基于质谱的蛋白质O-糖基化分析研究进展

蛋白质的O-糖基化是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰,它和N-糖基化一样是蛋白质糖基化修饰的主要形式。蛋白质的O-糖基化对蛋白质的结构功能有重要的影响,因此分析蛋白质的O-糖基化具有重要的生物学意义。蛋白质O-糖基化分析包含4个方面的内容:(1)鉴定O-糖基化蛋白质的种类; (2)鉴定糖基化位点; (3)鉴定糖链结构; (4)糖链的定量分析。由于缺少保守的O-糖基化氨基酸特征序列,缺乏通用的糖苷酶以及O-糖链结构的复杂性等原因,基于质谱的蛋白质O-糖基化的分析目前仍处于方法开发阶段。本文主要介绍基于质谱的O-糖基化蛋白质的分析方法学在近期取得的一些进展,包括以下4个方面:O-糖蛋白/多肽的富集、O-糖链的解离、O-糖链的结构分析及O-糖基化定量分析。     

N-糖基化蛋白质组样品富集策略的研究进展

蛋白质的糖基化是生物体内重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰之一,但其丰度通常较低,糖基化蛋白质酶解肽段中仅有2%~5%为糖基化肽段,因此,为实现糖基化蛋白质组的深度覆盖分析,对糖基化蛋白质/肽段进行富集是非常必要的。该文对糖基化蛋白质组样品不同富集方法的原理、特点以及最新研究进展进行了综述,同时也对N-糖基化蛋白质组学富集策略的发展前景进行了展望。     

基于整体柱的糖基化蛋白质分离富集方法的研究进展

蛋白质糖基化作为一种重要的翻译后修饰,不仅可以反映机体的健康状况,还可以充当药物治疗的靶点。因此,阐明蛋白质糖基化的修饰规律对疾病的诊断和治疗具有重要意义。然而,生物样品中糖基化蛋白质相对丰度低,复杂程度高,动态范围宽,适宜的样品前处理步骤必不可少。近年来,整体柱因具备分离快速、灵敏、高效、生物兼容性好等优点,在糖基化蛋白质分离富集领域得到了广泛关注。本文对近年来基于整体柱的糖基化蛋白质分离富集方法的研究进展进行了评述,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

光促进的糖基化反应研究进展

糖类化合物与蛋白质、核酸均为基本的生命物质.糖不仅是生物体内的能量来源与结构物质，而且在许多生化过程（分子间识别、细胞间信息传递、免疫应答反应、细胞的分化和凋亡等）中也发挥着极为重要的作用.相较于核酸和蛋白质，糖类由于其种类的多样性和结构的复杂性，难有统一、高效的合成方法.伴随着光化学反应在有机合成中的应用，光促进的糖基化反应也吸引了越来越多科研工作者的注意.主要根据光促进糖基化反应使用的光源（紫外光、可见光）、催化剂（金属催化剂、非金属催化剂）的类型对近年来光促进糖基化反应的发展和应用进行分类总结和展望.     

糖蛋白质组学中基于化学反应的富集方法研究进展

蛋白质糖基化是一种广泛存在的重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰,糖基化肽在总酶解肽中占的比例不超过5%,这使得糖肽的分离富集成为糖蛋白质组学研究发展的关键技术之一。在诸多糖蛋白质组富集技术中,化学方法是富集技术的主导,本文从化学反应的角度介绍糖基化蛋白质富集的技术进展。富集过程按照连接和释放分别讨论,在连接过程中,重点介绍硼酸化学法、肼化学法、胺化学法和肟点击法;在释放过程中,以N-糖蛋白的酶释放法和O-糖蛋白的β-消除法为主导,一并介绍了最新的氧化断裂释放的化学法。最后,讨论总体富集策略的发展现状。该文以糖蛋白富集的共价反应为核心,分析不同方法的优缺点以及各技术在糖蛋白质组学研究中的应用和贡献。     

