基于QFD的产品可持续性多目标优化设计

为实现产品设计在社会、经济和环境三方面的可持续发展,将传统质量屋的顾客需求从顾客、企业和环境三个角度出发扩展为产品利益相关者的可持续需求,运用模糊层次分析法、直觉模糊集方法计算QFD(质量功能展开,Quality function deployment)质量屋权重和关联度,由生命周期评价软件Gabi对产品制造阶段主要零件的环境影响值进行建模计算,构成产品可持续设计的环境影响值约束条件,并结合成本和设计周期约束条件,构建产品可持续性多目标优化设计模型.以德国一款SuperCopy XR-2型号复印机为例,验证可持续需求的获取、质量屋数据的计算、Gabi软件的建模和计算以及多目标优化模型的建立和计算的过程.     

面向单小批量产品设计的质量屋模型改进研究

为了使单小批量产品设计能够充分满足顾客需求,提高顾客满意度和忠诚度,帮助企业获得市场竞争优势。本文结合单小批量产品生产自身的特点,在系统的研究和总结传统的质量屋理论与方法及最新进展的基础上,对质量屋模型进行改进,利用设计规则间的影响系数和客户需求与设计规则之间的关系矩阵求出价值矩阵后,借助0—1整数规划技术求解改进的质量屋模型,从而使单小批量产品的设计规则可以按照顾客需求重新排列优先次序,最后通过S公司某单小批量产品的设计过程对模型进行验证。本文的研究意义在于使单小批量产品设计能够完全满足顾客的个性化需求,从而保证了企业最终生产出符合顾客和市场需求的单小批量产品。     

工程项目承包服务业主需求重要度确定方法研究

工程服务质量日渐成为承包商企业提高竞争力并获得长期发展的一个重要因素.但传统的对工程服务质量的研究大都忽略了业主需求,对此,本文基于QFD(质量功能展开)理论,结合专家组与顾客双渠道的需求信息来源,提出了集成Kano模型与区间层次分析法的业主需求重要度的计算方法,提升了需求重要度确定的合理性并将顾客的需求偏好信息充分反...     

体育用品可持续设计方法排序研究

随着可持续发展理念的不断深入,社会对体育用品的可持续设计提出了更高的要求.为确定体育用品的可持续设计方法,利用梯形模糊数,基于模糊QFD对现有可持续设计方法进行排序.通过建立两个阶段质量屋将体育用品的可持续需求转换为可持续指标,再将可持续指标转换为可持续设计方法,并对其重要度进行排序.通过两个阶段质量屋的计算,结果显示生命周期评价、产品可持续指数和环境影响评估为排名前三的体育用品可持续设计方法,明确值分别为475,405和383.这一计算结果,为体育用品设计者实现可持续设计提供了科学的参考依据.     

带有止步和状态相依的M/Ej/1/N排队系统的矩阵解法

研究了带有止步和服务率依赖于状态的M/Ej/1/N排队系统.顾客到达系统时,以一定的概率选择进人系统或止步(不进人系统).顾客接受服务的服务率依赖于系统中的顾客数,当系统中的顾客数不超过临界值k时,服务员慢速服务;否则,服务员快速服务.利用分块矩阵的方法,推出了稳态概率向量所满足的矩阵形式的迭代公式,给出了稳态概率的表达式和计算过程.作为特例,考虑了N=4时系统稳态概率的计算.在此基础上,还求出了系统的一些性能指标,并建立了以临界值k为控制变量的费用模型.通过数值分析,求出了使费用函数最小的最优临界值k*,并进一步研究了模型参数对最优临界值和最优费用的影响.     

带有止步和状态相依的M/Ej/1/N排队系统的矩阵解法

研究了带有止步和服务率依赖于状态的M/Ej/1/N排队系统.顾客到达系统时,以一定的概率选择进入系统或止步(不进入系统).顾客接受服务的服务率依赖于系统中的顾客数,当系统中的顾客数不超过临界值k时,服务员慢速服务;否则,服务员快速服务.利用分块矩阵的方法,推出了稳态概率向量所满足的矩阵形式的迭代公式,给出了稳态概率的表达式和计算过程.作为特例,考虑了N=4时系统稳态概率的计算.在此基础上,还求出了系统的一些性能指标,并建立了以临界值k为控制变量的费用模型.通过数值分析,求出了使费用函数最小的最优临界值k*,并进一步研究了模型参数对最优临界值和最优费用的影响.     

