基于N元正弦码元的时间相位展开

提出了一种N元编码时间相位展开方法来实现彩色复杂物体的三维测量。传统的阶梯状条纹在测量整个表面反射率范围较大的物体时，条纹数量过多会导致量化困难。利用从相移条纹中提取的N元正弦码元替换传统的量化灰度码元，通过进制转换将N元正弦码元嵌入到所要投影的条纹中来实现条纹级次的编码。在解码时，先通过编码条纹与N步正弦相移条纹的差异逐点计算N元量化条纹，再根据对应的逆进制转换获取唯一的条纹级次，最后利用截断相位消除条纹级次边缘处的错位误差。实验结果表明，相比传统的时间相位展开方法，所提方法有效提高了编码效率，并在测量彩色复杂场景时表现出了较高的鲁棒性。     

基于二进制编码条纹的三维测量方法

提出一种二进制编码条纹代替正弦条纹的方法,以降低三维测量系统的非线性误差。首先,通过对传统正弦条纹一个周期内呈正弦变化的光强值进行二进制编码,将所有二进制编码的每一位分别组合生成二值条纹,投影到被测物体表面。然后,将采集到的多幅二值条纹进行叠加,生成正弦条纹。最后,结合四步相移技术,并使用互补格雷码辅助相位展开进行实验验证。实验结果表明,所提方法相比于传统四步相移方法可以有效降低非线性伽马效应导致的相位误差,提高测量精度。对直径为50.8140 mm的高精度标准球进行测量,所得的局部点云与拟合标准球的平均距离为0.0697 mm。     

用于绝对相位还原的对称式和非对称式二元结构光编码

基于邻域分析的相移法不适合阶跃场景测量且往往会造成相位误差的积累,为此提出了用于获取绝对相位的对称式和非对称式二元阶梯相位结构光编码方法.两种方法编码图案不同,对称式编码方法编码图案黑白条纹的宽度相等,非对称式不等.通过投影多帧二元结构光编码图案,结合相移法相位提取公式获得阶梯相位.测量时,基于传统正弦条纹投影和相移法获得高准确度包裹相位,并用阶梯相位确定对应包裹相位的级次.根据级次直接进行相位展开,进而获得绝对相位.以量块作为测量对象,两种方法的测量均方根误差达到0.072mm.两种方法均能够有效还原阶跃场景,实现三维重构.     

基于正弦和三角波条纹投影的三维测量方法

在现有的针对复杂物体表面形貌的三维测量方法中, 为了完成绝对相位的测量, 通常需要处理至少6幅条纹图像, 限制了测量速度。提出了采用2幅正弦条纹和2幅三角波条纹图来获得物体三维形貌的方法。利用两步相移正弦条纹和两步相移三角条纹得到截断相位, 再利用两步相移三角波条纹得到条纹级次, 减少了投影条纹幅数, 提高测量速度。在得到条纹级次时, 计算三角波条纹强度调制和强度对比度, 与计算相位相比, 可以减少数据处理的时间, 进一步提高测量速度, 同时能减小物体表面反射率的影响, 提高了测量精度。测量最大高度为39 mm的阶梯状标准块, 得到的最大绝对误差和最大的RMS误差分别为0.045 mm和0.041 mm。验证了该方法的有效性和实用性, 在高速实时的复杂形貌三维测量中有广泛的应用前景。     

基于错位格雷码的动态三维形貌测量方法

格雷码辅助相移技术可以实现具有较强鲁棒性与抗噪能力的三维（3D）形貌测量。为解决由待测物体不均匀的表面反射率、噪声和物体运动等因素造成的级次边沿误码问题，提出了一种基于错位格雷码的动态3D形貌测量方法。将传统格雷码图案在投影前预先移动半个条纹周期得到错位格雷码图案，再采用传统格雷码解码方法对二值化后的错位格雷码图案解码，可得到与截断相位完全错开的解码结果。对该解码结果进行修正后即可利用得到的正确的相位级次辅助截断相位成功展开。同时，为了提高测量精度，引入了一个虚拟相位平面以进一步拓展投影条纹周期数。实验结果表明，所提方法在使用N帧格雷码图案的情况下，可以编码周期数为2^N+1的投影条纹进行3D测量，其无需任何附加图案即可避免级次边沿误码问题，并有效提升了测量精度。复杂动态场景的3D重建结果证明，所提方法能够以2381 frame/s的速率实现高精度、高效率和高速的3D形貌测量。     

离焦条纹投影三维测量中正弦光栅的二值化方法研究

采用离焦二值条纹投影技术进行三维面形测量可以克服数字投影仪的非线性响应,同时有利于提高投影速度,实现高速测量.通过理论分析和实验研究了采用数字投影仪时二值条纹的基频、高次谐波能量分布与条纹周期的关系.结合相移算法,以相位测量误差为指标,衡量各种二值条纹的性能.研究结果表明:在周期小时,罗奇光栅和二维误差扩散算法生成的二值条纹离焦后能产生正弦性较好的条纹;在采用满周期等间隔奇数次相移时,罗奇光栅离焦能获得更高的测量准确度;在周期大时,采用优化脉宽调制方法得到的二值光栅离焦测量准确度最高.研究结果为离焦条纹投影三维测量中二值光栅的选择提供了依据.     