高分子分离膜表面的糖基化

高分子分离膜表面的糖基化立足于仿生膜表面的构建，通过多种方法在膜材料表面引入糖基，将膜的分离性能与糖的生物功能相结合，形成具有复合功能的统一体．本文分别从糖基化方法和糖基化膜材料的应用两方面对高分子分离膜表面糖基化工程的研究现状和进展进行了总结．     

蛋白质组磷酸化和糖基化分析的新趋势

1磷酸肽富集的新材料与新机理 2激酶特异性磷酸肽的选择性富集技术 3糖蛋白质组分析中样品预处理步骤的集成 4糖肽的固相富集与标记     

化学生物学解析疾病中O-GlcNAc糖基化功能:研究工具与策略

O-连接β-N-乙酰葡糖胺(O-GlcNAc)糖基化是广泛存在于蛋白质丝/苏氨酸残基的翻译后修饰.这一动态、可逆单糖修饰以位点特异性方式影响底物蛋白的结构和生物学功能,参与调控几乎所有细胞生理过程和重大疾病的演进过程.随着研究深入,O-GlcNAc糖基化生物功能的系统解析需要更多特异、精准的研究工具和糖蛋白质组学研究策略.近年来,化学生物学领域开发了包括小分子糖探针、生物正交糖代谢标记物、化学酶法、特异性抗体和凝集素等多种O-GlcNAc糖基化分析工具和方法,以此为基础进一步发展了O-GlcNAc糖蛋白质组学研究策略.同时,借助高分辨质谱,大量蛋白质O-GlcNAc修饰位点得以鉴定,极大促进了位点特异性O-GlcNAc的生物功能研究.本文综述了近年来这一领域的研究进展,以期为更多化学工具的开发提供依据,为揭示O-GlcNAc糖基化在疾病演进中的功能提供新的研究思路和策略.     

完整糖基化肽段的富集与质谱解析新技术研究进展

蛋白质糖基化是生物体内最重要的翻译后修饰之一,在蛋白质稳定性、细胞内和细胞间信号转导、激素活化或失活和免疫调节等生理过程和病理进程中发挥重要作用.而异常的蛋白质糖基化往往和多种疾病的发生发展密切相关,目前应用于临床检测的多种肿瘤生物标志物大多属于糖蛋白或者糖抗原.因此在组学层次系统分析蛋白质糖基化的变化对阐明生物体内糖...     

质谱法定量测定高密度脂蛋白结合蛋白的糖基化水平

采用质谱法对4种高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的结合蛋白重组人载脂蛋白血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、 α1-抗胰蛋白酶(A1AT)、 α2-人体血清糖蛋白(A2HSG)和A载脂蛋白C3(Apo C3)从蛋白质含量(蛋白的绝对定量)、 位点特异性糖基化(糖肽的相对定量)及聚糖位点占有率等方面进行了研究. 利用四极杆-飞行时间质谱仪(Q-TOF)测量糖蛋白标样酶解产物的二级质谱碎片离子, 用Byonic软件发现了新的糖基化位点信息, 即增加了原位点处聚糖糖型的种类. 对于A2HSG, 新增了N-糖基化156位点上的4种糖型, N-糖基化176位点上的6种糖型, O-糖基化319位点的4种O-聚糖和O-糖基化346位点上的1种糖型. 对于Apo C3, 只有O-糖基化94一个位点, 在此位点上新增了9种糖型. 同时, 调整了用于定量蛋白的多肽, 使得定量更加准确. 采用三重四极杆串级质谱仪(UPLC-ESI-QQQ)研究了4种结合蛋白中多肽和糖肽的多反应监测(MRM)行为, 并重新计算了每种聚糖的位点占有率, 优化了现有的定量方法.     

