浅谈验电器、静电计、电压表的区别

笔者在教学中发现，部分学生到高三还没弄清验电器、静电计、电压表的区别．这几种实验仪器的构造和用途既有相同点又有不同点，下面针对学生的疑惑做一简单介绍．     

使验电器带电

1前言 验电器是静电实验的必备仪器,在对静电现象的研究以及对验电器的大量使用和研究中,常常需要给验电器带上一定量或一定种类的电荷.譬如,用验电器辨别电荷的种类时,要先使验电器带上某种已知电荷,金箔箔片的张角宜在40°～60°左右.再将待测带电体渐渐移近验电器的金属球,根据金箔张角的增减判断带电体电荷的性质[1],这也就是说要先使验电器带上一定量和一定种类的电荷.在做静电实验时,通常通过接触传导法和感应法给验电器带电.     

给验电器粗定标

验电器是做静电演示实验的一普通装置。通常在其作背景的圆形毛玻璃面上左下侧标有6条线,以示绕轴转动的金属箔片带电后张开的角度。一些不同厂家生产的、圆玻面直径为φ20cm的最常见的验电器的粗略实验定标,有如下规律。 A.直流高压电源负极接箔片,正极接外壳且接大地: 箔片张开约35°角时(对应第2条标线),其对地的电位差大于1800V;     

“用静电计测量平行板电容器电容与哪些因素有关”的实验分析

静电计是高中物理静电实验中常用的且非常重要的仪器,它在教材"电容器电容"一节中出现,用静电计测量已经充电的平行板电容器两极板间的电势差U,研究影响平行板电容器电容大小的因素.但是在课堂教学中,上述实验的演示效果时好时坏,主要表现在静电计指针的偏转角θ变化时大时小.为什么演示效果不稳定?怎样才能达到让人满意的实验效果呢?我们试作讨论.     

验电器演示光电效应实验的改进

高中物理教学中的光电效应实验,要求用弧光灯照射锌板、验电器显示带电的方法来进行演示.实践证明,这样做法是不行的,验电器的指针不会张开.许多中学老师,尤其是新老师往往觉得这个实验不可能成功,还未查明原因就放弃了这个演示实验.     

用静电计测平行板电容器电势差实验的定量分析

静电计是一种用来测量导体间电势差的仪器,由于它与验电器非常相似,因而学生在学习的过程中很容易把两种仪器混淆.高中物理教材中研究影响平行板电容器电容大小的因素的实验(图1)     

关于静电计“三问”

静电计既可以检验静电荷,又能测量静电的电势差即电压.为什么静电计能测静电电压?为什么静电计和电压表不能互换?又是为什么我们用静电计演示光电效应现象几乎看不到指针明显地偏转?师生心里常常有这样三个疑问.现对此作一探析.     

例析静电计使用问题

静电计是物理静电学中常用的仪器.静电计在普通高中物理教材"电容器电容"这一节中出现,并在注释栏中作了如下介绍:静电计是在验电器的基础上制成的,用来测量电势差.把它的金属球跟一个导体连接,把它的金属外壳跟另一个导体连接(或同时接地),从指针的偏转角度可以测出两个导体间的电势差.对静电计的使用,许多学生和教师都存在诸多问题,现通过两个实例加以说明.     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

Carriers and sideband pairs and their analogues in physics and Biology

This is a further development of the author's paper A Unified Theory of Biology and Physics. It is found that male and female in biology, as well as particle and antiparticle in physics, are analogues of symmetrical sideband pairs in communication theory. This gives a new point of view from which to investigate the significance and characteristics of these different paired entities.These findings are intimately related to the fact that there are two transform domains of representation of entities in all the cases involved. They are the somatic and the genetic domains in biology, the configuration domain and the domain of conserved observables in physics, and the time and frequency domains in communication.     

Nonlocal potentials and their exact and approximate local and velocity-dependent equivalents

We show that good approximations to the exact equivalent local potential (ELP) and damping factor of a nonlocal Perey-Buck potential can be calculated in the partial wave WKB approximation of Horiuchi. The exact ELP and damping factor are obtained by means of a method previously given by one of us. We also confirm that an approximate ELP proposed by Bauhoff et al. is of comparable accuracy as the Horiuchi approximation. Thesel-dependent ELP's exhibit reduced attraction in the interior and provide a test for higher order WKB approximations. We subsequently obtain an equivalent velocity dependent potential (EVDP) which is even exactly wave function equivalent to the original nonlocal potential. This almost local potential, unlike the trivial equivalent local potential, is smooth and well-behaved and is therefore particularly useful in nuclear reactions where the off-shell behaviour of the potential is important.     

Visualization and interferometry for cylindrical and spherical sample tomography and profilometry

A technique combining image processing and laser interferometry for visualizing and detecting the deformation of transparent cylindrical and spherical sample is proposed. This deformation includes geometric deformation such as volume transition in profilometry and physical deformation such as refractive index change in tomography. Phase contour lines are used for quantitative analysis and graphical representation of the deformation. This method allows us to visually detect the spatial variation of the deformation field and to evaluate the test quality such as misalignment of optical system. A theoretical analysis using phase contour map to characterize the deformation field is described in detail. A method using phase contour map to qualify the interferometric test is proposed. Analysis of test examples is carried out. Suggestions on using phase contour line method to ameliorate test system design are finally discussed.     

Atomic and electronic structures and stability of icosahedral nanodiamonds and onions

The relative stability of alternative carbon nanoparticles with icosahedral symmetry, such as diamond-like nanocrystallites and multiwalled fullerenes (onions), is investigated using the parametric model and the density functional tight-binding (DFTB) method. It is demonstrated that an increase in the size of particles and their hydrogenation favor the stabilization of diamond-like nanocrystallites. The formation of “intermediate” nanostructures consisting of diamond-like nanocrystallites inside the fullerene cage is revealed. The electronic spectra of icosahedral carbon nanoparticles are calculated.     

Quantum and Classical Disparity and Accord

Discrepancies and accords between quantum (QM) and classical mechanics (CM) related to expectation values and periods are generally found for both the harmonic oscillator (SHO) and a free particle in a box (FPB), which may apply generally. These indicate non-locality is expected throughout QM. The FPB energy states violate the Correspondence Principle. Previously unexpected accords are found and proven that 〈x ²〉 _CM =〈x ²〉 _QM and τ _CM =τ _QMb (beat period i.e. beats between the phases for adjoining energy states) for the SHO for all quantum numbers, n. However, for the FPB the beat periods differ at small n. It is shown that a particle’s velocity in an infinite square well varies, no matter how wide the box, nor how far the particle is from the walls. The quantum free particle variances share an indirect commonality with the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects in that there is a quantum action in the absence of a force. The concept of an “Expectation Value over a Partial Well Width” is introduced. This paper raises the question as to whether these inconsistencies are undetectable, or can be empirically ascertained. These inherent variances may need to be fixed, or nature is manifestly more non-classical than expected.