复用加权二进制编码条纹三维测量方法

二值条纹不受三维测量系统非线性伽马效应的影响，同时能显著提高投影效率。基于此，提出一种复用加权二进制编码条纹方法以实现三维测量。首先，对传统正弦条纹的灰度进行特定均匀采样，使用二进制编码条纹方法生成8幅二值条纹。然后，对二值条纹组合进行唯一化处理，将4幅相异的二值条纹投影到被测物体表面，对采集到带有物体表面调制信息的二值条纹进行复用二进制加权运算，生成调制后的正弦条纹。最后，对该方法开展了多组对照实验。实验结果表明，所提方法将用于加权生成正弦条纹的二值条纹优化为4幅后，仍然可以保持良好的测量精度和效果。所得标准球的局部点云与拟合标准球的平均距离，相比于传统三步相移技术降低了72.3%。     

利用遗传算法优化误差扩散核参数的条纹二值编码方法研究

二值条纹投影图像在高速、高精度的三维面形测量领域应用广泛,而提高二值编码条纹的正弦性对于提高三维面形的测量精度具有积极意义.传统及改进的误差扩散核多采用普适的扩散核对条纹图像进行二值编码,较少考虑图像特征与投影离焦程度对相位提取精度的影响.首先利用遗传算法的思想来寻求更佳的误差扩散核系数,然后通过线性拟合来构建与离焦程度以及正弦条纹周期相关的优化目标函数,最后得到优化二值编码条纹正弦性的误差扩散核.仿真和实验分析结果表明,在不同尺寸的窗口下,不同周期有最小相位误差的误差扩散核且它们各不相同,证实扩散核对图像的二值编码质量与图像特征有关.实验进一步证明,大中小三种离焦程度下,所提算法的相位误差较普适的Floyd-Steinberg扩散法可分别减小43.86％、64.37％和50.10％,所提算法的相位误差较改进的Floyd-Steinberg扩散法可分别减小13.51％、18.48％和17.65％.     

基于组合二值条纹离焦投影的三维面形测量

二值条纹离焦投影技术很好地克服了条纹投影三维测量技术中的非线性影响,有效抑制了投影设备Gamma效应带来的误差.多频条纹二值离焦投影结合时间相位展开算法,是常用的复杂物体三维测量方法.该方法在使用中要保证多个频率二值条纹离焦获得大致相当的正弦性品质,投影时不同频率条纹对应的离焦量不一样,不利于其广泛使用.分析了不同二值...     

基于条纹级次编码与调制的结构光相位展开算法

利用相位级次的编码和调制方法将相位级次信息叠加到相移图像中,提出了一种直接利用相移图像进行相位解包裹的方法。在投影端,提出了一种邻接不重复德布鲁因序列,并用该序列对相位级次进行编码,然后将该周期级次编码序列调制、叠加到多步相移图像中。相应地,在解码阶段,从拍摄到的相移图像中同时解调、分解出包裹相位和周期级次编码序列,通过序列的匹配还原真实周期级次信息,并最终准确地解包裹出绝对相位。以四步相移法为例,本文方法相比传统的时间相位解包裹算法,投影图片从10张(64个相位周期)缩减到了4张,提高了测量效率。     

相位编码条纹投影轮廓术的相位展开误差校正方法

相位编码法是条纹投影技术中常用的一种相位展开方法。然而,受到随机噪声、图像采样、系统离焦等因素的影响,条纹阶次与包裹相位的对应关系容易被破坏,从而引入相位展开误差。根据相位展开误差的分布特点,提出一种附加二值条纹的相位展开误差校正方法。引入的二值条纹与相位编码条纹的码字存在半周期错位,使得计算出的2组条纹阶次值具有互补性,利用两者的互补性可以有效地消除相位展开误差。仿真和真实实验均表明,该方法能够准确地恢复出被测物体的绝对相位,具有较高的可靠性。     

High-quality binary fringe generation via joint optimization on intensity and phase

There have been active studies on optimized dithering techniques to improve 3D shape measurement quality with defocused projectors. These techniques optimize the fringe quality in either phase domain or intensity domain according to their objective functions. Phase based optimization is direct and effective, but is sensitive to projector defocus levels. Intensity based optimization is robust to projector defocus levels, but it does not fully improve the phase quality. This paper presents a joint optimization technique to combine the merits of both the intensity and phase based optimization, which includes a pre-intensity optimization and a further optimization based on the synthesized error function. Then this technique is implemented in two frameworks, the whole-fringe optimization and the best-patch optimization, to generate binary fringe patterns. Both simulations and experiments show that the proposed technique can generate binary fringe patterns with high phase quality and robustness to projector defocus levels.     