Glycosylation analysis of interleukin-23 receptor: elucidation of glycosylation sites and characterization of attached glycan structures

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a heterodimeric cytokine, a central factor in chronic/autoimmune inflammation. It signals through a heterodimeric receptor consisting of IL-23r, which is heavily glycosylated. The structural characterization of IL-23r has not been reported. In this work, glycosylation profiles of soluble recombinant human IL-23r (rhIL-23r) were established using mass spectrometry (MS), which included defining glycosylation sites, degree of glycosylation occupancy of each site and structure of attached oligosaccharides. Specifically, precursor ion scan of oxonium ion protonated N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc(+)) (m/z 204) was performed using a triple quadrupole MS instrument to locate the retention time of glycopeptides. Both the glycopeptides and their corresponding deglycosylated forms in each collected HPLC fraction were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (LTQ-Orbitrap) for glycosylation site profiling. The attached glycan structures were elucidated by collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation of target glycopeptides in combination with accurate mass measurement. Eight glycosylation sites were identified on IL-23r (Asn24, Asn209, Asn239, Asn157, Asn118, Asn250, Asn58 and Asn6). Most of the glycosylation sites were > 95% occupied except Asn250 and Asn6. Those two sites were 88% and 45% occupied by estimation from trypsin digestion and were 55% and 42% occupied from LysC digestion. Multiple glycoforms were observed in IL-23r. Most of them were bi-, tri- or tetra-antennary complex type structures with fucose and sialic acid. High mannose and hybrid type glycans were only observed on Asn157. The structural characterization on IL-23r glycosylation provides useful information for better understanding of the biological function of IL-23r.     

Surface glycosylation of polymeric membranes

Surface glycosylation of polymeric membranes has been inspired by the structure of natural biomem-branes. It refers to that glycosyl groups are introduced onto the membrane surface by various strate-gies, which combine the separation function of the membrane with the biological function of the sac-charides in one system. In this review, progress in the surface glycosylation of polymeric membranes is highlighted in two aspects, i.e. the glycosylation methods and the potential applications of the sur-face-glycosylated membranes.     

Highly sensitive multistage mass spectrometry enables small-scale analysis of protein glycosylation from two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels

Structural characterization of glycoproteins remains among the most challenging areas of glycomics due to the requirement of large quantities of samples and laborious biochemical steps involved in the analytical procedure. Here we report the structural characterization of glycoproteins separated on a 2-D gel by using a MALDI-QIT-TOF MS where QIT is quadrupole IT. The combination of MALDI-ion source and QIT appears to generate a unique tendency to cause fragmentation of glycopeptides without collision-induced dissociation. The majority of such fragmentations observed in our study result from the cleavage of sugar linkages, but not of peptide-peptide or peptide-sugar linkages. This unique feature allows us to perform pseudo-MS3 analysis of a fragmented glycopeptide. A small gel spot of a glycoprotein in the abundance range of low picomoles was enough for the mass spectrometer to analyze fragmentation pathway of the sugar linkage and peptide backbone. In this study, we demonstrate direct determination of glycosylation sites and N-linked glycan-sequences of the tryptic glycopeptides of Drosophila glycoproteins. Glycopeptides with various MWs up to approximately 4000 Da were suitable for structural analysis, including its attachment site and the amino acid sequence, of the glycopeptide through multistage mass spectrometric analysis.     

Protein glycosylation, conserved from yeast to man: a model organism helps elucidate congenital human diseases

Proteins can be modified by a large variety of covalently linked saccharides. The present review concentrates on two types, protein N-glycosylation and protein O-mannosylation, which, with only a few exceptions, are evolutionary conserved from yeast to man. They are also distinguished by some special features: The corresponding glycosylation processes start in the endoplasmatic reticulum, are continued in the Golgi apparatus, and require dolichol-activated precursors for the initial biosynthetic steps. With respect to the molecular biology of both types of protein glycosylation, the pathways and the genetic background of the reactions have most successfully been studied with the genetically easy-to-handle baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisae. Many of the severe developmental disturbances in children are related to protein glycosylation, for example, the CDG syndrome (congenital disorders of glycosylation) as well as congenital muscular dystrophies with neuronal-cell-migration defects have been elucidated with the help of yeast.     