我国钢铁行业上市公司可持续增长状况的实证分析

高速增长,快速扩张是许多企业追求的目标,但理论和实践均证明企业增长或扩张速度并非越快越好,企业的增长速度只有与自身的经营效率、财务政策相匹配,才具有可持续性。本文选取沪深两市32家钢铁行业上市公司为样本,以罗伯特·希金斯和詹姆斯·范霍恩的可持续增长模型作为理论基础,通过描述性统计、Wilcoxon Signed Ranks检验等统计方法检验钢铁行业的增长现状及其增长的可持续性。研究结果表明:近年我国钢铁行业上市公司的实际增长率远远超过了可持续增长率,如此高速增长并不具有可持续性;在整个行业高速增长的背景下,其可持续增长率却逐年下滑;盈利能力下降是导致可持续增长率下滑的主要原因。只有采取增加产品技术含量和附加值,降低运营成本,提高技术装备水平等措施提高盈利能力,进而提高可持续增长率,并使企业实际增长率与可持续增长率相匹配,钢铁企业才可能实现快速可持续发展。     

基于可拓变换的产品适应性设计研究

适应性设计是一种在面向产品全生命周期设计中解决矛盾问题的有效途径.然而,现有设计方法很难客观地反映定性定量相结合求解设计矛盾问题.为此,提出一种基于可拓变换的产品适应性设计方法.首先建立可拓适应性设计一般流程,定义可拓设计基元,建立适应性设计矛盾问题,然后进行可拓分析,建立起传导矛盾环系统,以及满足产品功能-结构的变换规则、适应度函数,再通过可拓变换实现产品设计基元之间冲突的消解,输出适应性设计方案.最后将该方法应用于某全自动LED分拣机振动盘的适应性设计.应用实例表明:该设计方法不仅能快速满足不同需求下的个性化要求,而且能为计算机参与解决产品设计矛盾问题提供一种可行的途径.     

基于指数标度的G1-概率系数法和熵的需求重要度修正

顾客需求重要度的获取是进行顾客需求综合分析过程的一个重要环节,它的确定对质量屋的优化以及之后的优化决策有着重要的作用.科学准确地计算顾客需求重要度有助于企业有针对性的生产满足顾客需求的产品,从而提高顾客满意度,增强市场竞争力.基于QFD理论,文章从顾客和专家双视角出发收集数据,采用指数标度的G1-概率系数法代替传统的权重概率综合系数法来确定顾客初始需求权重,并结合市场竞争性因素对初始需求权重进行修正,简单准确地确定了顾客需求重要度,并通过IT外包案例验证了该方法的实效性.     

住宅房地产顾客感知价值评估

不同的顾客对同一住宅房地产的感知价值是不同的,购房决策主要取决于对住宅房地产的顾客感知价值.提出了住宅房地产顾客感知价值评估的质量功能配置逆过程法,在已知住宅房地产工程特性的条件下,确定顾客需求值.利用该方法,给出了评估住宅房地产的顾客感知价值的过程和数学模型,案例研究表明,方法能有效评估住宅房地产的顾客感知价值,帮助购房者选择住宅房地产项目.     

A new methodology for evaluating sustainable product design performance with two-stage network data envelopment analysis

Sustainable product design has been considered as one of the most important practices for achieving sustainability. To improve the environmental performances of a product through product design, however, a firm often needs to deal with some difficult technical trade-offs between traditional and environmental attributes which require new design concepts and engineering specifications. In this paper, we propose a novel use of the two-stage network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate sustainable product design performances. We conceptualize “design efficiency” as a key measurement of design performance in terms of how well multiple product specifications and attributes are combined in a product design that leads to lower environmental impacts or better environmental performances. A two-stage network DEA model is developed for sustainable design performance evaluation with an “industrial design module” and a “bio design module.” To demonstrate the applications of our DEA-based methodology, we use data of key engineering specifications, product attributes, and emissions performances in the vehicle emissions testing database published by the US EPA to evaluate the sustainable design performances of different automobile manufacturers. Our test results show that sustainable design does not need to mean compromise between traditional and environmental attributes. Through addressing the interrelatedness of subsystems in product design, a firm can find the most efficient way to combine product specifications and attributes which leads to lower environmental impacts or better environmental performances. This paper contributes to the existing literature by developing a new research framework for evaluating sustainable design performances as well as by proposing an innovative application of the two-stage network DEA for finding the most eco-efficient way to achieve better environmental performances through product design.     