基于彩色光栅投影的快速三维测量方法

 针对条纹投影术提取物体高度信息的问题,提出了一种新的基于彩色光栅投影的三维测量方法。对选取G分量为255,R,B分量各取0或255而组成的青、白、黄、绿四色遵循格雷码原理进行编码,然后将G分量作正弦调制形成投影光栅投向被测物体。提取采集到的光栅变形图中G分量,利用傅里叶变换方法得到其初始相位;同时对采集到图像中的R,B分量作阈值迭代分割而G分量自动赋值为255,综合三分量信息得到条纹颜色信息进而获取条纹的周期信息,从而展开相位。全过程仅需投影一幅彩色光栅图就能完成三维测量,实验结果表明该算法易于实现,在测量实时性和精确性上表现良好。     

Period correction method for binary fringe defocused projection

Binary fringe defocused projection can resolve the problem caused by the nonlinear gamma of the projector. Owing to the intersecting axis measurement system, the broadening of the fringe period on the reference plane can cause measurement errors. Non-uniform periodical binary fringe defocused projection is utilized to overcome this problem. After appropriate defocused projection of non-uniform periodical binary fringe, uniform periodical sinusoidal fringe can be obtained on the reference plane. This method can prevent the nonlinear gamma effect and broadening of the fringe period, and filter high harmonics and high-frequency noise. Three-dimensional (3-D) shape measurement experiments of standard flat are performed with four-step phase-shift method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits high measurement precision. Highly accurate 3-D measurements of large objects can also be performed with the proposed method.     

Lens distortion elimination for improving measurement accuracy of fringe projection profilometry

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is a powerful method for three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement. However, the measurement accuracy of the existing FPP is often hindered by the distortion of the lens used in FPP. In this paper, a simple and efficient method is presented to overcome this problem. First, the FPP system is calibrated as a stereovision system. Then, the camera lens distortion is eliminated by correcting the captured images. For the projector lens distortion, distorted fringe patterns are generated according to the lens distortion model. With these distorted fringe patterns, the projector can project undistorted fringe patterns, which means that the projector lens distortion is eliminated. Experimental results show that the proposed method can successfully eliminate the lens distortions of FPP and therefore improves its measurement accuracy.     

Three dimensional shape measurement using high-order instantaneous moments based fringe projection method

Fringe projection techniques are popular tools for three-dimensional shape measurement in optical metrology. In these techniques, the information about the shape or the surface profile of an object is usually encoded in the phase of a recorded fringe pattern. The paper presents a high-order instantaneous moments based method for phase estimation in fringe projection. The method employs a piecewise polynomial phase approximation approach and uses high-order instantaneous moments to determine the polynomial phase coefficients to estimate the phase. The method's working is demonstrated using simulation examples and its practical applicability is validated through a shape measurement experiment.     

一种基于参数标定的投影条纹周期简易校正方法

基于三角测量原理的条纹投影轮廓测量系统中,倾斜投影到参考平面上的条纹将产生周期展宽现象,引起相位失真甚至影响测量精度.论文以条纹位置为控制变量推导出条纹周期校正的线性数学模型,通过简便的标定获得模型参数,由此反算出新的待投影条纹,并在参考平面上获得周期分布的投影条纹.实验结果表明校正后的条纹周期变化范围在±0.1像素内...     

Evaluation of absolute phase for 3D profile measurement using fringe projection

A new method of absolute phase evaluation for three-dimensional (3D) profile measurement using fringe projection is presented, which combines the gray code and the phase shift technique. Two kinds of fringe patterns are projected onto the object surface respectively, one is sinusoidal intensity distribution used for phase demodulation and the other is gray code fringe pattern for unwrapping. These images are acquired by camera and stored into computer. The absolute phase is obtained by analyzing these images. The validity of this method is verified experimentally. The method is superior to other phase unwrapping methods.     

Optimal pulse width modulation for sinusoidal fringe generation with projector defocusing

Recently, a study showed that generating sinusoidal fringe patterns by properly defocusing binary ones can significantly simplify three-dimensional shape measurement system development and drastically improve its speed. However, when the fringe stripes are very wide, it is very difficult for this technique to achieve high-quality measurement. This Letter presents a method to improve this technique by selectively eliminating high-frequency harmonics induced by a squared binary pattern. As a result, better sinusoidal fringe patterns can be generated with a small degree of defocusing even for wide fringe stripes. Simulation and experiments will be presented to verify the performance of this proposed technique.