Microwave-accelerated Fischer glycosylation

Fischer glycosylation has been used for decades for the synthesis of simple alkyl and aryl glycosides from free sugars. The reaction proceeds under reflux in the presence of catalytic acid with the alcohol as solvent. The main deficiency of this reaction is the long reaction time required. In this study microwave heating has been utilised for the Fischer glycosylation reaction of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, d-glucose, d-galactose and d-mannose with a variety of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, benzyl alcohol and allyl alcohol). Remarkable acceleration of the glycosylation reactions (minutes compared to hours) over conventional reflux heating was observed with good yields and production of the α-glycoside as the dominant product.     

蛋白质的化学全合成

含有非天然氨基酸的蛋白质（如翻译后修饰蛋白质、修饰有探针分子的蛋白质等）是化学生物学中重要的生理活性分子。这些分子难以通过生物表达来获取，而必须使用化学方法来合成。半胱氨酸肽片段连接方法是目前应用于蛋白质化学全合成中的一种重要方法，该方法能够在温和的水溶液中高效地实现肽片段的连接，从而生成天然或者非天然的蛋白质。本文系统地综述了半胱氨酸肽片段连接方法的基本原理，详细讨论了近年来人们对该方法的一些重要改进。最后又介绍了该方法在几类重要的蛋白质分子合成中的代表性应用。     

A Hierarchical Coding Strategy for Live Cell Imaging of Protein‐Specific Glycoform

Live cell imaging of protein‐specific glycoforms holds great promise for revolutionizing the study of glycochemistry. The imaging protocols developed thus far build upon the paired interplay of probe units, thus limiting the number of monosaccharide identification channels. A hierarchical coding (HieCo) imaging strategy, with DNA coding and decoding of protein and monosaccharides executed in fidelity to the hierarchical order of target glycoprotein, is reported herein and features expandable monosaccharide identification channels. A proof‐of‐concept protocol has been developed for MUC1‐specific imaging of terminal sialic acid (Sia) and fucose (Fuc) on MCF‐7, T47D, MDA‐MB‐231, and PANC‐1 cells, revealing distinct monosaccharide patterns for four types of cells. The protocol also permits dynamic monitoring of changes in MUC1‐specific monosaccharide patterns associated with both the alteration of cellular physiological states and the occurrence of a biologically important process.     

Recent advances in methods for the analysis of protein o‐glycosylation at proteome level

O‐Glycosylation, which refers to the glycosylation of the hydroxyl group of side chains of Serine/Threonine/Tyrosine residues, is one of the most common post‐translational modifications. Compared with N‐linked glycosylation, O‐glycosylation is less explored because of its complex structure and relatively low abundance. Recently, O‐glycosylation has drawn more and more attention for its various functions in many sophisticated biological processes. To obtain a deep understanding of O‐glycosylation, many efforts have been devoted to develop effective strategies to analyze the two most abundant types of O‐glycosylation, i.e. O‐N‐acetylgalactosamine and O‐N‐acetylglucosamine glycosylation. In this review, we summarize the proteomics workflows to analyze these two types of O‐glycosylation. For the large‐scale analysis of mucin‐type glycosylation, the glycan simplification strategies including the ‘‘SimpleCell’’ technology were introduced. A variety of enrichment methods including lectin affinity chromatography, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, hydrazide chemistry, and chemoenzymatic method were introduced for the proteomics analysis of O‐N‐acetylgalactosamine and O‐N‐acetylglucosamine glycosylation.     

用于N-糖肽/糖蛋白分离富集的新型材料

蛋白质糖基化在调节各种复杂的生物过程中,如分子识别、免疫应答和蛋白质折叠等起着至关重要的作用。由于糖肽/糖蛋白在复杂生物样品或临床样品中丰度较低,进行糖蛋白组学分析前往往需要进行目标蛋白的分离富集。研究开发具有高效糖蛋白分离富集能力的新型材料对糖蛋白/糖肽的研究具有重要意义。近年来报道了许多新型糖蛋白分离富集材料,如有机高分子材料、生物基材料、新型有机骨架材料和新型功能复合材料等。这些材料因其结构、生物相容性和理化性质等特点,从不同层面推动了糖蛋白分离富集技术的发展。本文就目前国内外有关糖肽/糖蛋白分离富集的新型材料进行了总结和讨论,并对其未来发展提出展望。