Integration of ECQFD,TRIZ, and AHP for innovative and sustainable product development

Automotive organizations need to adopt sustainability principles to survive in a competitive environment. The rapidly changing marketplace also means that organizations need to include innovation in product development. We propose a model that integrates environmentally conscious quality function deployment (ECQFD), the theory of inventive problem-solving (TRIZ), and an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for innovative and sustainable product development of automotive components. The voice of the customer (VOC) was captured and translated to engineering characteristics using ECQFD. Design options were identified using ECQFD and correlated with TRIZ to identify innovative design alternatives. Selection of the best design alternatives under many criteria is a typical multicriteria decision-making problem. We used AHP to identify the best design in terms of innovation and sustainability. These design changes were then incorporated in the component. A case study involving design of an automotive component demonstrates the applicability of our approach.     

An evaluation approach to engineering design in QFD processes using fuzzy goal programming models

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a product development process used to achieve higher customer satisfaction: the engineering characteristics affecting the product performance are designed to match the customer requirements. From the viewpoint of QFDs designers, product design processes are performed in uncertain environments, and usually more than one goal must be taken into account. Therefore, when dealing with the fuzzy nature in QFD processes, fuzzy approaches are applied to formulate the relationships between customer requirements (CRs) and engineering design requirements (DRs), and among DRs. In addition to customer satisfaction, the cost and technical difficulty of DRs are also considered as the other two goals, and are evaluated in linguistic terms. Fuzzy goal programming models are proposed to determine the fulfillment levels of the DRs. Differing from existing fuzzy goal programming models, the coefficients in the proposed model are also fuzzy in order to expose the fuzziness of the linguistic information. Our model also considers business competition by specifying the minimum fulfillment levels of DRs and the preemptive priorities between goals. The proposed approach can attain the maximal sum of satisfaction degrees of all goals under each confidence degree. A numerical example is used to illustrate the applicability of the approach.     

Fuzzy linear programming models for new product design using QFD with FMEA

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a customer-driven approach in processing new product developments in order to maximize customer satisfaction. Determining the fulfillment levels of design requirements (DRs) and parts characteristics (PCs) is an important decision problem during QFD activity processes for new product development. Unlike the existing literature, which mainly focuses on the determination of DRs, this paper proposes fuzzy linear programming models to determine the fulfillment levels of PCs under the requirement to achieve the determined contribution levels of DRs for customer satisfaction. In addition, considering the design risk, this paper incorporates failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA) into QFD processes, which is treated as the constraint in the models. To cope with the vague nature of product development processes, fuzzy approaches are used for both FMEA and QFD. The illustration of the proposed models is performed with a numerical example to demonstrate the applicability in practice.     

A comprehensive decision support model for the evaluation of eco-designs

Due to regulatory pressures from government and non-government bodies and public awareness of the need to protect the environment, incorporating sustainability concerns in product design has become a key strategic consideration in new product development. However, selecting an appropriate sustainable design solution is a challenging task. In addition to the fact that such a decision involves conflicting objectives, there is also the issue that environmental impact considerations can occur at all stages of a product’s life cycle. Modelling and assessing new product development and operations management from a life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective is becoming increasingly popular and highly important. However, on its own it is somewhat limited. This paper presents a dynamic approach that integrates LCA, fuzzy logic and analytical network process (ANP) to support the selection of environmental sustainable product designs. A numerical example is provided as an operational guideline on how to apply it to LCA of eco-designs. The results show that the proposed fuzzy ANP approach is a viable methodology and can be used as an effective tool for the evaluation of environmental sustainable product designs.     

Sustainability investment under cap-and-trade regulation

Carbon emission abatement is a hot topic in environmental sustainability and cap-and-trade regulation is regarded as an effective way to reduce the carbon emission. According to the real industrial practices, sustainable product implies that its production processes facilitate to reduce the carbon emission and has a positive response in market demand. In this paper, we study the sustainability investment on sustainable product with emission regulation consideration for decentralized and centralized supply chains. We first examine the order quantity of the retailer and sustainability investment of the manufacturer for the decentralized supply chain with one retailer and one manufacturer. After that, we extend our study to the centralized case where we determine the production quantity and sustainability investment for the whole supply chain. We derive the optimal order quantity (or production quantity) and sustainability investment, and find that the sustainability investment efficiency has a significant impact on the optimal solutions. Further, we conduct numerical studies and find surprisingly that the order quantity may be increasing in the wholesale price due to the effects of the sustainability and emission consideration. Moreover, we investigate the achievability of supply chain coordination by various contracts, and find that only revenue sharing contract can coordinate the supply chain whereas the buyback contract and two-part tariff contract cannot. Important insights and managerial implications are discussed.     

