Mo(CO)(6)-mediated carbamoylation of aryl halides

A simple method for the synthesis of amides has been developed by molybdenum-mediated carbamoylation of aryl halides. Whereas the conventional palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling reaction requires a large excess of gaseous carbon monoxide, the incorporation of carbon monoxide in this Mo-mediated carbamoylation reaction is so efficient that it requires only a slight excess amount of carbon monoxide in the form of its molybdenum complex, Mo(CO)(6). The reaction is applicable for the synthesis of a wide variety of not only secondary and tertiary amides but also primary amides by using aqueous ammonia.     

Dimethylformamide as a carbon monoxide source in fast palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylations of aryl bromides

Dimethylformamide (DMF) acts as an efficient source of carbon monoxide and dimethylamine in the palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation (Heck carbonylation) of p-tolyl bromide to provide the dimethylamide. Addition of amines to the reaction mixture in excess delivers the corresponding aryl amides in good yields. The amines employed, benzylamine, morpholine, and aniline, all constitute good reaction partners. The reaction proceeds smoothly with bromobenzene and more electron-rich aryl bromides, but electron-deficient aryl bromides fail to undergo aminocarbonylation. The reactions are conducted at 180-190 degrees C for 15-20 min with microwave heating in a reaction mixture containing imidazole and potassium tert-butoxide: the latter is required to promote decomposition of the DMF solvent at a suitable rate. The beneficial effects of controlled microwave irradiation as an energy source for the rapid heating of the carbonylation reaction mixture are demonstrated. The carbonylation procedure reported herein, which relies on the in situ generation of carbon monoxide, serves as a convenient alternative to other carbonylation methods and is particularly applicable to small-scale reactions where short reaction times are desired and the direct use of carbon monoxide gas is impractical.     

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of aryl triplates. Synthesis of arenecarboxylic acid derivatives from phenols

Various aryl triflates derived from phenols were converted into aryl esters or amides in good yields by a palladium-catalyzed reaction with carbon monoxide and alcohols or amines.     

Synthesis of aryl esters from olefin and phenols via palladium carbonyl chloride

The carboarylation of monosubstituted 1-olefins with 2,6-dichlorophenol, carbon monoxide, and palladium carbonyl chloride in the presence of a tertiary amine is described. In most cases, high yields of the unsaturated aryl esters were obtained.     

Selenium assisted carbonylation of alkyl aryl ketones with carbon monoxide

Selenium assisted carbonylation of alkyl aryl ketones with carbon monoxide leading to formation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds as C-carbonylated products is described. o-Hydroxyacetophenone 7a and its derivatives7b,7c, and 7d have been converted to the corresponding 4-hydroxycoumarins 8a,8b,8c and 8d in moderate to quantitative yields by treatment with an equivalent of selenium and carbon monoxide with concomitant formation of hydrogen selenide 9 (Eq.(8)). It was further revealed that oxidation of in situ formed hydrogen selenide to selenium with an appropriate oxidizing agent such as nitrobenzene permitted catalytic use of selenium for the carbonylation of 7. Possible rationalizations for the formation of 4-hydroxycoumarins are suggested.     

Palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of aryl iodides with amines: efficient access to bidentate amide directing groups

Transition Metal Chemistry - A new route to bidentate amide directing groups has been developed via the palladium(II)-catalyzed aminocarbonylation. Under atmospheric carbon monoxide pressure, using...     

Synthesis of acyl pyrroles via palladium-catalyzed carbonylative amination of aryl and alkenyl iodides

A palladium-catalyzed synthesis of acyl pyrroles from aryl and alkenyl iodides is reported. This carbonylative amination requires only atmospheric (balloon) pressure of carbon monoxide and proceeds with Pd(PPh(3))(4) and Pd-NHC catalysts. Aryl and heteroaryl iodides give the corresponding acyl pyrroles in good to excellent yields, while alkenyl iodides provide the corresponding acyl pyrroles in low to moderate yields.     

One pot direct synthesis of β-ketoesters via carbonylation of aryl halides using cobalt carbonyl

A direct method for the synthesis of β-ketoesters from aryl halides (iodide, bromide) has been described by using cobalt carbonyl as carbon monoxide source in microwave irradiation. Using this protocol, a wide variety of substituted aryl halides has been successfully converted to corresponding β-ketoesters.     

A convenient and practical heterogeneous palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides with formic acid as carbon monoxide source

A practical heterogeneous palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides with arylboronic acids under carbon monoxide gas‐free conditions has been developed using a bidentate phosphino‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticle‐immobilized palladium(II) complex as catalyst. Formic acid was utilized as the carbon monoxide source with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as the activator, and a wide variety of biaryl ketones were generated in moderate to high yields. The new heterogeneous palladium catalyst can be prepared via a simple procedure and can easily be separated from a reaction mixture by simply applying an external magnet and recycled up to 10 times without any loss of activity.     

Highly enantioselective hydroformylation of aryl alkenes with diazaphospholane ligands

Asymmetric, rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of terminal and internal aryl alkenes with diazaphospholane ligands is reported. Under partially optimized reaction conditions, high enantioselectivity (>90% ee) and regioselectivities (up to 65:1 alpha:beta) are obtained for most substrates. For terminal alkenes, both enantioselectivity and regioselectivity are proportional to the carbon monoxide partial pressure, but independent of hydrogen pressure. Hydroformylation of para-substituted styrene derivatives gives the highest regioselectivity for substrates bearing electron-withdrawing substituents. A Hammett analysis produces a positive linear correlation for regioselectivity.     

Microwave-assisted palladium-catalysed carbonylations of aryl and heteroaryl halides with sulfamide nucleophiles utilising a solid CO source

Mo(CO)₆ acts as a source of carbon monoxide for the palladium-catalysed, microwave-assisted, carbonylative coupling of aryl or heteroaryl halides with sulfamide nucleophiles to yield aryl and heteroaryl acyl sulfamides.     

