结果,并利用矢量图解法对其进行了详细地理论分析.进而得出,通常所谓单丝衍射图样,实际上是细丝的衍射和其表面的反射光场的叠加图样,对于透明细丝,还包括其透射光场的贡献.圆柱体的这种空间圆锥光反射和衍射原理有可能用于光束定位、成形、表面检测以及三维面形测量等 关键词： 圆柱体 空间光锥 投影光环     

从反射面检测锥体棱镜直角误差的方法

介绍了一种使用平面干涉仪检测锥体棱镜直角误差的方法。使用这一检测方法时需要制做一个角度为24.4°的夹具,将被测棱镜放置在夹具之上。这个夹具的作用是,可以使来自干涉仪的标准平行光束(测试光束)由反射面折射入棱镜内,并且垂直于被测直角棱线,经被测直角两个面的反射光仍按原光路返回。当出射光束与干涉仪的标准平行光束(参考光束)重合时产生干涉,实现在平面干涉仪上对锥体棱镜直角误差的测量。与传统的测量方法相比较,该方法具有测量准确、计算精度高的特点。适合于对高精度锥体棱镜(α≤3″)直角误差的测量。     

光束发散度对紫外写入光纤光栅的影响

用傅里叶衍射光学分析了准分子激光束发散度对于光纤光栅制备的影响，发现光束发散角使光纤光栅的布拉格波长发生改变，相位版后干涉场沿光纤轴向和径向不均匀，对制备30dB高反射率光纤光栅造成困难。实验结果与理论分析基本一致，相对于理想平行光束情况，会聚光束使得光纤光栅布拉格波长出现在短波一边，发射光束使得光纤光栅布拉格波长出现在长波一边。     

格兰-泰勒棱镜透射光强分布研究

从棱镜的结构特点出发,结合菲涅耳定律和等厚干涉原理,导出了格兰-泰勒棱镜透射光强分布的有关公式,分析了在平面光波和会聚光束入射时,光强分布特征,并进行了实验测试,测试结果与理论结果相一致.理论和实验结果表明：平面光波入射时,产生等间距和等相衬度的条纹;发散光束入射时一般产生不平行的、宽度和相衬度连续变化的条纹.     

Spot focus size effect in spectroscopic ellipsometry of thin films

A focused as opposed to collimated light beam is typically used as probe in order to achieve a smaller as well as more intense light interrogation area in spectroscopic ellipsometry of thin films. In this work, we performed geometric ray analysis at the illumination and recording ends of such a system. The numerical results revealed substantial changes in (i) average optical path length and (ii) optical path length differences, which varied according to wavelength despite the film thickness remaining uniform. These results were able to consistently explain the anomalies found when different focus probe beam sizes were used in experimental spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements.     

Laser drilling of thick material using femtosecond pulse with a focus of dual-frequency beam

Laser drilling is one of the basic, most frequently performed, material removal processes. The drilling aspect ratio is theoretically limited by the size and the focal depth of the machining laser spot. The aspect ratio can be improved by using dual focus. In this paper we describe a focus of two different frequencies based on the longitudinal chromatic aberration arisen when polychromatic collimated light is incident on a positive lens element. In the experiments, a Ti:Sapphire laser of 800 nm wavelength and 150 fs pulse duration was used as a source. Two tightly focused laser spots few hundred micrometers apart from each other were formed by focusing a combined collimated laser beam which contains the fundamental optic frequency and the second harmonic optic frequency. The focus of dual-frequency beam was used to drill a 3 mm thick PMMA plate. The drilling aspect ratio of a dual-frequency beam was compared to that of a focus of single frequency beam. Experimental results reveal that dual-frequency beam increases the aspect ratio and improves the drilling quality in terms of profile of the produced features.     

粗糙表面激光散射特性的理论研究

用矢量微扰动方法分析激光束在粗糙表面上散射的分布特性。详细讨论高斯光束的角谱和适用于准直激光束散射问题的波前分割概念认为，当用入射总功率作归一化因子时，准直粗激光束散射可近似地作为平面波处理，而细激光束散射则与平面波存在很大的差异，利用所得结果讨论了一维粗糙表面的激光隐身作用及椭圆偏振光入射时镜反射方向和后向散射场的偏振态。最后介绍两种线偏振光在粗糙表面上散射分布的差异。实验验证了主要结论。     

Structure formation in atom lithography using geometric collimation

Atom lithography uses standing wave light fields as arrays of lenses to focus neutral atom beams into line patterns on a substrate. Laser cooled atom beams are commonly used, but an atom beam source with a small opening placed at a large distance from a substrate creates atom beams which are locally geometrically collimated on the substrate. These beams have local offset angles with respect to the substrate. We show that this affects the height, width, shape, and position of the created structures. We find that simulated effects are partially obscured in experiments by substrate-dependent diffusion of atoms, while scattering and interference just above the substrate limit the quality of the standing wave lens. We find that in atom lithography without laser cooling the atom beam source geometry is imaged onto the substrate by the standing wave lens. We therefore propose using structured atom beam sources to image more complex patterns on subwavelength scales in a massively parallel way.     

光电倍增管抗饱和门在激光测量方面的应用

本文介绍光电倍增管抗饱和门的工作原理。用它测量了强流电子束在靶上能量沉积产生冲击波的速度,由光电倍增管探测连续波He-Ne激光束照射靶的后表面的反射光束。为避免激光束长时间照射引起光电倍增管饱和,只让电子束到达靶前几十微秒时光电倍增管处于工作状态(开态),其它时间在非工作状态(关态),抗饱和门的作用象一个开关。我们采用低压脉冲控制抗饱和门,在实验中用这种方法探测强激光没有饱和。     

Acoustic field imaging by light reflection at the free surface of a liquid

In this paper we present a novel technique for acoustic field imaging. This technique is based on reflection of a collimated laser beam at the free surface of a liquid. The reflected beam becomes phase modulated by the acoustic wave as in acoustical holographic systems. We do not use a reference acoustical beam for holographic reconstruction but we observe this phase modulation using dark-field techniques. It gives a measurement of the acoustic field power as a function of the position. The authors have built an optical imaging system and carried out experiments with piezocomposite transducers. The technique presented in this work is able to give fast quantitative information about the performance of individual ceramic rods of the piezocomposite.     

Influence of light polarization on the diffraction efficiency of TIR holograms

Normally when forming a TIR hologram two interference gratings are stored in the recording medium. The object beam interferes with the incoming and with the reflected reference beam. An appropriate selection of the polarization orientations of the interfering light beams leads to the suppression of one of the grating systems. Even to reconstruct TIR hologram it is not all the same in which orientation the reconstructing laser beam is polarized. With the proper selection of the polarization orientations of the forming and reconstructing laser light the diffraction efficiency for TIR holograms can be optimized.     

Laser writing system for fabrication of diffractive optics elements

We report a laser writing system for fabrication of diffractive optical elements with He-Cd laser. The wavelength of the light source is 441.6 nm. The output beam is collimated into parallel light with uniform intensity distribution after passing through the spatial filter with a pinhole of 25μm and the collimating device. A microscopy objective lens with numerical aperture (NA) of 0.65 is used to focus the beam into a small diffraction spot. Any pattern can be written with this system. Experimental results are presented.The written gratings and the phase patterns were verified with a conventional optical microscopy and the Taylor Hobson equipment.