Emergy analysis of a farm biogas project in China: A biophysical perspective of agricultural ecological engineering

This paper aims to present a biophysical understanding of the agricultural ecological engineering by emergy analysis for a farm biogas project in China as a representative case. Accounting for the resource inputs into and accumulation within the project, as well as the outputs to the social system, emergy analysis provides an empirical study in the biophysical dimension of the agricultural ecological engineering. Economic benefits and ecological economic benefits of the farm biogas project indicated by market value and emergy monetary value are discussed, respectively. Relative emergy-based indices such as renewability (R%), emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental load ratio (ELR) and environmental sustainability index (ESI) are calculated to evaluate the environmental load and local sustainability of the concerned biogas project. The results show that the farm biogas project has more reliance on the local renewable resources input, less environmental pressure and higher sustainability compared with other typical agricultural systems. In addition, holistic evaluation and its policy implications for better operation and management of the biogas project are presented.     

A hybrid approach integrating Affinity Diagram, AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS for sustainable city logistics planning

City logistics initiatives are steps taken by municipal administrations to ameliorate the condition of goods transport in cities and reduce their negative impacts on city residents and their environment. Examples of city logistics initiatives are urban distribution centers, congestion pricing, delivery timing and access restrictions. In this paper, we present a hybrid approach based on Affinity Diagram, AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS for evaluating city logistics initiatives. Four initiatives namely vehicle sizing restrictions, congestion charging schemes, urban distribution center and access timing restrictions are considered.The proposed approach consists of four steps. The first step involves identification of criteria for assessing performance of city logistics initiatives using Affinity Diagram. The results are four categories of criteria namely technical, social, economical and environmental. In step 2, a decision making committee comprising of representatives of city logistics stakeholders is formed. These stakeholders are shippers, receivers, transport operators, end consumers and public administrators. The committee members weight the selected criteria using AHP. In step 3, the decision makers provide linguistic ratings to the alternatives (city logistics initiatives) to assess their performance against the selected criteria. These linguistic ratings are then aggregated using fuzzy TOPSIS to generate an overall performance score for each alternative. The alternative with the highest score is finally chosen as most suitable city logistics initiative for improving city sustainability. In the fourth step, we perform sensitivity analysis to evaluate the influence of criteria weights on the selection of the best alternative.The proposed approach is novel and can be practically applied for selecting sustainable city logistics initiatives for cities. Another advantage is its ability to generate solutions under limited quantitative information. An empirical application of the proposed approach is provided.     

Rating technical attributes in fuzzy QFD by integrating fuzzy weighted average method and fuzzy expected value operator

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a planning and problem-solving tool that is gaining acceptance for translating customer requirements into the technical attributes of a product. Deriving the rating order of technical attributes from input variables is a crucial step in applying QFD. When the relative weights of customer requirements and the relationship measures between customer requirements and technical attributes are expressed as fuzzy numbers, calculating the importance of each technical attribute falls into the category of fuzzy weighted average, in which the derived membership function of the fuzzy importance of each technical attribute is not explicitly known. Thus, most ranking methods are not suitable under these circumstances. A method is proposed in this paper using fuzzy weighted average method in the fuzzy expected value operator in order to rank technical attributes in fuzzy QFD. An example of a flexible manufacturing system design is cited to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach.     

国家的可持续发展分析

以社会、经济、环境与资源和制度作为基础指标,建立了评价国家可持续发展的综合指标体系。首先,利用熵值法计算各基础指标值,并将每个国家的基础指标值画在同一轴线的雷达图上,直观描述和比较各个国家目前的可持续发展情况。同时,以4个基础指标值为顶点的四边形面积大小作为一个国家可持续发展的综合指数。通过对10个国家的分析,验证了模型的有效性。其次,综合考虑4个基础指标,建立了4维静态趋势分析的优化模型,用以描述每个国家可持续发展程度的变化过程及相关政策与援助对可持续发展指标的影响。最后,基于雷达图模型的分析,选取埃塞俄比亚作为研究对象,借助4维静态趋势分析模型,制定了埃塞俄比亚未来20年的发展规划,并通过雷达图模型验证了规划的有效性,同时对模型的优势与不足进行评述。