Selective,iron pentacarbonyl catalyzed reduction of aryl iodides under mild conditions

Potassium tetracarbonylhydridoferrate, generated in situ from Fe(CO)₅/K₂CO₃ in methanol has been found to bring about catalytic reduction (up to 18 cycles) of aryl iodides under 1 atm carbon monoxide pressure. This reagent is specific for iodoaromatics, and tolerates the presence of several functionnal groups.     

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative coupling of benzyl chlorides with aryl boronic acids in aqueous media

A novel chemoselective protocol for the carbonylative Suzuki coupling of benzyl chlorides with aryl boronic acids at low pressure of carbon monoxide has been developed. Applying a commercially available palladium acetate/PCy₃ catalyst system in the presence of potassium phosphate as the base and water as the solvent the coupling reactions proceeded smoothly. To demonstrate the general applicability 12 different α-arylated acetophenones have been synthesized in moderate to good yields (41-78%) under mild conditions.     

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of aryl, alkenyl, and allyl halides with phenyl formate

Highly efficient palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of aryl, alkenyl, and allyl halides with phenyl formate is reported. This procedure does not use carbon monoxide and affords one-carbon-elongated carboxylic acid phenyl esters in excellent yields. The reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions and tolerates a wide range of functional groups including aldehyde, ether, ketone, ester, and cyano groups. Furthermore, a variety of heteroaromatic bromides can be converted to the corresponding phenyl esters in high yields.     

Efficient hydroxycarbonylation of aryl iodides using recoverable and reusable carbon aerogels doped with palladium nanoparticles as catalyst

Electron-rich and electron-poor aryl iodides are converted, in high to excellent yields, into the corresponding carboxylic acids through a hydroxycarboxylation reaction catalyzed by a recoverable and reusable phosphine free palladium-carbon aerogel catalyst using lithium formate and acetic anhydride as an internal condensed source of carbon monoxide. The catalyst system can be reused several times without any appreciable loss of activity.     

The mass spectra of some alkyl and aryl oxazoles

The mass spectra of a variety of alkyl and aryl oxazoles have been determined and the spectra analyzed with the aid of deuterium labelling and high resolution mass spectrometry. In contrast to the corresponding benzenoid compounds, the mass spectra of isomeric alkyl oxazoles are distinctive and in this respect are akin to those of the corresponding pyridines. Further analogy to the pyridines is suggested by the unfavorable nature of a carbonium ion adjacent to the 2-position and this effect may be used to locate alkyl substituents attached to the oxazole nucleus. The loss of carbon monoxide from the molecular ions of 2,5-disubstituted oxazoles probably occurs with ring opening and migration of the C-5 substituent (e.g.Br) to the C-4 position.     

Carbonylative cross-coupling reaction of ethynylstibane with aryl iodides

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative cross-coupling reaction of ethynylstibane (PhSbPh(2)) and aryl iodides (Ar-I) is described. The reaction of the stibanes and the halides under 1 atm of carbon monoxide in N,N-dimethylacetamide using a combination of 5 mol% Pd(OAc)(2) and 4 equivalents (20 mol%) of PPh(3) brought about carbonylative cross-coupling reaction to afford arylethynylketones [ArC(O)Ph] in good yields along with a small amount of directly coupled products, aryl acetylens (ArPh). Formation of the side product was completely suppressed by conducting the reaction under high CO pressure (20 atm) conditions. The present method provides a variety of carbonylated products in good yield even with electron-deficient aryl iodides which usually give inferior results due to their tendency to undergo decarbonylation in the cross-coupling reaction of ethynylstibanes and acyl halides.     

Palladium-catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of aryl and vinyl halides or triflates by acetic anhydride and formate anions

[reaction: see text] The palladium-catalyzed reaction of aryl and vinyl halides or triflates in the presence of acetic anhydride and lithium formate as a condensed source of carbon monoxide provides an efficient simple route to the synthesis of the corresponding carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds very smoothly under mild conditions and tolerates a wide range of functional groups, including ether, ketone, ester, and nitro groups. The presence of ortho substituents does not hamper the reaction. Labeled carbonyl products can be easily prepared by using H(13)COONa.     

金属配合物和一氧化碳的反应

一氧化碳是发展可持续化学经济的重要原料。人们希望能够将一氧化碳催化转变成高附加值化学品,从而减少石油等化石资源对人类的束缚。研究均相金属配合物与一氧化碳的反应能够使人们了解一氧化碳转变及利用机理,并开发新催化剂高效地利用一氧化碳资源。本文从金属配合物与一氧化碳反应的活性点出发,分别讨论不同类型的金属配合物与一氧化碳的反应,以求让人们在分子水平上了解一氧化碳的基本反应原理;并总结了该领域存在的难点问题,展望了未来,希望更多的科研工作者投入其中,从而实现利用一氧化碳合成出各种各样的化学品和材料。     

Synthesis of unsymmetrical aroyl acyl imides by aminocarbonylation of aryl bromides.

Aroyl imides were prepared by a palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation reaction of aryl bromides with carbon monoxide and primary amides in good yields (58-72%). The reactions were carried out under mild conditions (5 bar, 120 degrees C) using 1 mol % of a palladium phosphine complex. Several aryl bromides were reacted with formamide, acetamide, benzamide, and benzenesulfonamide, respectively. For activated aryl bromides, a phosphine-to-palladium ratio of 2:1 was sufficient, but less reactive aryl bromides required a ligand-to-palladium ratio of 6:1 in order to stabilize the catalyst and achieve full conversion. The imides were very sensitive to aqueous basic conditions and were easily converted to aroyl amides or benzoic acids.